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This study investigates the antifungal potential of encapsulated essential oil (EO) from Baccharis dracunculifolia and nerolidol (NE) within Pluronic® F-127 nanoparticles (NPs). The EO, containing nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene as major bioactive compounds, exhibited superior antifungal activity compared to NE. The NP-EO formulations demonstrated high efficacy against Botrytis cinerea, with inhibition rates ranging from 29.73% to 87.60% and moderate efficacy against Rhizopus sp., with inhibition rates from 11.81% to 32.73%. In comparison, NP-NE showed lower antifungal activity. Both formulations effectively inhibited spore germination, with NP-EO showing greater inhibition compared to NP-NE. The encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher for NP-EO (80.1%) as compared to NP-NE (51.1%), attributed to the complex composition of EO facilitating better encapsulation and retention. Stability studies indicated that both NP formulations were stable at 25 °C for at least 15 days and exhibited changes in particle size and the formation of smaller particle populations at other temperatures (4 °C and 37 °C). Hemolytic activity was low across all NPs, suggesting their safety for food applications. The findings underscore the efficacy and applicability of EO-encapsulated NPs in extending food shelf life and maintaining product quality. The controlled and prolonged release of active compounds, coupled with their antifungal activity and safety, suggests that these NPs represent a promising and innovative approach for food preservation and active packaging development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Osteoarthritis (OA) persistently activates nociceptors, leading to chronic pain, which is often accompanied by the comorbid development of emotional impairments (anxiety and depression), an effect associated with microgliosis. Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), a Brazilian edible plant, is an important source of active compounds with anti-inflammatory abilities. Thus, we evaluated its ability to reverse OA-induced nociceptive and emotional-like impairments in osteoarthritic ovariectomized female rats using the kaolin/carrageenan (K/C) model. Four weeks after OA induction, mechanical hyperalgesia was confirmed, and the treatment started. Control animals (SHAMs) were treated with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), while arthritic animals (ARTHs) either received PBS or B. dracunculifolia 50 mg/kg (Bd50) and 100 mg/kg (Bd100), via gavage, daily for five weeks. At the end of the treatment, anxiety-like behavior was assessed using the Open Field Test (OFT), anhedonia was assessed using the Sucrose Preference Test (SPT), and learned helplessness was assessed using the Forced Swimming Test (FST). After occision, microglia were stained with IBA-1 and quantified in brain sections of target areas (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and periaqueductal grey matter). Treatment with B. dracunculifolia extract reversed OA-induced mechanical hyperalgesia and partly improved depressive-like behavior in OA animals' concomitant to a decrease in the number of M1 microglia. Our findings suggest that B. dracunculifolia extracts can potentially be used in the food industry and for the development of nutraceuticals and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the antifungal potential of encapsulated essential oil (EO) from Baccharis dracunculifolia and nerolidol (NE) within Pluronic® F-127 nanoparticles (NPs). The EO, containing nerolidol, β-caryophyllene, and α-pinene as major bioactive compounds, exhibited superior antifungal activity compared to NE. The NP-EO formulations demonstrated high efficacy against Botrytis cinerea, with inhibition rates ranging from 29.73% to 87.60% and moderate efficacy against Rhizopus sp., with inhibition rates from 11.81% to 32.73%. In comparison, NP-NE showed lower antifungal activity. Both formulations effectively inhibited spore germination, with NP-EO showing greater inhibition compared to NP-NE. The encapsulation efficiency was significantly higher for NP-EO (80.1%) as compared to NP-NE (51.1%), attributed to the complex composition of EO facilitating better encapsulation and retention. Stability studies indicated that both NP formulations were stable at 25 °C for at least 15 days and exhibited changes in particle size and the formation of smaller particle populations at other temperatures (4 °C and 37 °C). Hemolytic activity was low across all NPs, suggesting their safety for food applications. The findings underscore the efficacy and applicability of EO-encapsulated NPs in extending food shelf life and maintaining product quality. The controlled and prolonged release of active compounds, coupled with their antifungal activity and safety, suggests that these NPs represent a promising and innovative approach for food preservation and active packaging development.

