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Objective: Diabetes can lead to diabetic retinopathy, which damages the retina due to blood flow remodeling of occular vessels. Early stages of diabetic retinopathy may not present with patient symptoms. Doppler indices, of the ophthalmic arteries, could help in determining the effect of diabetic vascular remodeling. This research was designed to compare the Doppler indices, in the ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery, in both diabetic and nondiabetic patients. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of 72 total patients. Sonography was performed on the ophthalmic arteries of 36 diabetics and 36 nondiabetics, to compare Doppler indices. All patients were voluntarily consented to this research that was approved by the university’s Institutional Review Board (IRB). Doppler parameters recorded were peak systolic velocity, end dystopic velocity, resistive index, and pulsatility index, which were taken in both patient groups and compared. Results: A significant difference was noted in the ophthalmic artery peak systolic velocity, end-diastolic velocity, pulsatility index, and resistive index for diabetic and nondiabetic individuals, with a statistically significant set at .01. Conclusions: There was a significant difference between diabetic and nondiabetic ophthalmic Doppler indices in this cohort of patients. This cohort demonstrated vascular remodeling of the ophthalmic arteries, caused by diabetes; therefore, blood flow resistance was increased due to diabetes.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the reliability of sonoelastography in ductal carcinoma in patients in primary and secondary health care settings. Google Scholar, PubMed, Medline, Medscape, Wikipedia and NCBI were searched in January 2018 for all original research and review articles to identify relevant studies. Two reviewers selected the articles independently for based on the title and abstract. The selection criteria were sonoelastography accuracy for diagnosing ductal carcinoma as index text, B-mode sonography, and micropure imaging; surgery and histologic findings were used as reference text; and benign and malignant breast abnormalities and ductal carcinoma were used as target conditions. Two reviewers extracted the data on selected study characteristics, and the results were used to construct the tables and figures. Fifteen studies on ductal carcinoma were found. The overall sensitivity of sonoelastography in diagnosing ductal carcinoma was 85.7%, and the specificity, 79.8%. On the basis of the literature review, it was concluded that sonoelastography has high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing ductal carcinoma.

Background: Body mass index (BMI) is used for the assessment of obesity and overweight worldwide. When body fat is increased BMI is also increased. Ultrasound is a reliable method to assess body fat. We have selected only one suprapubic region for the assessment of fat which is very easy to measure even in routine pelvic and abdominal ultrasound examination. During our routine examination, we can measure abdominal fat and inform the patient about his/her health state regarding obesity. It was a hypothesis that increases in abdominal subcutaneous fat will increase in BMI. Objective: The objective is to correlate subcutaneous fats measured on ultrasound with BMI. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional study, which was performed in Gilani ultrasound center, Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 384 participants were included with simple random sampling technique. Individuals of 16–60 years age of both genders were included in that study. Pregnant ladies, athletes, children, and elderly participants were not included in that study. Toshiba (Xario) and Mindray (Z5) ultrasound machine were used for subcutaneous fats measurement. Participants were scanned in the supine position. Subcutaneous fats were measured on the suprapubic region in three different trials. Compression was avoided. Compression artifacts were avoided by applying more quantity of gel between transducer and skin. Stadiometer was used for the measurement of weight and height. To calculate BMI, Quetelet index was used. BMI was calculated with that formula BMI = weight (kg) divided by height (m2). Results: The result was made by calculation of mean and standard deviation. We calculated Pearson correlation between BMI and subcutaneous fats measured on ultrasound at the suprapubic region. It showed a significant high correlation between BMI and subcutaneous fat (P = 0.0000 which is < 0.001). Conclusion: There is a significantly high correlation between BMI and subcutaneous fat measured on ultrasound. Ultrasound is a reliable method to assess subcutaneous fat. It can be a predictor of obesity like BMI.