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Objective: This study aimed to establish neonatal serum triglyceride (TG) level reference ranges during lipid infusion and correlate peak TG with neonatal outcomes., Study Design: This is a retrospective review of 356 neonates with 696 TG measures obtained in four neonatal intensive care units between 2015 and 2017. TG was evaluated collectively to establish a reference range and a threshold limit. To analyze the effects of a higher TG threshold, neonates were categorized by their peak TG: <180 (TG <180 ), 180 to 400 (TG 180-400 ), and > 400 mg/dL (TG >400 ). Univariable and multivariable regression models were constructed to compare peak TG to patient characteristic and clinical outcomes., Results: The frequency of TG > 400 mg/dL was 5% and found only in neonates weighing < 1.5 kg. Neonates in the TG 180-400 ( n  = 91) group were significantly lower in birth weight and gestational age, had lower 5-minute APGAR scores, and had increased ventilatory requirement when compared with neonates in the TG <180 ( n  = 240) group (all p  < 0.001). The TG 180-400 group had increased risk of severe intraventricular hemorrhage ( p  = 0.02) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia ( p  = 0.03). Elevated TG was associated with mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 14.4, p  < 0.001) in univariable analysis, but the relationship weakened (OR: 4.4, p  = 0.05) after adjusting for comorbidities in multivariable logistic regression., Conclusion: It is unclear if the adverse outcomes seen in neonates with higher peak TG were due to elevated TG alone, or whether illness severity predicted the increased TG. More prospective studies are needed to further delineate the relationships., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Cladophora glomerata (L.) Kütz. is, potentially, the most widely distributed macroalga throughout the world's freshwater ecosystems. C. glomerata has been described throughout North America, Europe, the Atlantic Islands, the Caribbean Islands, Asia, Africa, Australia and New Zealand, and the Pacific Islands. Cladophora blooms were a common feature of the lower North American Great Lakes (Erie, Michigan, Ontario) from the 1950s through the early 1980s and were largely eradicated through the implementation of a multibillion-dollar phosphorus (P) abatement program. The return of widespread blooms in these lakes since the mid-1990s, however, was not associated with increases in P loading. Instead, current evidence indicates that the resurgence in blooms was directly related to ecosystem level changes in substratum availability, water clarity, and P recycling associated with the establishment of dense colonies of invasive dreissenid mussels. These results support the hypothesis that dreissenid mussel invasions may induce dramatic shifts in energy and nutrient flow from pelagic zones to the benthic zone., (© 2008 Phycological Society of America.)