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Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most produced fruits in Brazil, however phytosanitary problems are still an obstacle to productivity. Anthracnose is one of the most aggressive diseases in postharvest. Seeking products of natural origin, the aim of this study was to evaluate ethanolic extracts of brown propolis (BP) and green propolis (GP) and their homeopathic preparations against the pathogen Colletotrichum scovillei. Additionally, the products were tested for the control of anthracnose, and their effects on physicochemical characteristics were assessed. GP extract inhibited completely the mycelial growth at 2.5 mg mL−1 and the spore germination at 5.0 mg mL−1, while the BP extract inhibited 100% the mycelial growth and 50% the spore germination at 5.0 mg mL−1. The homeopathic preparations from propolis and C. annuum (30 CH dynamizations) reduced the spore germination around 50%. When bell peppers inoculated with C. scovillei were immersed only in propolis extracts or homeopathic preparations, there was no effect on disease control. On the other hand, coating with these products combined with 10% gelatin reduced the disease incidence by around 50%. Bell peppers coated with propolis (ethanolic extract or homeopathic preprations) and gelatin showed 44% lower weight loss, 56% higher retention of titratable acidity, and 27% lower vitamin C content, indicative of a delay in the maturation process. This is the first report showing the potential of a homeopathic preparation of propolis combined with gelatin to control a post-harvest disease. • Propolis extracts reduce the spore germination and mycelial growth of Colletotrichum scovillei in vitro. • Gelatin coating with propolis extract can reduce the severity (83%) and incidence (73%) of anthracnose on bell peppers. • Gelatin coatings with propolis extract alter the physicochemical characteristics of bell pepper fruits post-harvest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae) , called alecrim-do-campo, vassoura, or vassourinha, is the precursor of green propolis that is used in traditional medicine for treating conditions such as dyspepsia, fatigue, inflammation, mild fever, and high blood pressure. This study aimed to summarise botanical, chemical, pharmacologic, and toxicologic reports about B. dracunculifolia and contribute new information on its anatomy and essential oil composition. This study reviewed international databases, querying keywords related to traditional use, phytochemicals, biological activities (excluding animal studies), nanotechnology, clinical trials, and toxicity. New contributions regarding micromorphology of leaves and stems were analysed by light and scanning electron microscopy, and crystals were observed by polarised microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, and Raman spectroscopies. Essential oils and hydrolates were generated from distinct sites and analysed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Botanical, chemical, pharmacologic, and toxicologic studies of B. dracunculifolia are reviewed herein along with this plant's use in nano- and biotechnological applications. Major compounds present in the essential oils and volatile extracts of B. dracunculifolia include monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, while the organic extracts are rich in phenolics (flavonoids, caffeoylquinic, and prenylated acids) and terpenoids (diterpenoids and triterpenoids). Previously reported chemical and pharmacologic studies of B. dracunculifolia provided solid information about the pharmacologic effects of this medicinal plant and the green propolis produced from it. New information reported here on the micromorphology and phytochemistry (essential oil and hydrolate composition) of B. dracunculifolia can be used to facilitate the identification of this plant in comparison to other related species and for quality control. • Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. (Asteraceae) is the source of the bee product called green propolis. • Brazil is the largest producer and exporter of green propolis. • p -coumaric acid, artepillin C and baccharin, which are phytochemical markers. • Essential oil has many compounds that show biological properties leading to its wide use in traditional medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical and antibacterial properties of the essential oil of B. dracunculifolia from three regions of Brazil: Midwest, Southeast and South region. The major compounds of essential oil from Midwest region were (E)-nerolidol (28.15%) and spathulenol (17.68%), both oxygenated sesquiterpenes. And the major compounds of essential oils from Southeast and South regions were (E)-nerolidol (12.75–13.95%), bicyclogermacrene (10.76–14.21%) and limonene (10.49–19.36%). The three essential oils showed antibacterial activity for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria tested, with MIC values from 0.03 to 0.15 mg/mL and MBC values from 0.05 to 0.30 mg/mL. The B. dracunculifolia essential oil from the Midwest region of Brazil presented higher values of oxygenated sesquiterpenes and was more effective on all tested bacterial strains, with lower and statistically significant MBC values, compared to the oils from the Southeast and South regions of Brazil [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baccharis dracunculifolia (DC) is an important botanical source of Brazilian green propolis and have many compounds with potential antihypertensive activity. However, little is known about the specific antihypertensive properties of DC, or the mechanisms involved. Here we aimed to chemically characterise an ethanolic DC extract (eDC), test its antihypertensive properties and the involvement of neurogenic mechanisms using an animal model of salt-dependent hypertension. The chemical analysis of the eDC revealed the presence of many antihypertensive compounds. Administering the eDC in a nanoemulsion formulation (25 to 50 mg/kg) effectively normalised blood pressure in hypertensive rats. The result also suggested that neurogenic mechanisms are involved in the antihypertensive action of eDC. The treatment with p -coumaric acid (0.32 to 3 mg/kg), a polyphenol abundant in the eDC, produced no significant antihypertensive effect. The findings indicate that the eDC has antihypertensive properties, and that these effects may be mediated through neurogenic pressor mechanisms.

Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common opportunistic pathogens in humans and several animals. Some strains can form a biofilm, which is related to chronic diseases. Green Propolis are used frequently in alternative medicine. Several studies have demonstrated the chemical similarities between Green Propolis and its botanical source Baccharis dracunculifolia. This study evaluated the antibacterial profile of the hydroalcoholic extracts of Green Propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia against S. aureus. The antibiofilm effect of the extracts was also evaluated against a reference strain of S. aureus. The Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) for each isolate were assessed. MIC and MBC values for both extracts were similar against all bacterial strains. The extracts demonstrated good performance against the biofilm of the S. aureus ATCC 25923. Green Propolis and Baccharis dracunculifolia extract antibiofilm activities were mainly on biofilm's newly formed and consolidated moments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propolis is a honey bee product containing chiefly beeswax and resins originated from plant buds or exudates. Propolis resin exerts a diversity of biological activities, such as antitumoral, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and defense of the hive against pathogens. Chemical standardization and identification of botanical sources is crucial for characterization of propolis. Types of Brazilian propolis are characteristic of geographical regions and respective biomes, such as savannas (Cerrado), mangroves, dry forest (Caatinga), rain forests (Amazon, Atlantic, and Interior forests), altitudinal fields ("Campos Rupestres"), Pantanal, and Araucaria forests. Despite the wide diversity of Brazilian biomes and flora, relatively few types of Brazilian propolis and corresponding resin plant sources have been reported. Factors accounting for the restricted number of known types of Brazilian propolis and plant sources are tentatively pointed out. Among them, the paper discusses constraints that honey bees must overcome to collect plant exudates, including the characteristics of the lapping-chewing mouthpart of honey bee, which limit their possibilities to cut and chew plant tissues, as well as chemical requirements that plant resins must fulfil, involving antimicrobial activity of its constituents and innocuity to the insects. Although much still needs to be done toward a more comprehensive picture of Brazilian propolis types and corresponding plant origins, the prospects indicate that the actual diversity of plant sources of honey bee propolis will remain relatively low. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The antimicrobial activities of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC essential oil (EO) and hydroalcoholic extract (HE) were evaluated. The EO showed broad antimicrobial activity and its synergistic combination with nisin was tested. Major components of EO were nerolidol, beta-pinene and D-limonene, while artepillin C, rutin and cafeic acid were major phenolics of HE. EO and HE were tested by agar diffusion assay against several strains of bacteria and yeasts, and mixed cultures of bacterial strains. The EO presented the largest spectrum of antimicrobial activity inhibiting all Gram-positive bacteria tested. Yeasts were not inhibited. The effect of EO against mixtures of sensitive and non-sensitive bacteria was tested on milk agar, being the inhibitory effect only observed on mixtures containing susceptible strains. The combination of EO and nisin at ½ MIC was evaluated on the growth curve of Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis during 24 h at 37 °C. The combination EO-nisin was effective and no viable counts of B. cereus, L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis was observed, while the individual antimicrobials caused no inhibition. The counts of S. aureus were about 4 log CFU/mL lower in comparison with EO or nisin alone. B. dracunculifolia DC may be a potential source of natural antimicrobials, and its synergistic effect with nisin would reduce the working concentration, minimizing the organoleptic effects associated with this plant antimicrobial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baccharin is one of the major compounds found in Brazilian green propolis and its botanical source, Baccharis dracunculifolia. Considering the biological effects of propolis and B. dracunculifolia, this study aims to evaluate the analgesic and anti-inflammatory potential of baccharin. The neurodepressor potential was performed by the open field test, analgesia by mechanical stimulation with Dynamic Plantar Aesthesiometer, and by thermal stimulation with Hargreaves apparatus. In addition, the anti-inflammatory potential was achieved by the paw edema assay, histopathological evaluation, and NF-kB expression. Doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg of baccharin were evaluated. After euthanasia, plantar tissue was collected and prepared for histology. As a result, analgesic activity was observed at a dose of 10 mg/kg of baccharin in thermal stimulation under an inflammatory process and anti-inflammatory potential at a dose of 5 mg/kg of baccharin from the second hour in the paw edema test. A decrease in cellular infiltrate and down-modulation of NF-kB, besides the reduction of edema in the histopathology was observed. There was no evidence of kidney and liver toxicity and neurodepressive potential at the doses tested. Thus, baccharin has a promising anti-inflammatory effect possibly associated with antiedematogenic activity by inhibiting mediators such as prostaglandins, inhibiting the migration of polymorphonuclear cells, and modulating NF-kB expression. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Farnesol, a sesquiterpene found in all eukaryotes, precursor of juvenile hormone (JH) in insects, is involved in signalling, communication, and antimicrobial defence. Farnesol is a compound of floral volatiles, suggesting its importance in pollination and foraging behaviour. Farnesol is found in the resin of Baccharis dracunculifolia , from which honeybees elaborate the most worldwide marketable propolis. Bees use propolis to seal cracks in the walls, reinforce the wax combs, and as protection against bacteria and fungi. The introduction within a honeybee hive of a compound with potential hormonal activity can be a challenge to the colony survival, mainly because the transition from within-hive to outside activities of workers is controlled by JH. