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Ischemic stroke represents one of the leading causes of death and disability in both the United States and abroad, particularly for patients with prior ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA). A quintessential aspect of secondary stroke prevention is the use of different pharmacological agents, mainly antiplatelets and anticoagulants. Antiplatelets and anticoagulants exhibit their effect by blocking the activation pathways of platelets and the coagulation cascade, respectively. Clinical trials have demonstrated the safety and efficacy of antiplatelets for noncardioembolic stroke prevention, while anticoagulants are more often used for cardioembolic stroke prevention. Commonly used antiplatelets include aspirin, clopidogrel, and aggrenox (aspirin plus extended-release dipyridamole). Furthermore, commonly used anticoagulants include warfarin, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban. Each of these drugs has a unique mechanism of action, and they share some common adverse events such as gastrointestinal bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage in more serious cases. Consequently, physicians should carefully assess the benefits and risks of using different antiplatelet or anticoagulant therapies when managing patients with previous ischemic stroke or TIA. This review discuses the published literature on major clinical trials assessing the efficacy of different antiplatelet and anticoagulant drugs under varying circumstances and the subsequent guidelines that have been developed by the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Additionally, the role of imaging in stroke prevention is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Rabbit models of intracranial aneurysms are frequently used in pre-clinical settings. This study aimed to demonstrate an alternative, extravascular method for creating elastase-induced aneurysms, and how ligation of the right common carotid arteries (RCCA) can impact flow redistribution into left CCA (LCCA)., Methods: Elastase-induced aneurysms in 18 New Zealand rabbits (4.14 ± 0.314 kg) were created by applying 3-5 U of concentrated elastase solution to the exterior of the right and left CCA roots (RCCA and LCCA). After the induction of the aneurysm, the aneurysm was either kept intact to the rest of the corresponding CCA, severed from the rest of the CCA to allow for a free standing aneurysm, or was anchored to nearby tissue to influence the angle and orientation of the aneurysm with respect to the parent vessel. Ultrasound studies were performed before and after creation of aneurysms to collect blood flow measurements inside the aneurysm pouch and surrounding arteries. Prior to sacrificing the animals, computed tomography angiography studies were performed. Harvested aneurysmal tissues were used for histological analysis., Results: Elastase-induced aneurysms were successfully created by the extravascular approach. Histological studies showed that the biological response was similar to human cerebral aneurysms and previously published elastase-induced rabbit aneurysm models. Ultrasound measurements indicated that after the RCCA was ligated, blood flow significantly increased in the LCCA at one-month follow-up., Conclusion: An alternate method for creating elastase-induced aneurysms has been demonstrated. The novel aspects of our method allow for ligation of one or both common carotid arteries to create a single or bilateral aneurysm with an ability to control the orientation of the induced aneurysm.