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Abstract Background The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has demonstrated efficacy in preventing age-related cognitive decline and modulating plasma concentrations of endocannabinoids (eCBs) and N-acylethanolamines (NAEs, or eCB-like compounds), which are lipid mediators involved in multiple neurological disorders and metabolic processes. Hypothesizing that eCBs and NAEs will be biomarkers of a MedDiet intervention and will be related to the cognitive response, we investigated this relationship according to sex and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, which may affect eCBs and cognitive performance. Methods This was a prospective cohort study of 102 participants (53.9% women, 18.8% APOE-ɛ4 carriers, aged 65.6 ± 4.5 years) from the PREDIMED-Plus-Cognition substudy, who were recruited at the Hospital del Mar Research Institute (Barcelona). All of them presented metabolic syndrome plus overweight/obesity (inclusion criteria of the PREDIMED-Plus) and normal cognitive performance at baseline (inclusion criteria of this substudy). A comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests was administered at baseline and after 1 and 3 years. Plasma concentrations of eCBs and NAEs, including 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), anandamide (AEA), oleoylethanolamide (OEA), palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), and N-docosahexaenoylethanolamine (DHEA), were also monitored. Baseline cognition, cognitive changes, and the association between eCBs/NAEs and cognition were evaluated according to gender (crude models), sex (adjusted models), and APOE genotype. Results At baseline, men had better executive function and global cognition than women (the effect size of gender differences was − 0.49, p = 0.015; and − 0.42, p = 0.036); however, these differences became nonsignificant in models of sex differences. After 3 years of MedDiet intervention, participants exhibited modest improvements in memory and global cognition. However, greater memory changes were observed in men than in women (Cohen’s d of 0.40 vs. 0.25; p = 0.017). In men and APOE-ε4 carriers, 2-AG concentrations were inversely associated with baseline cognition and cognitive changes, while in women, cognitive changes were positively linked to changes in DHEA and the DHEA/AEA ratio. In men, changes in the OEA/AEA and OEA/PEA ratios were positively associated with cognitive changes. Conclusions The MedDiet improved participants’ cognitive performance but the effect size was small and negatively influenced by female sex. Changes in 2-AG, DHEA, the OEA/AEA, the OEA/PEA and the DHEA/AEA ratios were associated with cognitive changes in a sex- and APOE-dependent fashion. These results support the modulation of the endocannabinoid system as a potential therapeutic approach to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk populations. Trial registration ISRCTN89898870.

Abstract This study explored the chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and total phenol content of aerial parts from 25 accessions of three Achillea species (Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch, Achillea vermicularis Trin., and Achillea tenuifolia Lam.). The plants were collected from various natural habitats across Iran, encompassing regions such as Central, Western, Southern, Northern, Western, and Northwestern parts of the country. Subsequently, they were grown together under field conditions. The study revealed significant variation in essential oil yields among accessions of A. wilhelmsii, ranging from 0.01 to 0.107%, A. vermicularis with a range of 0.075 to 1.5%, and A. tenuifolia showing a variation of 0.1 to 2%. The study utilized Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis, revealing 75, 49, and 75 compounds in the essential oils of A. wilhelmsii, A. tenuifolia, and A. vermicularis, respectively. Major components included camphor, 1,8-cineole, anethole, α-pinene, and phytol in A. wilhelmsii, 1,8-cineole, camphor, levo-carvone, and δ-terpinene in A. vermicularis, and β-cubebene, elixene, β-sesquiphellandrene, 1,8-cineole, camphor, and δ-terpinene in A. tenuifolia. The essential oil compositions of A. wilhelmsii and A. vermicularis were predominantly characterized by oxygenated monoterpenes, whereas that of A. tenuifolia was characterized by sesquiterpenes. Cluster analysis grouped accessions into three clusters, with A. tenuifolia forming a distinct group. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) triplot (62.21% of total variance) confirmed these results and provided insights into compound contributions. Furthermore, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of the accessions of three species were assessed over 2 years. A. tenuifolia exhibited the highest levels in both categories, with statistically significant linear regression between antioxidant activity and total phenol content for A. tenuifolia and A. wilhelmsii. These findings emphasize significant phytochemical diversity within Achillea species, positioning them as promising natural sources of antioxidants. Further exploration and selection of specific accessions within each species are crucial for unlocking their medicinal potential and supporting cultivation and conservation efforts.