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exogenous farnesol alters the pacing of developing workers. The first assays showed that low doses of the JH precursor (0.1 and 0.01 µg) accelerate pharate-adult development, with high doses being toxic. The second assay was conducted in adult workers and demonstrated bees that received 0.2 µg farnesol showed more agitated behaviour than the control bees. If farnesol was used by corpora allata (CA) cells as a precursor of JH and this hormone was responsible for the observed behavioural alterations, these glands were expected to be larger after the treatment. Our results on CA measurements after 72 h of treatment showed bees that received farnesol had glands doubled in size compared to the control bees (p < 0.05). Additionally, we expected the expression of JH synthesis, JH degradation, and JH-response genes would be upregulated in the treated bees. Our results showed that indeed, the mean transcript levels of these genes were higher in the treated bees (significant for methyl farnesoate epoxidase and juvenile hormone esterase, p < 0.05). These results suggest farnesol is used in honeybees as a precursor of JH, leading to increasing JH titres, and thus modulating the pacing of workers development. This finding has behavioural and ecological implications, since alterations in the dynamics of the physiological changes associated to aging in young honeybees may significantly impact colony balance in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green propolis is a resin produced from Baccharis dracunculifolia, which has as its main compounds flavonoids, derivatives of cinnamic acids, such as artepillin C and baccarin. This resin has antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer activities. This review aimed to analyze pharmaceutical patents containing green propolis in various formulations. The search was conducted in the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), the Patent Search of Spain and Latin America (Latipat-Espacenet), the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), and Google Patents, with a combination of the keywords green propolis, green propolis extract, pharmacology, and pharmaceutical product. Primary research identified 60 patents, from which 22 were selected after applying the inclusion criteria. The selected patents referred to products with pharmacological activities, from cancer treatment to food supplements and included innovations for improved controlled release of the green propolis compounds. Most of the documents concerned the preparation and/or formulation of the green propolis extract, followed by innovative extraction methods, treatment and systemic use, and finally by topical use and quality control techniques and procedures. Thus, the reviewed patents of green propolis provided valuable insights into the pharmaceutical applications of green propolis, showing its potential in diverse formulations and treatments., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

Extracts of a sample of brown propolis produced in the district of Itapará (Southern Brazil) were obtained with solvents with increasing polarity. The extracts were analyzed by RPHPLC–DAD–ESI–MS/MS and evaluated toward activity against Mycoplasma bovis, M. gallisepticum, M. genitalium, M. hominis, M. hyorinis, M. penetrans and M. pneumonieae. Typical components of "alecrim-do-campo" propolis (e.g. prenylated phenylpropanoids and caffeoyl-quinic acids) were characterized in the analyzed extraccts, in addition to several flavonols. Less polar extracts showed higher anti-mycoplasma activity (MIC value commonly 3.9 μg/mL) than alcoholic and aqueous extracts (MIC value often 7.8–250 μg/mL). The results indicate that Itapará propolis is a promising source for the development of therapeutic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The botanical source of Brazilian green propolis (BGP) is Baccharis dracunculifolia DC, which interacts not only with Apis mellifera, but also with galling insects. In the last decade, because of green propolis´ important biologic activities, the international demand for BGP overcame the production capacity, consequently, new approaches are required to increase this production. Hence, the understanding of the chemical ecology interactions of B. dracunculifolia with galls and bees in field conditions may provide insights to increase BGP's production. A "bee pasture" experiment aiming to better understand this plant-insect interaction was therefore performed. For that, 48 B. dracunculifolia individuals, being 24 females and 24 males, were cultivated and investigated for the following parameters: (1) phenolic and volatile compounds in both B. dracunculifolia leaves and green propolis, (2) environmental variables, (3) visiting rate by bees, (4) time of resin collection, and (5) number of galls. Regression analyses by independent linear mixed-effect models were run to correlate phenolic and volatile compounds concentration with the environmental and field variables. Significant differences in chemical profile and field variables were observed between male and female plants. Male plants showed higher infestation by galling insects while female plants showed higher number of visiting bees, time of resin collection and terpenes concentration, contributing to the differences observed in the field. The obtained results suggest that increasing the percentage of female B. dracunculifolia plants in the field may attract more bees and therefore enhance propolis production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT: Bees generally use different botanical sources of resins for the production of propolis. The elucidation of botanical sources of propolis and identification of the effects of seasonality on the chemical profile of propolis are recognized as two important aspects in the development of a high quality product. Thus, our objective was to elucidate the botanical source and identify the effect of the seasons on the chemical profile of propolis produced in southern Brazil. The chemical profile of the samples was analysed by spectrophotometric and chromatographic techniques and the results were coupled to multivariate analysis. Field observation of the foraging behaviour of Apis mellifera L. revealed its preference for the Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. species. p-Coumaric acid, 3, 4-dicaffeoylquinic acid, 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, drupanin, and artepillin C which were identified in both plant and propolis samples. Moreover, higher artepillin C amounts have been detected in samples collected in the summer and autumn, while the main compounds of p-coumaric acid and quercetin were available in spring and winter sampled propolis, respectively. Baccharis dracunculifolia has been identified as a plant species preferred by A. mellifera in foraging resin for the production of propolis in southern Brazil. The contents of balsam, total phenolic compounds, and flavonoids varied significantly over the seasons, with values above the minimum required by the legislation, thus assuring a quality pattern for this biomass.

The aerial parts of Baccharis dracunculifolia (BdE) is used in the Brazilian folk medicine to treat inflammatory conditions. Here we examined the ability of free and liposomal BdE to modulate reactive oxygen species generation in human neutrophils in vitro and zymosan-induced acute joint inflammation in Wistar rats. We prepared biocompatible liposomes of soya phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol with low diameter, homogeneous size distribution, and neutral surface charge. Free BdE decreased joint swelling, total leucocyte and neutrophil infiltration, and the synovial levels of tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukins 6 and 1β. Incorporation of BdE into liposomes preserved its capacity to inhibit the neutrophil superoxide anion and total reactive oxygen species generation, and improved its anti-inflammatory effect in vivo by decreasing the effective BdE dose by nearly sixfold. The same liposome type lowered the effective dose of caffeic acid by nearly sixteenfold. Therefore, incorporation of BdE into phosphatidylcholine-cholesterol liposomes improves its anti-inflammatory effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baccharis dracunculifolia is a medicinal plant native to southeastern Brazil and is the