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This paper brings to the fore the need to study the causality of work accidents starting from the hypothesis that the causes must be identified immediately, respectively the dysfunctions of the work system, which contribute to their occurrence. So, in the causal chain of the work accident, the last link is the “meeting” between the victim and the material agent who injures her, and often the factors of the work system, which are potential causes of injury, are specific to the worker and represent an error inappropriate behaviour in terms of occupational safety, in the form of wrongdoing or omissions. In this regard, cognitive ergonomics is still an untapped area, although it can make significant contributions to improving work performance and creating safe and healthy working environments in industry. Cognitive functions are relevant when we talk about 4 essential skills of the worker, respectively: sensation and perception, attention, short and long term memory. The paper brings more information for the scientific community because the analysis highlights the link between the cognitive functions of workers and the errors generated by them in the dynamics of a work accident, and can also be a starting point for new research.

The offenses concerning safety and health at work have no material object, their constitutive content including: the object and subject of the offense, the objective and subjective side of the offense. The active subjects of an offense have a legal obligation to apply and control the implementation of occupational safety and health measures and the passive subjects will bear the consequences of the occurrence of specific events. The existence of some uncertainties in the current legislation, also affecting mining companies, creates legal disputes especially in relation to the issues concerning active subjects. As for the passive subjects, the legal loophole refers to the situation of the day-labourers who may be involved in accidents at work and occupational illnesses. The authors consider it is necessary to formulate new law articles for clarification and even to draw up a future law with concrete reference to day-labourers, but also to some new risk sensitive social groups. Thus, the egal work relationships: the manner of performing the work, its remuneration and subordination to the beneficiary carrying out mining activities, will also be specified.

In 2019, 13 years have passed since the adoption of Law no. 319/2006 on Safety and Health at Work. Analysing the conditions of its application, there is a clear need to change, to correct some structural deficiencies and to reformulate various terms and definitions. The „ad literam” translation of the Council Directive 89/391/EEC has led to the forced introduction of some terms (e.g. designated worker, external service, light accident) or the ambiguous formulation of some requirements (e.g.: the situations in which the employer resorts to external services). The authors formulate proposals that will lead to the improvement of mining activities: - the obligation to undergo psychological examination, upon hiring and periodically, as a result of intensification of the general stress conditions and the effects of the special activities conducted underground; - determining the number of specialists in the field of occupational safety and health, depending on the number of employees in the respective enterprise; - the investigation of all work related accidents by the Territorial Labour Inspectorates, respectively the Labour Inspectorate, in order to avoid the conflict of interests during their investigation and to have a correct record of them, including in the mining activities.

The paper describes a new method of occupational health and safety risk assessment. This method, called MEVA, unlike the old ones, focuses more on reduce or eliminate subjective issues in determining the probability of manifestation of risk factors and is based on a deductive reasoning, with the help of which is studied the chain between two or more events. The novelty of the method consists in combining risk assessment techniques with evaluation of compliance with legal and other requirements, aiming to provide a more objective results of the risk assessment. In the MEVA method, the risk matrix is defined by 5 classes of severity and 5 probability classes, resulting in 5 levels of risk. After quantifying the risk factors, prevention measures are proposed for all the identified risk factors and each partial risk level is recalculated as a result of the proposed measures. The five levels of risk were grouped into three categories: acceptable, tolerable and unacceptable. The MEVA method is a simple method and it can be used for assessing various workplaces, with different characteristics of complexity, activity domain or occupational health and safety recordings.

This paper presents some specific aspects regarding criminal liability in case of infringement of the rules on occupational safety and health (OSH) and the occurrence of work accidents, referring to the object and subject of the offense according to the provisions of articles 349 and 350 of Law no. 286/2009 and of Law no. 319/2006. There are determined the active and the passive subjects involved in the occurrence of events, as well as their duties and obligations in terms of safety and health at work. Personal considerations were formulated regarding the classification of the employed staff in the category of active subjects, but also regarding the need for urgent clarification of the situation of the day workers who perform activities under Law no. 52/2011 and who can be involved in work accidents with different degrees of seriousness produced within the company.