Shape-memory materials are promising actuation sources for small-scale machines. The authors demonstrate that domain switching in twisted ferroic nanocomposites enables a giant shape-memory effect and superelasticity in the nanoscale structure.

Background: This review aims to perform a complete evaluation of the impact of photobiomodulation (PMB) on postoperative endodontic pain. Materials and Methods: The PRISMA checklist was used to perform this systematic review. The electronic databases were searched, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and Embase. Sixty-three papers were obtained through a main electronic search and a hand search. Nine trials met the criteria after screening the titles, abstracts, and/or full texts. Results: Seven out of nine studies showed that PMB has a significant impact on relieving postoperative endodontic pain, with no statistically significant difference in the severity of pain between the laser and control groups in the two remaining studies. In addition, eight studies showed no adverse effects, indicating that we can remove the adverse effects of drugs such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, one study showed evidence of the consequences of PMB application on teeth with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Therefore, it can be concluded that PMB should not be used in teeth with pain because of irreversible pulpitis. Conclusion: Although there is some understanding from a cellular viewpoint of the effects of PMB, there is still some uncertainty about whether these cell-level modifications impact reducing the postendodontic pain.

Objectives: Professionalism is essential to a strong trusted patient-doctor relationship, which is believed, could lead to more patient compliance and treatment outcomes. The purpose of our study was the development and psychometric analysis of an assessment tool for the professional behavior of dental students. Materials and Methods: The study was done in the School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences. After providing a pool of various criteria to assess professionalism, an expert panel prepared the primary version of the tool. The tool was set in a questionnaire frame to explore the significance level and evaluation feasibility of each criterion. The questionnaire was completed by tutors of the “Medical Ethics” course (N=6). After necessary revisions, in order to evaluate face and content validity, the checklist was given to eight experienced dental educators to determine the relevance, clarity and simplicity of the questions. At the second stage, the final checklist with 37 items was given to dental educators to evaluate twenty students. To assess the reliability of this checklist, at least two professors evaluated each student and the weighted- was calculated. Minor revisions were done according to feedbacks. Results: According to the obtained data, the total validity of the tool (S-CVI) was 100%. In all items, except just for one item, the weighted- was greater than or equal to 0.5, showing sufficient reliability of these items. Conclusion: The designed tool to evaluate the professionalism among dental students in different clinical departments seems to be both valid and reliable.

Background and Aim: The most common etiology of gingivitis is accumulation of bacterial plaque. The complete removal of microbial plaques by mechanical procedures is not possible in some situations, for example the aged and disabled patients, might not be capable of removing the bacterial plaques properly. And also chemical mouthwashes have some adverse effects. Therefore, finding a new treatment approach would be helpful. Global focus on the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of different health conditions has been rising. Present study aimed at searching and gathering scientific evidence of medicinal herbs to treat gingivitis and periodontitis. Materials and Methods: This article is a review of an electronic search of the literature which was conducted mostly through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Wiley online library databases. Studies were considered for inclusion if they evaluated medicinal herbs affecting gingival and periodontal inflammation or periodontal pathogens.197 full text article were evaluated and finally, based on the inclusion criteria 22 articles were selected. Results: There are various medical herbs with antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties, which can significantly reduce gingival and periodontal inflammation, bleeding on probing (BOP), plaque index (PI), probing depth (PD) and levels of major periodontal pathogens and promote clinical attachment level (CAL) gain. Conclusion: Introduced herbal products could be an efficient and safe alternative to chemical products.

Medicinal plants, as important agricultural products, can be considered as the greatest national wealth for any country because of their vital role in promoting national goals for health and also as genetic treasures. Having a diversity of climates, Iran has a great variety of medicinal plants. Detecting the growth status of medicinal plants under drought stress conditions can lead to the cultivation of resistant plants in dry or semidry areas. In the present study, we investigated the morphological and physiological responses of ten ecotypes of the medicinal plant Teucrium polium L. native to southeastern Iran under drought stress. For this purpose, a factorial greenhouse experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, moisture treatments of 100, 70, and 40% of field capacity were applied. Analysis of the data showed that the morphological traits under study including stem length and fresh and dry weight of shoots decreased by 5% with increasing drought stress. Drought stress also increased root length, proline content, and phenolic compounds while decreasing chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, and protein contents. The highest resistance to stress was shown by ecotypes growing in Sarcheshmeh and Kuhpayeh regions and the lowest resistance was shown by plants in Shahdad and Anbarabad regions. The results of the study indicated the relative resistance of this plant to drought stress. Therefore, it is a very suitable medicinal plant for cultivation in dry and low water areas of Iran. Among the studied ecotypes, the plants of Sarcheshmeh and Kuhpayeh regions responded 40% better to drought stress conditions and cultivation of these ecotypes in stressed areas can be recommended with more confidence.