main botanical source used by bees (Apis mellifera) in the manufacture of green propolis and display similar gastroprotective action and chemical profile. This article reports the healing gastric ulcer activity of the hydroethanolic extract of B. dracunculifolia (HEBD) in an acetic acid‐induced ulcer model. In addition to the extract, the isolated compounds ferulic acid, p‐coumaric acid, caffeic acid, baccharin, and aromadendrin‐4'‐O‐methyl ether were also assayed. HEBD at a dose of 300 mg/kg reduced the ulcerated area by 49.4% after treatment for 7 days, twice a day. Histological analyses revealed that the margins and base of the ulcer obtained significant regeneration, and periodic acid Schiff base staining showed a 78.2% increase in the mucin levels. The action on the enzymatic antioxidant system demonstrated an increased activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione‐S‐transferase, in addition to raising glutathione reduced levels and myeloperoxidase activity. HEBD did not show cytotoxicity in the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenylterazole bromine test. In vitro, HEBD inhibited the H+/K+‐ATPase enzyme and showed antioxidant activity in the 2,2 diphenyl‐1‐picryllydrazyl test. Regarding the isolated compounds, oral administration of p‐coumaric acid (15 mg/kg) reduced the ulcerated area by 66.2%. The results suggest that HEBD recovers the gastric ulcerated tissue, raising mucus and antioxidant enzyme levels, and reducing the H+/K+‐ATPase activity. In addition, the findings confirm that p‐coumaric acid is a pivotal bioactive compound on the gastric healing effects elicited by HEBD. © 2019 BioFactors, 45(3):479–489, 2019 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essential oil of four populations of Baccharis dracunculifolia was analyzed for their chemical composition by CG/MS and the study of genetic diversity was conducted by analyzing the DNA polymorphism using microsatellite markers. The predominant compounds were E -nerolidol, cis -β-guaiene, germacrene D, E -caryophyllene, limonene, α-pinene, β-myrcene, δ-cadinene, β-pinene and spathulenol. The E -nerolidol substance was the most abundant among the compounds present in the essential oil in all populations. Genetic analysis showed that most of the diversity of B. dracunculifolia was within populations, and the diversity among populations is not expressive. All the populations evaluated in this study were in a process of extensive fragmentation, this might be the main cause of reduced genetic diversity of this specie in Cerrado biome. The comparison between PCA of genotypes and chemodiversity reinforces the unique profile for each population despite the environmental similarity observed and genetic analysis. The results obtained in this work, using microsatellite markers, made it possible to assess the genetic variability in natural populations of B. dracunculifolia. • Baccharis dracunculifolia is the main source of botanical green propolis. • The species is well known by its uses in South America folk medicine. • The essential oil exerts a pleasant aroma reminiscent of rosemary (alecrim-do-campo). • The genetic diversity of populations was assessed by microsatellite markers. • Most of the genetic diversity of Baccharis dracunculifolia was intrapopulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, propolis is used as a highly valuable product in alternative medicine for improving health or treating a large spectrum of pathologies, an ingredient in pharmaceutical products, and also as a food additive. Different vegetal materials are collected by honeybees and mixed with wax and other own substances in order to obtain the final product, called propolis. It is known as the bee product with the widest chemical composition due to the raw material collected by the bees. Different types are known worldwide: green Brazilian propolis (having Baccharis dracunculifolia as the major plant source), red Brazilian propolis (from Dalbergia ecastophyllum), European propolis (Populus nigra L.), Russian propolis (Betula verrucosa Ehrh), Cuban and Venezuelan red propolis (Clusia spp.), etc. An impressive number of scientific papers already demonstrate the pharmacological potential of different types of propolis, the most important activities being the antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antioxidant activities. However, the bioactive compounds responsible for each activity have not been fully elucidated. This review aims to collect important data about the chemical composition and bioactive properties of the vegetal sources and to compare with the chemical composition of respective propolis types, in order to determine the connection between the floral source and the propolis properties.

The present study had as its objective to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiotic modulatory activity of the Baccharis dracunculifolia (DC) essential oil (EOBD), a species commonly known as “Alecrim do campo”. The essential oil chemical composition analysis and the direct in vitro antibiotic activity evaluation, as well as in combination with the antibiotics Ampicillin, Gentamicin, and Norfloxacin against standard Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 9027, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 strains, as well as E. coli 06, P. aeruginosa 24, and S. aureus 10 resistant strains, were performed. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) revealed the major terpenoids: Germacrene D (18.4%), (E)-Nerolidol (14.0%), Mustacone (11.2%), Spathulenol (11%), β-pinene (9.5%) and Bicyclogermacrene (8.4%). A direct B. dracunculifolia essential oil antibacterial activity against S. aureus 25923 with a MIC of 102 μg/mL and one of 512 μg/mL against S. aureus 10 were observed. The EOBD synergistically modulated the Norfloxacin antibiotic against P. aeruginosa 24, with a MIC reduction from 50.8 to 6.35 μg/mL, a Gentamicin MIC reduction from 20.16 to 4 μg/mL, and an Ampicillin MIC reduction from 645.1 to 512 μg/mL. The essential oil synergistically modified Norfloxacin activity against E. coli 06 with a MIC reduction from 40.32 to 3.17 μg/mL, and a Gentamicin MIC reduction from 50.8 to 25.4 μg/mL. The essential oil also showed synergism against S. aureus 10 when associated with Norfloxacin, with a MIC reduction from 322.54 to 203.2 μg/mL, whilst when associated with Ampicillin, it demonstrated synergism by reducing the MIC from 80.6 to 20.16 μg/ml. Results from this research revealed that the EOBD is a promising natural product with antimicrobial potential, both directly and in combination with antibiotics, for clinical use against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The volatile components of the galls induced by the insect Baccharopelma dracunculifoliae (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) on leaves of Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and gas chromatographyflame- ionisation detection (GC-FID), and then comparison with volatile oil samples from healthy leaves collected in the vicinity. The galls produced around 3.5% of the total organic volatiles whereas healthy leaves rendered an average yield of 0.6%. The observed higher proportions of germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, limonene, and β-pinene in the galls suggest that all these compounds are important targets in the search for natural enemies of this Psyllid. Moreover, higher relative percentages of (E)-nerolidol and spathulenol were found in healthy leaves.

