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Background: EUS-guided gastroenterostomy (EUS-GE) is a novel and effective procedure for the management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction (GOO) with more durable results when compared to enteral stenting (ES). However, data comparing EUS-GE to ES in patients already treated with EUS-guided choledocoduodenostomy (EUS-CDS) for distal malignant biliary obstruction (DMBO) are lacking. We aimed to compare outcomes of EUS-GE and ES for the palliation of GOO in this specific population of patients., Methods: A multicenter, retrospective analysis of patients with DMBO treated by EUS-CDS and subsequent GOO treated by EUS-GE or ES from 2016 to 2021 was conducted. Primary outcomes were overall AEs rate and dysfunction of the EUS-CDS after GOO treatment. Secondary outcomes included clinical success, technical success, procedure duration, length of hospital stay and relapse of GOO symptoms., Results: A total of 77 consecutive patients were included in the study: 25 patients underwent EUS-GE and 52 underwent ES. AEs rate and patency outcomes of the EUS-CDS after GOO treatment were comparable between the two groups (12.5% vs. 17.3%; p = 0.74). No recurrence of GOO symptoms was registered in the EUS-GE group while 11.5% of ES patients had symptoms recurrence, even if not statistically significant ( p = 0.16), after a mean follow-up period of 63.5 days., Conclusion: EUS-GE and ES are both effective and safe for the palliation of GOO in patients already treated by EUS-CDS for DMBO with no difference in the biliary stent dysfunction rate and overall AEs. EUS-GE is associated with less recurrence of GOO symptoms.

Background: Although endoscopic ultrasound-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) using lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS) has become one of the treatments of choice for acute cholecystitis (AC) in fragile patients, scant data are available on real-life settings and long-term outcomes., Methods: We performed a multicenter retrospective study including EUS-guided GBD using LAMS for AC in 19 Italian centers from June 2014 to July 2020. The primary outcomes were technical and clinical success, and the secondary outcomes were the rate of adverse events (AE) and long-term follow-up., Results: In total, 116 patients (48.3% female) were included, with a mean age of 82.7 ± 11 years. LAMS were placed, transgastric in 44.8% of cases, transduodenal in 53.3% and transjejunal in 1.7%, in patients with altered anatomy. Technical success was achieved in 94% and clinical success in 87.1% of cases. The mean follow-up was 309 days. AEs occurred in 12/116 pts (10.3%); 8/12 were intraprocedural, while 1 was classified as early (<15 days) and 3 as delayed (>15 days). According to the ASGE lexicon, two (16.7%) were mild, three (25%) were moderate, and seven (58.3%) were severe. No fatal AEs occurred. In subgroup analysis of 40 patients with a follow-up longer than one year, no recurrence of AC was observed., Conclusions: EUS-GBD had high technical and clinical success rates, despite the non-negligible rate of AEs, thus representing an effective treatment option for fragile patients.

Background and Aims: EUS-guided gallbladder drainage (EUS-GBD) with lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMSs) has been reported as a rescue treatment with encouraging results for the relief of jaundice in patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction (DMBO) and after failure of both ERCP and EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy., Methods: This was a multicenter retrospective analysis of all cases of consecutive EUS-GBD with LAMSs used as a rescue treatment for patients with DMBO in 14 Italian centers from June 2015 to June 2020. Primary endpoints were technical and clinical success, whereas the secondary endpoint was the adverse event (AE) rate., Results: Forty-eight patients (52.1% women) with a mean age of 74.3 ± 11.7 years were included in the study. Biliary stricture was related to pancreatic adenocarcinoma (85.4%), duodenal adenocarcinoma (2.1%), cholangiocarcinoma (4.2%), ampullary cancer (2.1%), colon cancer (4.2%), and metastatic breast cancer (2.1%). The mean diameter of the common bile duct was 13.3 ± 2.8 mm. LAMSs were placed transgastrically in 58.3% of cases and transduodenally in 41.7%. Technical success was 100%, whereas clinical success was 81.3%, with a mean total bilirubin reduction after 2 weeks of 66.5%. The mean procedure time was 26.4 minutes, and the mean hospital stay was 9.2 ± 8.2 days. AEs occurred in 5 patients (10.4%): 3 were classified as intraprocedural and 2 were classified as delayed because they occurred after >15 days. When the American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy lexicon was used, 2 AEs were mild and 3 were moderate (2 buried LAMSs). The mean follow-up was 122 days., Conclusions: Our study shows that EUS-GBD with LAMSs used as a rescue treatment for patients affected by DMBO represents a valuable option in terms of technical and clinical success rates, with an acceptable AE rate. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest study concerning the use of this procedure. (Clinical trial registration number: NCT03903523.)., Competing Interests: Disclosure The following authors disclosed financial relationships: C. Binda: Lecturer for Steris, Fujifilm, and Q3 Medical. A. Anderloni: Consultant for Boston Scientific, Olympus, and Medtronic. A. Fugazza: Consultant for Boston Scientific and Olympus. A. Repici: Consultant for Boston Scientific, Fujifilm, and ERBE. C. Fabbri: Lecturer for Steris and Q3 Medical; consultant for Boston Scientific. R. Di Mitri: Consultant for Boston Scientific. All other authors disclosed no financial relationships., (Copyright © 2023 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Walled-off pancreatic necrosis (WOPN) is one of the local complications of acute pancreatitis (AP). Several interventional techniques have been developed over the last few years. The purpose of this narrative review is to explore such methodologies, with specific focus on endoscopic drainage and direct endoscopic necrosectomy (DEN), through evaluation of their indications and timing for intervention. Findings indicated how, after the introduction of lumen-apposing metal stents (LAMS), DEN is becoming the favorite technique to treat WOPN, especially when large solid debris or infection are present. Additionally, DEN is associated with a lower adverse events rate and hospital stay, and with improved clinical outcome.