This article aims to review the features of COVID-19 in children and whatever dentists need to perform to protect themselves, their young patients, and staff. A new form of coronavirus infection occurred in Wuhan, China, in mid-December 2019, and it has quickly spread to almost the whole world. Although COVID-19 was primarily more common among adults over 15 years old at the initial steps of the outbreak, and the percentage of children's confirmed cases was fairly low, the new guidelines show that all people, including children, are typically vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2. Also, we should take patients' behaviors and reactions to COVID-19 into consideration during this pandemic situation. Since preventing the transmission of SARS CoV-2 to children and transmission from infected children or parents to healthcare professionals are important, infection prevention checklists and all the points that this study prepared should be used by the whole dentists.

Background: The process of producing nanomaterials involves the procurement of ingredients, the production of nanomaterials on commercial scale, and their use in many fields of medicine, health, agriculture, pharmacy, chemistry, and so on. Objective: Economical and green production of gold nanoparticles with sizes less than 20 nm by evening primrose seed extract under the influence of effective and optimized environmental factors is one of the main objectives of this study. Methods: Extract of evening primrose seeds were prepared by Ultrasonic-assisted extraction. HAuCl4 solution was prepared in 1 mM and after adding to the extract plant with a specific concentration ratio and pH adjustment, the samples were incubated for a specified period. From the prepared samples, 16 samples were selected and used according to the Taguchi orthogonal array and using Minitab18 software. Results: The results show that among the 16 proposed recommendations based on the Taguchi method, the concentration of 200: 400 μL of gold chloride to the plant extract, pH=10, temperature of 50 °C and 24 hours are the optimum levels of each factor. The optimal sample for spectral and microscopic analysis of the Fourier Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Zeta potential (ZP) and transient electron microscopy (TEM) was investigated. The results of TEM shows that the size of synthesized nanoparticles by are between 2-10 nm. Conclusion: biosynthesis of GNPs by EP seed extract using Taguchi method is cost effective, less time-consuming and successful.

Phosphorus, the most essential nutrient for plants, becomes quickly unavailable for the plants in the soil. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB( can play an important role in providing Phosphorus for plants. In this study, the PSBs were screened from plant rhizosphere by Pikovskaya method. Then, the growth rate and phosphate solubilizing ability of 9 superior strains were measured at different temperatures and levels of salinity and pH. The best strain was identified by 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis. Finally, the genetic diversity of phosphate solubilizing strains were examined by RAPD markers. Results showed that 25 strains were capable of solubilizing insoluble phosphates among the 57 isolates studied. Of the nine superior strains, Cke1 had the highest solubilizing index with the average growth rate under all conditions and was introduced as the best PSB strain identified in the present study. 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that this strain belonged to the Enterobacter genus. The results of genetic variation showed that all stains were divided into six groups and three strains that had the lowest similarity with other strains were placed in three separate groups. Given that Cke1 strain has the ability of solubilizing the insoluble phosphate in different stresses, it can be a good candidate for providing phosphorus at temperatures of 30 and 35 °C, 1.2% and 1.8% salinity levels and pH levels of 6 and 8 for the crops.

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Due to the unexpected breakdowns that can happen in various components of a production system, failure to reach production targets and interruptions in the process of production are not surprising. Since this issue remains for manufactured products, this halting results in the loss of profitability or demand. In this study, to address a number of challenges associated with the management of crucial spare parts inventory, a mathematical model is suggested for the determination of the optimal quantity of orders, in the case of an unpredicted supplier failure. Hence, a production system that has various types of equipment with crucial components is assumed, in which the crucial components are substituted with spare parts in the event of a breakdown. This study’s inventory model was developed for crucial spare parts based on the Markov chain process model for the case of supplier disruption. Moreover, for optimum ordering policies, re-ordering points, and cost values of the system, four metaheuristic algorithms were utilized that include Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Genetic Algorithm (GA), Moth–Flame Optimization (MFO) Algorithm, and Differential Evolution (DE) Algorithm. Based on the results, reliable suppliers cannot meet all of the demands; therefore, we should sometimes count on unreliable suppliers to reduce unmet demand.