In this work we investigated the in vivo protective effects of Baccharis dracunculifolia leaves extract (BdE) against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)- and acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity. Total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant DPPH radical scavenging activity, and HPLC analysis were performed. Our results showed that pretreatment with BdE significantly reduced the damage caused by CCl4 and APAP on the serum markers of hepatic injury, AST, ALT, and ALP. Results were confirmed by histopathological analysis. Phytochemical analysis, performed by HPLC, showed that BdE was rich in p-coumaric acid derivatives, caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids. BdE also showed DPPH antioxidant activity (EC50 of 15.75 ± 0.43 μg/mL), and high total phenolic (142.90 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g) and flavonoid (51.47 ± 0.60 mg RE/g) contents. This study indicated that B. dracunculifolia leaves extract has relevant in vivo hepatoprotective properties.

Objectives To examine whether the hydroalcoholic extract from Baccharis dracunculifolia leaves (BdE) modulates the human neutrophil oxidative metabolism, degranulation, phagocytosis and microbial killing capacity. Methods In-vitro assays based on chemiluminescence, spectrophotometry, flow cytometry and polarimetry were used, as well as docking calculations. Key findings At concentrations that effectively suppressed the neutrophil oxidative metabolism elicited by soluble and particulate stimuli (<10 μg/ml), without clear signs of cytotoxicity, BdE (1) inhibited NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase activity; (2) scavenged H2O2 and HOCl; (3) weakly inhibited phagocytosis; and (4) did not affect neutrophil degranulation and microbial killing capacity, the expression levels of TLR2, TLR4, Fcγ RIIa, Fcγ RIIIb and CR3 and the activity of elastase and lysozyme. Caffeic acid, one of the major B. dracunculifolia secondary metabolites, did not inhibit phagocytosis but interfered in the myeloperoxidase-H2O2- HOCl system by scavenging H2O2 and HOCl, and interacting with the catalytic residues His-95, Arg-239 and Gln-91. Conclusions BdE selectively modulates the effector functions of human neutrophils, inhibits the activity of key enzymes and scavenges physiological oxidant species. Caffeic acid contributes to lower the levels of oxidant species. Our findings help to unravel the mechanisms by which these natural products exert immunomodulatory action towards neutrophils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry powder extracts are the most suitable pharmaceutical forms of phytomedicines due to their greater physical and chemical stability in the solid state, in addition to the possibility of easy preparation of tablets and capsules. Recently, Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. crops have been stimulated in Brazil to obtain the green propolis, which is derived from pollen harvesting of Baccharis by the Apis mellifera , and develop new phytomedicines from this plant. The aim of this work was to obtain stable powdered Baccharis dracunculifolia leaf extracts dried by fluidized-bed atmospheric spray-freeze-drying and study the stability of its chemical markers in the solid state. The drying was performed using D-mannitol, modified corn starch and their mixture as adjuvants. Physical characterization was performed by determining the dried extract powder size, morphology, flow and packing. Their chemical stability was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography quantification of p -coumaric acid, cinnamic acid, artepillin C and baccharin. The antioxidant activity of the dried extract was determined using the stable free radical 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazil. The results showed that the four prenylated compounds are sensitive to drying at freezing temperatures, but D-mannitol could efficiently prevent their loss. The Baccharis spray-freeze-dried extracts showed a high yield, low moisture and excellent pharmacotechnical properties. The stability tests demonstrated a high loss of polyphenols at 40, 60 and 80 °C, especially artepillin C (the main marker) and showed high instability. The kinetics of polyphenols losses were measured, and their rates were used to fit three-dimensional diffusion models and the Arrhenius equation. The results demonstrate that the Baccharis dracunculifolia dried extract, using artepillin C as a reference, could achieve a shelf life as long as 10 years when stored at 4 °C and protected from light. The process of fluid-bed atmospheric spray-freeze-drying was shown to be an attractive alternative for drying of heat-sensitive and high value-added materials such as medicinal plant extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims This study investigates the antimicrobial activity in Staphylococcus aureus isolates (methicillin-sensitive S. aureus ( MSSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus ( MRSA)) and antioxidant activity of green propolis, Baccharis dracunculifolia DC extracts and Artepillin C™. Methods and Results The amount of Artepillin C in different extracts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Minimum inhibitory concentration 90 ( MIC90) was determined using 40 isolates of S. aureus inoculated in Müeller-Hinton agar culture medium containing the green propolis and B. dracunculifolia DC extracts. PVEE (green propolis ethanolic extract) and BDEH ( B. dracunculifolia hexanic extract) showed the greatest antimicrobial activity with MIC90 values of 246·3 and 295·5 μg ml−1 respectively. Green propolis ethanolic and hexanic extracts ( PVEE and PVEH respectively) showed the greatest antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl radical) with IC50 values of 13·09 and 95·86 μg ml−1 respectively. Conclusions Green propolis ethanolic displays better antimicrobial and antioxidant activities compared to other extracts. These activities may be related to the presence of Artepillin C in synergism with the other constituents of the extracts. Significance and Impact of the Study In this study, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts of green propolis and B. dracunculifolia DC demonstrated in MRSA and MSSA clinical isolates indicated that they can be important tools to treat infections caused by these bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • B. dracunculifolia extracts demonstrate antioxidant and photoprotective