The human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase (RT) is a multifunctional enzyme which displays DNA polymerase activity, which recognizes RNA and DNA templates, and a degradative ribonuclease H (RNase H) activity. While both RT functions are required for retroviral replication, until now only the polymerase function has been widely explored as drug target. We have identified a novel diketo acid derivative, 6-[1-(4-fluorophenyl)methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)]-2,4-dioxo-5-hexenoic acid ethyl ester (RDS 1643), which inhibits in enzyme assays the HIV-1 RT-associated polymerase-independent RNase H activity but has no effect on the HIV-1 RT-associated RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (RDDP) activity and on the RNase H activities displayed by the Avian Myeloblastosis Virus and E. coli. Time-dependence studies revealed that the compound is active independently on the order of its addition to the reaction mixture, and inhibition kinetics studies demonstrated that RDS 1643 inhibits the RNase H activity noncompetitively, with a K(I) value of 17 microM. When RDS 1643 was combined with non-nucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTI), such as efavirenz and nevirapine, results indicated that RDS 1643 does not affect the NNRTIs anti-RDDP activity and that, vice versa, the NNRTIs do not alter the RNase H inhibition by RDS 1643. When assayed on the viral replication in cell-based assays, RDS 1643 inhibited the HIV-1(IIIB) strain with an EC(50) of 14 microM. Similar results were obtained against the Y181C and Y181C/K103N HIV-1 NNRTI resistant mutant strains. RDS 1643 may be the first HIV-1 inhibitor selectively targeted to the viral RT-associated RNase-H function.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) integrase (IN) is an attractive target for the development of new antiviral therapies. Recently, several HIV-1 recombinant IN (rIN) in vitro inhibitors have been described. However, the great majority of them failed to block the virus replication in cell-based assays, suggesting the inadequacy of the in vitro assay systems used for inhibitor screening. To improve these systems, we designed a 40(mer) duplex DNA reaction substrate consisting of recognition sequences from both U3 and U5 HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) termini. The HIV-1 rIN was able to catalyze its enzyme activities recognizing both ends of the 40(mer) dsDNA. Using this substrate we assayed the effects on rIN catalysis of different classes of compounds which inhibit the HIV-1 rIN in vitro when the reaction substrate is the standard 21(mer) U5 dsDNA, and that are either active or inactive on the HIV-1 replication. We also compared the efficacy of these compounds when added to the reaction before or after the formation of the rIN-dsDNA complex. In this system, the enzyme preincubation with the two-ended 40(mer) dsDNA before the addition of the compounds allowed a strong correlation between the effects of hydroxylated aromatics derivatives on rIN activity in cell-free assays and their effects on viral replication in cell-culture assays. This increase in drug selectivity of the rIN in vitro assay was explored by investigating whether it was due to the length of the 40(mer), longer than the standard 21(mer), or to presence of both viral ends, versus only one viral end. To this purpose we designed four 40(mer) oligonucleotides containing either only one viral end or two-repetitive ends, finding that the architecture of the rIN-dsDNA complex and its compound susceptibility is significantly influenced by the sequence of the dsDNA substrate.