Background: Cardiomyopathies are characterized by structural and functional abnormalities of myocardium that will probably lead to premature death from arrhythmia and/or progressive heart failure. Myocarditis is an inflammatory disease of the myocardium diagnosed by histological criteria definitively. To date, most information about the natural history and management of cardiomyopathies and myocarditis has derived from cohort studies in a small number of specialized centers. Aim: The prevalence of patients with cardiomyopathies who referred to Rajaei Cardiovascular medical and research center from all over the country is remarkable. Rajaie Cardiomyopathy and myocarditis Registry (RCMR) study is an observational registry of consecutive patients with four cardiomyopathy subtypes: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) as well as myocarditis designed to determine clinical characteristics, natural history, current therapeutic approaches, response to treatment and long-term outcomes of patients with cardiomyopathy and myocarditis. Prediction of mortality and response to different treatments in these patients using artificial intelligence is another aim of this registry. Covid 19 Myocarditis and its sequence as cardiomyopathy seems a new challenge in forthcoming years. Methods: Patients with a history of documented cardiomyopathy/ myocarditis fulfilling standard diagnostic criteria based on the ESC guideline for cardiomyopathy/ myocarditis and willing and able to give informed consent or in the case of child consent from a parent will be included. At baseline visit , past medical history, clinical signs/ symptoms, risk factors, physical examination and family history of cardiomyopathy, as well current standards for diagnostic workup and clinical follow-up and where relevant electrocardiogram, echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, Holter monitoring, or biomarker analyses will be checked. Based on the type of disease and the physician's opinion, patients will undergo exercise test, electrophysiology study or endomyocardial biopsy. Outcome and results of various therapeutic approaches currently employed for patients including implantable cardioverter defibrillator, cardiac resynchronization therapy, septal myectomy, ablation, cardiac transplantation and medications will be assessed. Long-term outcomes including the benefits and complications of therapeutic interventions will be collected. Follow-up visit will be scheduled after 12 months for all patients and survival status, hospitalizations, co-morbidities, medications will be assessed. Data will be collected on a research electronic data source (Regitory) and will be analyzed at regular intervals based on study objectives and also by using artificial intelligence. Conclusion: RCMR aims to make a major contribution to understanding the natural history of the cardiomyopathy/ myocarditis, as well as guiding evidence-based decision making. Potential gaps with existing recommendations will be discussed as well as some suggestions for improvement of health care provision.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) might be transferred from animals to humans and then escalated into transmission from human to human. Since dentists are regarded as the greatest risk category of healthcare workers in getting COVID-19, this article summarizes the transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2, particularly in dentistry, to gather all the relevant details for dental professionals and healthcare workers. SARS-CoV-2 can be spread through four main ways in dental clinics: inhalation, direct contact, indirect contact, and mucosal interaction. SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through saliva, fecal-oral, and surgical smoke in an operating room.

The data in this article show the relationship between empowerment, occupational burnout and job stress among nurses in medical education centers in the city of Rasht, Iran. This descriptive correlational study was carried out from January 2016 to June 2017. The study sample included 316 nurses working at the teaching hospitals in Rasht; they were selected using stratified random sampling. The data were collected by a standard questionnaire which was rated based on the five-point Likert Scale. Data analysis was performed by SPSS-22 and SmartPLS software. Data analyzing showed that the mean scores of occupational burnout and job stress were lower than the average level. There was a significant relationship between empowerment and job stress and between job stress and occupational burnout. However, there was no significant association between empowerment and occupational burnout. It was discovered that job stress played a mediating role on the relationship between empowerment and occupational burnout. Keywords: Empowerment, Occupational burnout, Job stress, Nurses