properties. • The extract has been optimized for improved of SPF and antioxidant activity. • In silico approach simulated the UV range and the antioxidant potential of compounds. • B. dracunculifolia extract is an alternative for natural sunscreens formulations. Baccharis dracunculifolia (alecrim-do-campo) leaves contain polyphenols with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and represents an alternative for the production or enhancement of sunscreen formulations. This study was designed to evaluate the photoprotective and antioxidant action of B. dracunculifolia , using in vitro and in silico methods, and correlate them with its phytochemical profile to obtain the optimized extract. The chemical composition was verified by chromatographic analysis, which confirmed the presence of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The B. dracunculifolia extract was optimized using antioxidant potential by eliminating the free radical DPPH, auto-oxidation of linoleic acid, in vitro sun protection factor (SPF), and quimiometric analysis. The optimal extraction conditions were defined, resulting in a value of SPF 18.9 and antioxidant EC 50 12.9, and a total polyphenol content of 6%. The stereoelectronic properties involved with the antioxidant action and UV absorption were studied using an in silico approach. The electron donating capacity in silico was observed in the flavonoid quercetin while the greatest antioxidant capacity in phenolic acids was chlorogenic acid. The obtained results suggest the photoprotective and antioxidant effect of B. dracunculifolia and support its use in natural and multifunctional formulations against UV-induced damages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baccharis dracunculifolia is a plant native from Brazil, commonly known as ‘Alecrim-do-campo’ and ‘Vassoura’ and used in alternative medicine for the treatment of inflammation, hepatic disorders and stomach ulcers. Previous studies reported that artepillin C (ArtC, 3-{4-hydroxy-3,5-di(3-methyl-2-butenyl)phenyl}-2(E)-propenoic acid), is the main compound of interest in the leaves. This study was undertaken to assess the mutagenic effect of the ethyl acetate extract of B. dracunculifolia leaves (Bd-EAE: 11.4–182.8 µg/plate) and ArtC (0.69–10.99 µg/plate) by the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA97a, TA100 and TA102, and to compare the protective effects of Bd-EAE and ArtC against the mutagenicity of a variety of direct and indirect acting mutagens such as 4-nitro-O-phenylenediamine, sodium azide, mitomycin C, benzo[a]pyrene, aflatoxin B1, 2-aminoanthracene and 2-aminofluorene.The mutagenicity test showed that Bd-EAE and ArtC did not induce an increase in the number of revertant colonies indicating absence of mutagenic activity. ArtC showed a similar antimutagenic effect to that of Bd-EAE in some strains of S. typhimurium, demonstrating that the antimutagenic activity of Bd-EAE can be partially attributed to ArtC. The present results showed that the protective effect of whole plant extracts is due to the combined and synergistic effects of a complex mixture of phytochemicals, the total activity of which may result in health benefits.

Allelopathy is characterized by harmful or benefic effects on the development of plants caused by chemical substances that are produced and released into the environment by a plant or microorganism. This study aimed to identify the possible allelopathic effects of Baccharis dracunculifolia DC. on mustard (Brassica campestris L.) and kale (Brassica pakinensis L.). It was realized tests in vitro (petri dishes) and decomposed leaves (ex vitro), being tested six leaves/aqueous extracts concentrations of B. dracunculifolia (10, 30, 50, 70, 90 and 100%) and then, compared to control (0.0%), soil or distilled water, with five repetitions each, being distributed ten seeds of the cultivated species in each repetition. Leaves of B. dracunculifolia showed allelopathic potentialon the germination of seeds, the germination speed index and on the initial growth of roots and fronds in the in vitro and ex vitrotreatments, being the decomposed leaves’ treatments more allelopathic for the both leafy vegetables tested, and these effects wereprobably due to the presence of secondary metabolites as flavonoids and tannins found in B. dracunculifolia. The results indicatean existence of allelopathic potential in B. dracunculifolia.

Baccharis dracunculifolia is a native plant from Brazil with antimicrobial activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a B. dracunculifolia -based mouthrinse (Bd) changes the structure of insoluble exopolysaccharides (IEPS) in Streptococcus mutans UA159 cariogenic biofilm. Biofilms were grown on glass slides and treated with Bd, its vehicle (VC), chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX), or saline solution (NaCl). Among the treatments, only CHX significantly reduced the biofilm biomass and bacterial viability ( p < 0.05). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance analyses revealed that IEPS from the four biofilm samples were α- glucans containing different proportions of (1 → 6) and (1 → 3) glycosidic linkages. The structural differences among the four IEPS were compared by principal component analysis (PCA). PCA analysis indicated that IEPS from VC- and NaCl-treated biofilms were structurally similar to each other. Compared with the control, IEPS from Bd- and CHX-treated biofilms were structurally different and had distinct chemical profiles. In summary, the fact that Bd changed the IEPS chemical composition indicates that this mouthrinse may affect the cariogenic properties of the S. mutans biofilm formed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A própolis é uma substância resinosa coletada pelas abelhas de diversas partes das plantas. Sua composição depende da época, vegetação e local de coleta. Análises fitoquímicas de própolis produzidas de Baccharis dracunculioflia (alecrim-do-campo) por abelhas Apis mellifera africanizada nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais foram feitas por espectrofotometria na região U.V.-Visível, CCDAE-FR, CLAE-FR e CG-EM. Uma característica dos compostos fenólicos das própolis analisadas e da espécie vegetal de B. dracunculiofolia foi a alta proporção de artepilin C e outros derivados do ácido cinâmico. Com base nas evidências fitoquímicas, B. dracunculifolia foi identificada como a principal fonte vegetal das própolis produzidas nos estados de São Paulo e Minas Gerais.

