Search

Surface gamma-neutron gauges are extensively used for the determination of soil physical properties such as density. Substantial differences are sometimes observed between density values provided by these gauges when using factory-supplied calibrations and gravimetric density measurements. These differences can be as high as 16%. In this paper it is shown that, using homogeneous materials with different known densities covering a wider range, it is possible to find a better calibration equation. This calibration provides density values in agreement with gravimetric measurements. Additional keywords: gamma-ray attenuation, backscatter, soil bulk density., Introduction Measurements of bulk density and water content are widely used to characterise soil physical conditions so that the behavior of agronomic systems can be better understood. Among several available [...]

Modeling techniques applied to agriculture can be useful to define research priorities and understanding the basic interactions of the soil-plant-atmosphere system. Using a model to estimate the importance and the effect of certain parameters, a researcher can notice which factors can be most useful. The modeler should define his objectives before beginning his work and construct a model that fulfills the proposed objectives.

O presente trabalho teve por objetivo identificar os estádios da cultura de feijão que apresentam a menor sensibilidade ao estresse de água no solo, nos quais a irrigação pode ser omitida sem um significativo decréscimo na evapotranspiração, para melhor definir práticas de irrigação em situação de água escassa. O experimento foi realizado em um solo franco arenoso (Typic Haplustoll), em Tumbaco-Pichincha, Equador, entre julho e novembro de 1994, região caracterizada por um clima temperado e seco (temperatura média anual de 16ºC, umidade relativa média do ar 74% e chuva de 123 mm durante o peláodo do experimento). Sete regimes de irrigação foram utilizados, incluindo irrigação ótima durante todo o ciclo, irrigação deficiente durante todo o ciclo, irrigação tradicional da região, deficiência lúdrica no período vegetativo, na floração e formação de vagens, no enchimento de vagens e na maturidade. As parcelas experimentais foram de 33,6 m2 (8 linhas de 7 metros de comprimento, distantes entre si 0,6 m) com uma população de 120.000 plantas/ha. Os tratamentos de irrigação foram aplicados depois da germinação uniforme das sementes e estabelecimento da cultura. A umidade do solo foi monitorada com sonda de nêutrons, até a profundidade de 50 em, 24 horas antes e depois de cada irrigação. A evapotranspiração atual da cultura foi estimada pela técnica do balanço hídrico. Da análise dos resultados obtidos, concluiu-se que a deficiência de água no solo, durante a fase de enchimento da vagem, afetou a produtividade do feijoeiro. Nesta fase a eficiência de uso de água pela planta (Ec = 0,46 kg/m3) foi a mais baixa. Deficiência de irrigação no estádio vegetativo não reduziu a produtividade, permitindo uma economia de água de 30%.

Fractal scaling has been applied to soils, both for void and solid phases, as an approach to characterize the porous arrangement, attempting to relate particle-size distribution to soil water retention and soil water dynamic properties. One important point of such an analysis is the assumption that the void space geometry of soils reflects its solid phase geometry, taking into account that soil pores are lined by the full range of particles, and that their fractal dimension, which expresses their tortuosity, could be evaluated by the fractal scaling of particle-size distribution. Other authors already concluded that although fractal scaling plays an important role in soil water retention and porosity, particle-size distribution alone is not sufficient to evaluate the fractal structure of porosity. It is also recommended to examine the relationship between fractal properties of solids and of voids, and in some special cases, look for an equivalence of both fractal dimensions. In the present paper data of 42 soil samples were analyzed in order to compare fractal dimensions of pore-size distribution, evaluated by soil water retention curves (SWRC) of soils, with fractal dimensions of soil particle-size distributions (PSD), taking the hydraulic conductivity as a standard variable for the comparison, due to its relation to tortuosity. A new procedure is proposed to evaluate the fractal dimension of pore-size distribution. Results indicate a better correlation between fractal dimensions of pore-size distribution and the hydraulic conductivity for this set of soils, showing that for most of the soils analyzed there is no equivalence of both fractal dimensions. For most of these soils the fractal dimension of particle-size distribution does not indicate properly the pore trace tortuosity. A better equivalence of both fractal dimensions was found for sandy soils.