Background: Regional blocks is a good alternative to general anesthesia in upper extremity surgeries. Supraclavicular is a kind of regional block which can be used to treat nerve block in the upper extremity. The ancillary drugs are nowadays used to enhance the quality and quantity of sensory and motor block. The present study has attempted to investigate the effect of three prescription drugs (composition Dexamethasone with Bupivacaine and Dexmedetomidine with Bupivacaine and Bupivacaine alone) on supraclavicular block. Methods: This parallel Design study was conducted in 2017 as a clinical trial at Ayatollah Taleghani Hospital in Tehran. For this purpose, 60 patients over the age of 18 and in class I, II of the American Anesthesiology Association (ASA) who were candidates for upper limb elective surgery, were enrolled. Patients included in the study (60 patients) were randomly divided into three equal groups (n= 20). Anesthesia procedure was performed for all patients in three equal groups. However, to evaluate the efficacy of selected drugs, different drugs were injected into each group. After completing the design and recording the results of the variables under study, the t-test was used to compare quantitative variables between the two groups. All statistical tests were performed in two domains (5% significance level) and SPSS 21 software was used for data analysis. Results: In the levels of intraoperative factors in the comparative conditions of the BB[i] with BDexa[ii] and BB with BDex[iii] groups. However, Duration of Sensory Block (P=0.004) and Duration of Movement Block (P=0.001) were significantly different in BD and BDex groups. Conclusion: What can be clearly seen in the results are the significant changes of Duration of Sensory Block and Duration of Movement Block compared to the BDexa and BDex groups. Based on these results, in both cases we find a significant decrease in the measured duration in the BDexa group compared to the opposite group. Use of Bupivacaine + Dexamethasone has a more positive effect on Supraclavicular block compared to Bupivacaine + Dexmedetomidine and Bupivacaine alone. [i] Bupivacaine [ii] Bupivacaine + Dexamethasone [iii] Bupivacaine + Dexmedetomidine

This study was carried out on grain yield in wheat genotypes with the aim of assessing genetic potential of drought tolerance. The experiment was performed as split plot in the form of randomized complete block design with three replications under normal and drought stress conditions with 32 genotypes. Based on grain yield, and under the condition of non-stress and drought stress, 5 drought tolerance indices are estimated including Tolerance Index (TOL), Stress Tolerance (STI), Mean Productivity (MP), Geometric Mean (GMP) and, Harmonic Mean (HM) for all kinds of genotypes. The analysis of yield correlation and drought tolerance indices in two environments indicated that STI, MP, GMP, HM indices were the most suitable parameters for screening wheat genotypes. Principal components analysis exhibited that the 83 % of first principal component and the 15 % of second one justified the variation of the initial data. Drawing bi-plot diagram declared that Sabalan, Shabrang, Aria, Azar, Azadi, and T2 genotypes were highly functional and resistant to drought stress.

Background An addition of analgesic to anesthetic agents is likely to increase the effects of anesthesia and reduce associated adverse outcomes. Several adjuvants are studied in this regard. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding a magnesium adjunct to lidocaine for the induction of infraclavicular block. Methods Patients referred to Shohada Ashayer Hospital, Khorramabad, for wrist and hand surgery were enrolled in this study. The intervention/case group included patients who received 18 mL lidocaine (2%) + 2 mL magnesium sulfate (50%), 10 mL normal saline; control group: 18 mL lidocaine (2%) + 12 mL of normal saline. After the induction of ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block, parameters such as duration of reach with respect to complete sensory and motor block, hemodynamic parameters (hypotension and bradycardia), and postoperative pain, using visual analogue scale criteria, were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using a Bayesian path analysis model. Results A total of 30 patients were included in each group. In the case group, sensory and motor block was achieved for 12.136 ± 4.96 and 13 ± 3.589 minutes more than those in the control group. The duration of sedation and immobilization was 2.57 ± 0.764 minute and 4.66 ± 0.909 minutes lengthier in the case group. Regarding the hemodynamic parameters, blood pressure was 0.217 ± 5.031 and 1.59 ± 5.14 units lower in the case group, immediately following the block and the surgery. Similarly, heart rate was 0.776 ± 4.548 and 0.39 ± 3.987 units higher in the case group, after 30 minutes and 2 hours of the procedure. A decrease in the pain was seen at 8, 10, and 12 hours after the surgery, as compared with the control group. An addition of magnesium to lidocaine for infraclavicular block resulted in a significantly longer sedation and immobilization period and decreased postoperative pain at 12 hours. Conclusion Heart rate and blood pressure did not decrease significantly in the case group. It can be concluded that addition of magnesium sulfate to lidocaine can produce better anesthetic and analgesic outcomes with low-to-no adverse effects.