Featured Application: Specific prototyping of dental metal crowns and medical implants. The surface condition of the materials involved in dentistry is significant for the subsequent operations that are applied in oral cavity. Samples of Co–Cr–W alloy, obtained through selective laser melting (SLM) 3D printing, with different surface states were analyzed. Surface analysis after the 3D printing process and sandblasting was realized from microstructural, chemical composition, profilometry, droplet adhesion, scratch test, and microhardness perspectives. The results presented a hardening process and a roughness modification following the sandblasting procedure, a better adhesion of the liquid droplets, the appearance of micro-cracks during the scratch test, and the oxidation of the sample after the 3D printing process and surface processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even if at first instance the audit was considered to be the financial field, the need for checks, examinations, the collection of data or information to allow "an opinion on the degree of correspondence between the observed and some predetermined criteria" became necessary various areas including health and safety at work. The opinion expressed in the examination of the information gathered, at least in the field of safety and health at work, can be reported to a certain standard starting from the "minimum safety and health requirements" contained in the legal provisions in force and applicable to a work system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Releasing of ISO 9001 and ISO 14001 standards in 2015 represents a big step forward in managing quality and environmental issues on an integrated manner, optimizing the resources spent by the organization for this scope. This set of instruments becomes complete by the releasing, in 2018, of ISO 45001 "Occupational health and safety management systems - Requirements with guidance for use". The new international standard integrates the good practice gained by using former documents, such as ILO-OSH 2001 "Guidelines on occupational safety and health management systems" and OHSAS 18001 "Occupational health and safety management systems - Requirements". The strongest point of the triad represented by ISO 9001, ISO 14001 and ISO 45001 is the similar structure of these standards, based on the ISO 10 core clauses of the High Level Structure. This characteristic leads to a high potential to integrate the quality, environmental and occupational health and safety requirements in a single integrated management system. Due to the novelty of these standards, it is necessary to develop new instruments to help organizations in implementing and assess the performance of the integrated management system. The paper presents a high level checklist, aimed on auditing an integrated management system based on ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015 and ISO 45001:2018. This tool could be used for an integral audit, against all three standards, or just for a partial audit, against one or two standards. In order to optimise the resources allocated for the audits, the checklist should be used together with an IT tool, also elaborated by the authors and described in the paper, which can provide several important functions such as automation of scores, synthesize of the results and digital archiving of the information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is well known the fact thus specialized type of shackles - carabiners - used at personal protective equipment work in harsh environment conditions such as high thermal variation environments for firefighters and mountain climbers, high corrosion environments for builders and seafarers. Therefore, a high corrosion resistant material must be used or a material corrosion protected, in present study, by phosphating. The aim of this study is to highlight the chemically deposited phosphate layer on connecting components surface - carabiners - made of carbon steel, by analyzing corrosion resistance of phosphate layer has also been analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personal protective equipments used by firefighters, builders or climbers includes so called carabiners made of carbon steels. In use, thuse connecting components - carabiners - are subject to corrosion, so the corrosion protection is requiring, such as anticorrosion phosphating. This study aims to elaborate a proper phosphating technology whith two types of additives, a series of metal cations, on one hand, and surface active agents, on the other hand, with multiple roles in the nucleation processes, allowing to obtain compact layers, homogen and adherent to substrate. It also highlight the presence, form and structure of the phosphate layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Occupational health and safety (OHS) is one of the most important problem of a company because each manager should consider the workers as the most valuable resource of the enterprise. This issue is all the more important as in the last decades, the types of OHS risks have changed due to technological, social and economic advances, and companies should use new approaches and instruments to control and manage these risks. The paper focuses on the application of OHS management system as an important instrument for managers to ensure healthy workplaces for all workers, addressing not only OHS management but also quality management, environmental management and social responsibility issues in an integrated context. The results are represented by practical instruments that any organization should use to assess its OHS performance. Also, the theoretical and practical aspects presented here could be easily integrated in the existing or new designed procedures of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Application of the occupational safety self-assessment starts with a document containing dashboard, description of the company (name, location, object activity, organization etc.), description of the work detailing with its components and a brief description of the method of self-evaluation. It continues with a Microsoft Excel