The present study's objectives were to quantify the fertilizer-N and residue-N balances of a sugar cane crop under two trash management systems. The fate of nitrogen (N) derived from fertilizer (NdfF) and N derived from residue (NdfR) was studied comparing: (i) the traditional harvest system with trash burning before harvest (“trash burning”) and (ii) an alternative system without trash burning, in which crop residues are left on the soil surface (“trash mulching”). The experiment consisted of three treatments: (i) T1: at planting, the sugarcane crop was fertilized with 63 kg N ha−1 as 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate, and after the 1st harvest received unlabeled trash from T2; (ii) T2: at planting, the crop was fertilized with 63 kg N ha−1 as unlabeled ammonium sulfate. At the 1st harvest time, this treatment received the labeled trash from T1; (iii) T3: at planting, the crop was fertilized with 63 kg N ha−1 as 15N-labeled ammonium sulfate, and every year, immediately before cutting, the crop residues were burnt. After the first harvest fertilizer-N was applied over the total soil area at a rate of 80 kg N ha−1 as unlabeled ammonium sulfate. The results indicated that the trash remaining as a surface blanket resulted in an average N recycling of 105.0 kg ha−1 year−1, while the practice of burning the trash produced an average N loss from the system of 83.5 kg ha−1 year−1. At the first harvest, about 75% of the labeled N was recovered in the soil–plant system. The majority was found in the plant, indicating a high availability of the fertilizer-N for the crop. At the end of the third crop cycle (2nd ratoon crop harvest), the total output of fertilizer-N (export+burning) was 60% for the burnt-trash treatment, and only 42% (export) for the trash-blanket treatment. The N liberated from the residue is mainly immobilized in the soil, reflecting that sugarcane trash is an N source of slow availability to the crop. This study indicated that green cane harvesting followed by mulching leads to a more efficient recycling of the N applied to the system and therefore reducing fertilizer-N needs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper summarizes key findings and identifies the main lessons learnt from a 5-year (2002-2008) coordinated research project (CRP) on "Assessing the effectiveness of soil conservation measures for sustainable watershed management and crop production using fallout radionuclides" (D1.50.08), organized and funded by the International Atomic Energy Agency through the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture. The project brought together nineteen participants, from Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Japan, Morocco, Pakistan, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Turkey, United Kingdom, United States of America and Vietnam, involved in the use of nuclear techniques and, more particularly, fallout radionuclides (FRN) to assess the relative impacts of different soil conservation measures on soil erosion and land productivity. The overall objective of the CRP was to develop improved land use and management strategies for sustainable watershed management through effective soil erosion control practices, by the use of ¹³⁷Cs (half-life of 30.2 years), ²¹⁰Pb(ex) (half-life of 22.3 years) and ⁷Be (half-life of 53.4 days) for measuring soil erosion over several spatial and temporal scales. The environmental conditions under which the different research teams applied the tools based on the use of fallout radionuclides varied considerably--a variety of climates, soils, topographies and land uses. Nevertheless, the achievements of the CRP, as reflected in this overview paper, demonstrate that fallout radionuclide-based techniques are powerful tools to assess soil erosion/deposition at several spatial and temporal scales in a wide range of environments, and offer potential to monitor soil quality. The success of the CRP has stimulated an interest in many IAEA Member States in the use of these methodologies to identify factors and practices that can enhance sustainable agriculture and minimize land degradation., (Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Surface neutron-gamma gauges are handy instruments to measure soil water contents and bulk densities of surface layers. Although available for some decades, their optimal use is still not well established. This study is a contribution to improve their use, mainly in relation to calibration, and of the effect of soil dry bulk density on soil water content measurements.