Introduction: One of the best methods to remove pollutions resulted from heavy metals in industrial wastewater is biological removing. The first step in this way is identifying and clustering microorganisms especially, resistant bacteria to these metals. Material and methods: In this research, 17 non-fermenting gram-negative bacilli were isolated and identified from industrial wastewater. Their MIC was determined by different concentrations of Cu and Cd. With CTAB and Dellaporta, methods were extracted bacterial DNA. Then evaluated genetic diversity by 7 RAPD, 3 ISSR markers. The similarity matrix was calculated by using NTSYS-pc software based on Jaccard’s coefficient for genotypes and dendrogram was drawn in UPGMA method. Results: 133 bands were identified by using 10 markers that they included 122 polymorphic bands and 11 monomorphic bands. This markers show high level of polymorphism among the bacteria studied. Discussion and Conclusion: In the study cluster analysis and dendrogram drawn based on RAPD and ISSR markers together, there was a significant match between genetic diversity of markers and genetic diversity based on the MIC values. The combined use of both markers for genetic clustering based on resistance to copper and cadmium was more accurate. Principal component analysis was performed to complete the results of cluster analysis and 2-D, 3-D plots were drawn. The results of comparing these two methods showed that these markers had been properly selected for studying genetic diversity, and it was recommended using cluster analysis.

In the OSUL science , it is clear that Wajebat Gheyri are appealing and do not require the intention of a charity while Taharat Salas , although they are considered Gheyri, must be intended for worshiping, otherwise they will not have precedence. In order to solve this problem, the Osuleyon have traversed several paths, which briefly include: The intention of a Nafci Estehbabi in Gheyri matters; the purpose of the necessary title which is Taharat Salas in essence by the intention of Gheyi matters; the attainment of the intention in the Zelmoghadameh through the intention of the Gheyi matters; the multiplicity of the matter; the worshiping of Taharat Salas by the intention of the implied Nafsi; The qualification of Mogharabiat and not the existence of the possibility of being worshipable as an act; in the end, according to the drawbacks of the aforementioned considerations, it is concluded that there is no way to correct Taharat Salas unless there is a way to survive the Estehbab Nafsi of Taharat Salas after Gheyri matters; therefore, when Gheyi matters come through, though the essence of the Estehbab is destroyed, limit Estehbab remains untouched; hence, the worshiping of Taharat Salas is not derived from the Gheyri matters, but rather from the nafsi Estehbabi Matter.

In recent decades, the forest industry has been growingly expanded due to economic conditions, climate changes, environmental and energy policies, and intense demand changes. Thus, appropriate planning is required to improve this industry. To achieve economic, social and environmental goals, a supply chain network is designed based on a multi-period and multi-product Mixed-Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model in which the objective is to maximize the profit, minimize detrimental environmental effects, improve social effects, and minimize the number of lost demands. In addition, to improve forest industry planning, strategic and tactical decisions have been implemented throughout the supply chain for all facilities, suppliers and machinery. These decisions significantly help to improve processes and product flows and to meet customers’ needs. In addition, because of the presence of uncertainty in some parameters, the proposed model was formulated and optimized under uncertainty using the hybrid robust possibilistic programming (HRPP-II) approach. The ε-constraint technique was used to solve the multi-objective model, and the Lagrangian relaxation (LR) method was utilized to solve the model of more complex dimensions. A case study in Northern Iran was conducted to assess the efficiency of the suggested approach. Finally, a sensitivity analysis was performed to determine the impact of important parameters on objective functions. The results of this study show that increasing the working hours of machines instead of increasing their number, increasing the capacity of some facilities instead of establishing new facilities and expanding the transport fleet has a significant impact on achieving predetermined goals.

In order to study the genetic conditions of some agronomic traits in wheat, a cross was made between Gaspard and Kharchia varieties. F2, F3 and F4 progenies with parents were evaluated under drought conditions. Three-parameter model [m d h] considered as the best fit for number of fertile tiller and flag leaf length using generations mean analysis method. For number of grain per spike and main spike grain weight three-parameter model [m d i] was used. For number of spikelet per spike, grain yield and plant height four-parameter model [m d h i] was used. The heritability values ranged from 56% for flag leaf length to 81% for grain yield. The F3 generation with 100 individuals was used to construct a genetic linkage map. Using the method of composite interval mapping 3, 1, 5, 2, 2 and 1 QTLs were detected for plant height, grain yield, number of spikelet per spike, flag leaf length, main spike grain weight and number of fertile tiller respectively.