document, that is the actual application method and a second document presenting conclusions and prioritizing proposals that may lead to the execution of the protection and prevention. In this paper we treat the implementation of the Microsoft Excel document as an essential part of the self-assessment of safety. The document is divided into four worksheets showing self-assessment items, standard grid, qualitative self-assessment and quantitative self-assessment. The qualitative self-assessment provides the “Strengths – Weaknesses” details on each component of the work system; the quantitative self-assessment presents both the ratings of the assessment and the score obtained for the components of the work system - people, equipment, materials, environment – for each workplace/workstation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analytical approach to the evaluation concept of professional risk specific to activities of controlled demolition with civil use explosives of industrial/civil objectives, ensuring the appropriate level of safety to the effects generated by performing blasting to these types of constructions. The scientific research highlighted in this article was performed within the Project PN 7:45 1:28 in the frame of The National Programme for Research and Development CORE/2014. The main purpose of evaluating occupational risk is to prevent the likelihood of injuries and occupational diseases. When there is no any possibility to eliminate the risks, it is mandatory to reduce it up to the level of residual risks, which must be adequately controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing the friction coefficient to plastic deformation is needed because on the basis of it is estimated the necessary deformation forces depending on which is chosen the deformation machine, is determined manner in which deformation occurs and according to this is established the deformation technology. The paper presents theoretical and experimental conditions for determining the friction coefficient between semi-finished deformation tools, in the case of plastic deformation of the aluminium by rings pressing method. Also, are explained, processed and discussed the results of experimental tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French "inoxydable", is defined as a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% to 11% chromium content by mass. Stainless steel does not readily corrode, rust or stain with water as ordinary steel does, but despite the name it is not fully stain-proof, most notably under low oxygen, high salinity, or poor circulation environments. It is also called corrosion-resistant steel or CRES when the alloy type and grade are not detailed, particularly in the aviation industry. There are different grades and surface finishes of stainless steel to suit the environment the alloy must endure. Stainless steel is used where both the properties of steel and resistance to corrosion are required. A stainless steel material suffers a generalized corrosion after his immersion in sea water during 30 days. The environment is a closed considered space and do not consider the biological effects on the metallic material surface. The liquid influence on the metallic element surface was analzyed through scanning electrons microscopy (SEM) with 2D and 3D considerations and by energy dispersive X-ray analyze (EDAX) for chemical insights. The nature of chemical compounds appeared on the surface was also established and considered for further corrosion effects investigations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equilibrium data of water vapor adsorption from wet air on several materials were experimentally determined at temperature values of 313 and 333 K and air relative humidity values ranged between 30 and 90 %. Experimental data were correlated with Langmuir and Freundlich models. The obtained results emphasize the significant difference between the water retained on the adsorbent materials impregnated with various salt solutions, and on classic adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An efficient design and development of the occupational health and safety managing system in a working system involves a suitable tailoring of occupational health and safety state in relation to the risk level associated to the conditions for the occurrence of general and specific hazards all through its length of operation. This paper presents a methodological approach for the analysis and for a likelihood estimate of industrial risks identified inside complex structures of the working system type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occupational safety is that state of the working system where there is no possibility that occupational accidents and diseases should occur. Considering the specific features of the component elements there are no such full safe working systems for men because there is always a hazard of occupational accidents and diseases. Generally speaking, all the component parts of the system, together with the relations built among them have been conceived, designed and produced so that there is no possible occurrence of occupational accidents and /or diseases; nevertheless, the carrying out of the working process shall wear out these component parts. In addition, no matter how well the performer may be selected, his behavior cannot be taken into consideration because it depends on the variables of his momentary state of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evaluation of the occupational risk represents an operation whose purpose is to assess the risk for accidents and occupational diseases which can occur during the development of some hazards produced by human activities inside the working system, with the view to giving a qualitative and a quantitative size of this element. In the study, mathematical patterns are developed to be used for laying foundations of modern methods for the analysis and assessment of occupational risks. The scope of the topics is to prevent and fight against those causes which may generate accidents at work and occupational diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]