Baccharis dracunculifolia D. C. (Asteraceae) é uma espécie arbustiva dióica que apresenta características invasoras e colonizadoras e potencial para recuperação de áreas degradadas. Estudou-se o comportamento germinativo de aquênios de Baccharis dracunculifolia recém coletados e estocados por um ano. Aquênios coletados em 1998 foram postos para germinar em quatro repetições de 25 aquênios nas temperaturas de 15º, 20º, 25º e 30ºC sob luz ou escuro contínuo, enquanto que os coletados em 1997 germinaram a 20º e a 25ºC. As médias de germinação e o índice de velocidade de emergência (IVE) foram calculados para responder às seguintes perguntas: (a) Como varia o comportamento germinativo dos aquênios de B. dracunculifolia sob diferentes condições de luz e temperatura? (b) Existe relação entre o número total de aquênios germinados e o IVE? (c) O armazenamento afeta as porcentagens de germinação? Os aquênios que germinaram a 15ºC na presença e na ausência de luz e a 20ºC na luz obtiveram porcentagens de germinação significativamente maiores que os aquênios que germinaram sob os demais tratamentos (p < 0,05). Também foi verificada a relação positiva entre o IVE e as porcentagens de germinação dos aquênios de B. dracunculifolia (y = 0,0802x - 0,0386; r² = 0,91; p < 0,05), sendo os maiores IVE's encontrados para os aquênios que germinaram a 15º e a 20ºC sob luz e a 15ºC no escuro. O armazenamento dos aquênios afetou significativamente apenas as porcentagens de germinação à temperatura de 20ºC na luz (p < 0,05).We studied the germination of Baccharis dracunculifolia (Asteraceae), achene, a species that has colonizing traits, which makes it a potential candidate for forest rehabilitation. Achenes were collected in 1998 and were germinated at 15º, 20º, 25º and 30ºC under continuous light, and darkness conditions with four replicates with 25 achenes in each. We had also collected achenes in 1997, ând they were germinated at 20º and 25ºC, under the same conditions. The mean germination rate and emergency velocity index (EVI) were calculated to answer the following questions: (a) How does the germination behavior of B. dracunculifolia's achenes vary under different temperature and light conditions? (b) Is there any relationship between the total number of germinated achenes and the EVI? (c) How does achene storage affect the germination rate? Achenes that germinated at 15ºC both under light and dark conditions and at 20ºC under light achieved significantly higher germination rates than achenes that germinated in the other treatments (p < 0.05). Achenes of B. dracunculifolia showed a positive relationship between EVI and germination rates (y = 0.0802x - 0.0386, r² = 0.91, p < 0.05). Higher EVI's were found among achenes that germinated at 15º and 20ºC under light and 15ºC under dark treatments. Storage only affected the germination rates at 20ºC under light condition (p < 0.05).

Transcending pairwise interactions in ecological networks remains a challenge. 1,2,3,4,5 Higher-order interactions (HOIs), the modulation of a pairwise interaction by a third species, 6 are thought to play a particularly important role in stabilizing coexistence and maintaining species diversity. 7,8,9,10,11,12 However, HOIs have so far only been demonstrated in models 9,10,11,12,13,14 or isolated experimental systems including only a few interacting species. 7,8,15 Their ubiquity and importance at a community level in the real world remain unknown. We hypothesized that a complex network of HOIs could be constantly modifying pairwise interactions and shaping ecological communities and that consequently the outcome of pairwise interactions would be a product of many influences from distinct sources. Using field experiments, we tested how multiple interactions within a diverse arthropod community associated with the tropical shrub Baccharis dracunculifolia D.C. (Asteraceae) were modified by the removal of ant species or live or hatched insect galls (a non-trophic engineering effect) of the dominant galler species. We revealed an extensive hidden network of HOIs modifying each other and the "visible" pairwise interactions. Most pairwise interactions were affected indirectly by the manipulation of non-interacting taxonomic groups. The pervasiveness of these interaction modifications challenges pairwise approaches to understanding interaction outcomes and could shift our thinking about the structure and persistence of ecological communities. Investigating coexistence mechanisms involving interaction modulation by HOIs may be key to elucidating the underlying causes of the stability and persistence of ecological communities. [Display omitted] • Higher-order interactions (HOIs) are interaction modulations by a third species • HOIs have so far only been demonstrated in models or simple empirical systems • We reveal an extensive network of HOIs in a diverse arthropod field community • This pervasiveness of HOIs challenges pairwise approaches in community ecology Barbosa et al. reveal with field experiments an extensive hidden network of higher-order interactions (HOIs) modifying the visible pairwise interactions in a diverse arthropod community. The pervasiveness of HOIs challenges pairwise approaches to understanding interaction outcomes and may shift our thinking on community structure and persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]