Abiotic stresses such as drought are among the most significant environmental stress causes in economically important crop plants including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and improving their yield is a major goal of plant breeding. In this study, we analysed expression of dehydration responsive element binding factor (DREB2), and an important antioxidant enzyme gene CAT1 in flag leaf of three bread wheat cultivars named Kavir, Kalheydari and Shahpasand under drought stress by RT-qPCR. In another section, physiological parameters including catalase enzyme (EC 1.11.1.6), relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll content (a,b and total) were analysed. The cultivars were planted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates in normal and drought stress conditions on experimental field in 2013. Differential expression patterns of the genes DREB2 and CAT1 were observed in cultivars. The observed trend was the high induction in the expression of genes under drought stress. The expression of DREB2 was more than CAT1 in drought stress. The relative genes expression showed significant correlation with the catalase, RWC and chlorophyll b. Under drought stress, Kavir had higher expression of DREB2 and CAT1, activity of catalase, RWC, chlorophyll content (a, b and total) than the other cultivars. According to increasing of drought tolerance through the expression of these genes, it can be concluded that transferring of these genes may enhance drought tolerance in high-yield wheat cultivars.

Objective: Acorus calamus (A. calamus) has been used as a medicinal plant in Asia for its effects on digestive system for the last 2000 years. To investigate the anti-cancer activity of rhizome of A. calamus, the ethanolic and methanolic extracts and essential oil of the rhizome were prepared and their effects were assessed on human gastric cancer cell line (AGS). Materials and Methods: The viability of cells which were treated with the extracts and the essential oil was assessed by MTT assay. To evaluate the anti-angiogenic property of the extracts, in vitro tube formation assay was done. Cell cycle distribution and the expression of Oct4 and Nucleostemin, after treatments, were checked by flowcytometry and quantitative RT-PCR, respectively. Furthermore, analysis of essential oil from A.calamus was done by GC-MS. Results: Our results showed that the growth of AGS cells was inhibited by the extracts and essential oil and the extracts inhibited the angiogenesis in HUVEC cells. Our data revealed that the extracts and essential oil of A. calamus caused G1 arrest in AGS cells and downregulation of Oct4 and NS after treatment. By GC-MS analysis, we found new compoundssuch as epiprezizaene, valencene and isocyclocitral in essential oil of A. Conclusions: All together, our results showed that the extracts of A. calamus have anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic effects on cancer cells.

Background: Transforaminal epidural steroid injections (both lumbar and cervical) are used in many treatments. The use of this method in the control and treatment of radicular pain is intensively expanding. In this method, and for the purpose of implementing the injection process, the needle is inserted from the posterolateral of the spine and steroids injected. Steroids include a wide range of medications, many of which are used in modern medicine. Research on these drugs is still underway. The use of Dexamethasone in lumbar transforaminal epidural injections and the study of complications caused by it have been less studied. In some previous studies, use of this steroid for lumbar transforaminal epidural injections has been mentioned. Methods: The present study was conducted in Shohada-e-Tajrish Hospital in Tehran. Patients over 18 years of age who were afflicted with Lumbar stenosis Foraminal (Diagnosis by MRI) and had associated with Radio Kevlar pain were selected. These patients are divided into two groups of 14. In a group, 2.5 cc dexamethasone 8 mg / cc diluted with 2.5 cc distilled water was injected. In the second group, 2.5 cc triamcinolone 40 mg / cc was injected with 2.5 cc distilled water in a volume of 5 cc. In order to evaluate and compare the effects of these two steroids on the patients, the results of the questionnaire were evaluated by statistical techniques and software SPSS 21. Results: The results showed that the use of dexamethasone had far more successful effects than another drug. However, the above conclusion is a relative conclusion and absolute expression is not possible. Pharmaceutical manifestations are the result of patient reactions. Thus, doing similar research and comparing drug performance should be put on the agenda of various research and medical teams. Conclusion: Use of Dexamethasone had far more successful effects than Triamcinolone on epidural steroid injections.