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Special birth defects and neurological diseases can cause neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO). First-line pharmacotherapy is the antimuscarinic therapy, which can be limited by side effects or non-effectiveness. Therefore, pharmacological treatment of NDO in children includes off-label use of intravesical injections of botulinum toxin type A (BTA). In this review article, various clinical studies in which BTA was used for the treatment of NDO of different etiologies in children are discussed, including studies about children with acquired NDO. An electronic literature search was performed using PubMed, and studies published prior to March 2019 are reported. BTA injections are a clinically and urodynamically effective and safe treatment for NDO in children. The treatment is also important in protecting the upper urinary tract from damage and improving concomitant bowel dysfunctions. Fibrotic, acontractile bladders with poor bladder compliance and/or a very small initial bladder capacity and/or the presence of an open bladder neck all contributed to poor responses. A combined injection into the detrusor and external urethral sphincter may improve the clinical outcome in the detrusor--sphincter dyssynergia. New application methods are promising, such as the electromotive drug administration, to avoid general anesthesia. Furthermore, the minimal clinically effective dosage, inclusion criteria, and prognostic factors remain to be established. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: We use the name 'Charrière' every day as a unit of measurement. This article explains his success as one of the most famous instrument makers who ever lived. Materials and Methods: A review of the literature was completed using PubMed. Additionally, material of historical sources like the museum of Bulle was used. Results: Joseph-Frédéric-Benoît Charrière was born in Switzerland in 1803. At the age of 13, he moved to Paris and learned the profession of a cutler. In 1820, he took over the workshop of his teacher Vincent. Dupuytren was one of the most important people in Charrière's professional life. Charrière specialized in the fabrication of surgical instruments of such high quality that he was very sought after by famous surgeons. In 1837, Charrière went to Sheffield, England, to learn more about working with metals and alloys. In 1851, he was inducted into the Legion of Honour. Charrière died in 1876 in Paris. Conclusions: The patronage of Dupuytren was a very important supporting factor in Charrière's professional life, but mainly his great courage, the willingness to learn from others, his creativity and technical fantasy and his curiosity and broad interest in a lot of different fields explain his unmatched professional success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims The aim of this study was to evaluate urodynamic findings in patients with infantile cerebral palsy (CP) and to correlate the findings with impaired motor function. Methods We conducted a videourodynamic investigation on a highly select group of 29 patients (3-53 years). Motor function was assessed in each patient by the Gross Motor Function Classification System for CP (GMFCS). With this system, motor function is divided into five levels: patients in Level I have the most independent motor function and patients in Level V the least. The patients were divided into Group 1 (23 symptomatic patients with recurrent urinary tract infection or urinary incontinence) and Group 2 (6 asymptomatic patients). Results In Group 1, 21 patients (91%) had reduced compliance (0.6-16.4 ml/cmH2O) and 16 patients (70%) had increased DLPP (>40 cmH2O). Detrusor overactivity and pelvic floor overactivity were found in all 23 patients. In Group 2, two patients (33%) had reduced compliance (0.7 and 5.8 ml/cmH2O) and four (67%) had increased DLPP (>40 cm H2O). Detrusor overactivity and pelvic floor overactivity were observed in five patients (83%). Symptomatic patients showed higher GMFCS levels than asymptomatic patients. In the group of asymptomatic patients, there was no one classified as Levels IV or V, while there were no symptomatic patients classified as Level I. Conclusions We conclude that urinary symptoms and pathological urodynamic findings increase along with the degree of motor function impairment shown by the GMFCS. Pathologic urodynamic findings can be found in both symptomatic and in asymptomatic patients. Neurourol. Urodynam. 26:222-227, 2007. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers in men. Despite the development of diverse therapeutic agents for different types and stages, the progression or spread of the disease is inevitable. Another problem is the development of resistance of cancer cells to available therapeutics. Therefore, additional medicaments are urgently needed. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic phytoalexin found in numerous plants and fruits like red grapes or blueberries. Resveratrol possesses antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic and anticancer activities well proven in different types of cancer including prostate cancer. To date, it is not used clinically due to poor solubility, low bioavailability, and other limiting factors. In order to overcome these limitations, novel nanoparticle-based formulations were developed over the past years. In this review article, studies about the effect of resveratrol on prostate cancer cells are discussed focusing especially on those studies using nanotechnology. An electronic literature research was performed utilizing PubMed in August 2022. Scientific publications, which examine resveratrol using nanotechnology, are discussed. The studies clearly indicate that resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles exhibited a remarkable anti-cancer activity in various hormone-sensitive and hormone-insensitive prostate cancer cell lines including docetaxel-resistant prostate-cancer cells. The types of nanoparticles that were used varied and influenced the outcome. Additionally, the meaning of the surface functionality of the nanoparticles is emphasized. No reduction of the anti-proliferative activity of resveratrol was shown when used encapsulated. Additionally, synergistic effects of resveratrol and docetaxel were proven. Resveratrol-loaded nanoparticles, especially when combined, may represent the next generation of anticancer substances. However, further in vivo/clinical studies are necessary to confirm their clinical effectiveness., Competing Interests: None., (AJCEU Copyright © 2023.)

Aims: To review studies on the associations of incontinence and special needs in children and adults and to outline future directions in research and clinical care., Materials and Methods: A review of literature was conducted. Open questions and future directions were discussed during the ICI-RS meeting in 2014., Results: Special needs comprise a wide variety of conditions and disabilities. Individuals with special needs carry a greater risk for all types of incontinence. There is a high tendency for incontinence to persist from childhood into adulthood. Many people do not receive adequate medical care for their incontinence., Conclusions: More detailed research is needed, especially in the adult population with special needs. Assessment and treatment of incontinence should be offered routinely to all those with special needs., (© 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)