Search

Nanocatalysts have emerged as promising candidates for enhancing the performance of Direct Liquid Fuel Cells (DLFCs). These fuel cells directly convert the chemical energy stored in liquid fuels into electrical energy. Nanocatalysts, characterized by their nanoscale size and high surface area, offer unique advantages for catalytic reactions in DLFCs. This review provides an overview of the role and potential of nanocatalysts in DLFCs. Nanocatalysts are often combined with suitable support materials like carbon aerogels or metal oxides to enhance conductivity and stability. The utilization of nanocatalysts in DLFCs offers several benefits. The enhanced catalytic activity and improved reaction kinetics contribute to higher power output and fuel utilization efficiency. Nanocatalysts also broaden the range of liquid fuels that can be used, thereby increasing the versatility of DLFCs. The goal of improving catalyst efficiency has been the focus of contemporary research. DLFCs utilize nanocatalysts, which are tiny metal particles supported by metal oxides or nanocarbons like ruthenium and platinum. This study explores into their structure, support networks, and synthesis challenges, providing a comprehensive exploration of nanocatalyst advancements in DLFCs. Improving DLFC performance and efficiency involves investigating these nanocatalysts. By tackling current challenges, nanocatalysts hold the promise to transform DLFCs and play a pivotal role in advancing clean energy conversion technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review discusses the impact of alpha‐gallium oxide (α‐Ga2O3) on potential high‐power device applications. To date, there are high requirements for efficient high‐power delivery and low‐power loss device material in power industries. III‐VI oxide semiconductor family, α‐Ga2O3, is recognized as a promising, future power semiconductor material owing to its ultrawide bandgap of 5.3 eV, high breakdown field of 10 MV cm−1, and a large Baliga's figure of merit. A highly expected α‐Ga2O3 power semiconductor electronic device (Schottky barrier diode and field effect transistor) can perform better than conventional semiconductor materials Si, SiC, and GaN. However, there is a lack of research into using mist CVD to cultivate high‐quality α‐Ga2O3 for high‐power devices like FETs and SBDs. Currently, the mist CVD‐grown α‐Ga2O3 thin film power device is still in its early stages, and one of the main reasons for this is defects of the thin film, which impede material electron mobility. The purpose of writing this article is to provide an overview of the development of α‐Ga2O3 heteroepitaxial thin film by the mist CVD process for use in high‐power devices such as Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) and field effect transistors (MOSFET). 1. α‐Ga2O3 α‐Ga2O3. Furthermore, multiple viewpoints highlight the challenges and future trends toward device performance sustainability in a scientific society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Ionic liquids (ILs) are promising solvents for catalytic and electrolyte applications, gas absorption, and extractions in electrochemical systems due to their useful features, such as high conductivity and good thermal, chemical, and electrical stability. This review focuses on incorporating ILs into fuel cell (FC) systems, specifically into two main components of FC (ie, polymer electrolyte membrane and electrocatalyst). In FC, a polymer electrolyte membrane with excellent conductivity and deprived of humidity even at high temperatures must be created for effective early commercialization of this technology. Electrocatalyst performance can also be enhanced with additive materials, such as ILs, thus further improving the entire achievement of FCs. This work discusses the most important reasons for ongoing studies and outlines the current progress in using ILs as a revolutionary form of polymer electrolyte membrane and electrocatalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are applied in electronic devices that are involved in heat generation and raising the temperature. The optimization of TIMs is important in heat dissipation to maintain the good performance of devices, low power during operation, and reduced internal damages among small components. The TIMs are inserted between two contact surfaces to enhance thermal conductivity that will reduce the increment of surface temperature in a longer time and facilitates the cooling process with a consistent power supplied to the system with minimum increment. Research on nanomaterials and hybrid materials aims to obtain maximum thermal conductivity and reduce resistance in the devices. However, the suitable fabrication method for achieving good production and performance is still debatable. Therefore, significant fabrication methods have been explored for various materials. This review provides insights into the current work focusing on the materials used in the development of TIMs by various methods. The discussion begins with the introduction of thermal management and the working principles applied in the system. Then, the methods applied for material fabrication into TIMs, including the advantages and disadvantages of the methods, are discussed. Last, the current challenges and opportunities in methods used are discussed to offer new inputs and improvement in method modification for TIMs design. The targeted thermal performance for the industrial market of TIMs for nanomaterial applications is approximately 100 W/mK and 1 × 10−6 m2/WK with lowest power of 100 W. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The performance of electronic devices, mostly in medical applications, has been investigated to determine whether they meet the requirements of healthcare monitoring and patient's satisfaction. Mobile health monitoring is preferable at present given the current innovations in handheld, wearable, and implantable devices. However, these applications require appropriate thermal management because they are attached directly to the human body and operate for a long period. Moreover, a sophisticated design with functional mobility necessitates proper thermal circulation during the process. This review provides the current research direction for cooling systems, the thermal working principle of wearable and implantable devices, and its implementation on design architecture. Then, the importance of internal and external functional properties in thermal management and their effects on device performance are discussed. Operating temperature is among the most important elements in monitoring thermal performance due to the tendency of tissue and component damages to occur after an increment of only 1°C or 2°C in temperature. Challenges and available solutions for thermal management are listed in detail to improve cooling methods and service to the healthcare field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Carbon quantum dots (CQD) and graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been mentioned frequently. They have been selected in recent studies as they have unique and remarkable potential, especially in electrical, optical, and optoelectrical properties. CQD and GQDs have very high chemical and physical stability due to inherent inert carbon material, thus newly recognized as a kind of quantum dots material. Its environmentally friendly, non‐toxic, and naturally inactive nature is also a major attraction for scientists around the world. In this work, CQD and GQDs production methods are discussed in detail, including soft‐template method, hydrothermal method, microwave‐assisted hydrothermal (MAH) method, metal‐catalyzed method, liquid exfoliation method, electron beam lithography method, and others. Additive material has been introduced in CQD and GQDs to increase the ability and performance of CQD and GQDs such as nitrogen, sulfur, chlorine, fluorine, and potassium. In particular, the presence of additive material in CQD and GQDs shows an advantage in terms of energy level, which is very good at achieving specific requirements in properties such as optical, electrical, and optoelectrical. In addition, the existence of functional groups consisting of heteroatoms such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, boron, and so on of zero‐dimensional carbon materials in providing an overabundance of the active electrochemical site for the reaction. The product of CQD and GQDs has various shapes and sizes influenced by several parameters such as synthesis temperature, growth time, source concentration, catalyst, and so on. The application of CQDs and GQDs composites in fuel cells has been clearly and scientifically stated as it has enhanced the performance of fuel cell technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The performance of allotrope carbon materials has been explored because of their superior properties in energy system applications. This review provides an understanding of the current work focusing on the applications of selected carbon materials in important energy systems, focus on thermal interface materials (TIMs), and fuel cell applications. This article begins with the introduction of TIMs and fuel cell in general working principle and presents details on carbon materials. The discussion focuses on updates from the latest research work and addresses current challenges and opportunities for research toward TIMs and fuel cell applications. The optimum performance of TIMs was seen when thermal conductivity achieved at a maximum of 3000 W (m K)−1 by using vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and a minimum internal thermal resistance of 0.3 mm2 K W−1. Meanwhile for fuel cell, the platinum/CNTs catalyst applied proton exchange membrane fuel cell achieved high power density of 661 mW cm−2 in the presence of Nafion electrolyte membrane. This review provides insights for scientists about the use of carbon materials, especially in energy system applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal interface materials (TIM) involve heat removal from electronic devices. It is used to remove heat sink from the heat sources to prolong the operation system of a device. It normally replaces the thermally insulated air between the two surfaces and uses it as a secondary thermal conductive material. The current thermal conductivity of TIM is considered to be a limitation for the development of advance electronic devices. In this study, the performance of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) which were used as TIM was investigated by using electrophoretic deposition method. The deposition of CNTs was varied from one to six layers and the performance of deposition was evaluated. The stable suspension of CNTs in DMF with zeta potential reading of -35.87 mV give rise to a smooth and uniform deposition on nickel plated copper substrate (heat spreader) with the usage of electrophoretic deposition (EPD). Maximum layers of CNTs deposition were obtained at six layers with 56.95 µm of deposition thickness and 11.0 mg of deposition weight. Thermal conductivity was measured using a thermal analyser while the thickness of deposition was observed using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The employment of CNTs improved the heat removal of TIM with thermal conductivity reading of 27.08 W m-1 K-1. Optimisation studies revealed that EPD operated at an applied voltage of 175 V coupled with 10 min deposition time produced a single layer deposition with the thickness of 14.14 µm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]