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A városoknak nemcsak a lakossága, hanem a környezetvédelemben és energiagazdálkodásban játszott szerepe is évről évre nő. Ez a tendencia Magyarországra fokozottan igaz, az urbanizációban élő népesség globális átlagot nagymértékben meghaladó aránya miatt. Jogi szempontból a fenntarthatóság terén a helyi önkormányzatok jelenleg önálló hatáskörrel alig rendelkeznek, többnyire csak indirekt módon képesek befolyásolni ezen folyamatokat. A cikkünkben elemzett kis- és középvárosok helyzete több szempontból különbözik a nagyvárosoktól: a fenntarthatósági problémák kisebbek, viszont kezelésükre kevesebb forrás áll rendelkezésre és a körkörös gazdálkodásról meglévő ismeretek is többnyire hiányosabbak. Tanulmányunkban az urbanizációval, a kis- és középvárosok jellemzőivel, a bennük alkalmazható körforgásos gazdasági lehetőségekkel foglalkozunk, röviden bemutatunk néhány jó gyakorlatot és saját kutatásaink alapján a körforgásos gazdaság helyi kialakításához szükséges beavatkozások típusait, szintjeit, pilléreit, sorrendiségét, valamint alapelemeit. Ezek megfelelő szintű és egymásra épülő alkalmazása úgy véljük, hogy lehetővé teszi előbb a körforgásos gazdálkodás megalapozását, ezt követően a kialakított rendszer fenntartását, végül a település lakóinak, vállalkozásainak, esetleg külső szereplők támogatását is.

The study of the economic/economic impact of precision farming should be a priority area in digital agriculture, as the results, profitability, and efficiency indicators can have a significant decision-support effect on the development of both the agronomic and the technical regions of individual farms both in the longer and shorter term. Individual firms, companies, farmers, and family farms quantify the effectiveness of their farming processes. The modern age offers the possibility of digitally recording all the elements of farming technology, making it possible to analyse the cost-effectiveness of a farm more effectively and, in some cases, to carry out more detailed analyses. Nevertheless, the number of farms demonstrating their profitability with such precise economic calculations is still minimal. Our analyses were conducted on a 56,02 ha field of Balogh Farm-Tépe Ltd. The agricultural operations carried out were fully documented so that the inputs (seeds, fertilisers, pesticides, crop enhancers) were recorded in coordinates and kind, as well as the specif ic yields, grain moisture data, irrigation norms, and irrigation rotations. At the same time, the company's owner provided the data's monetary value. The main econometric indicators (yield, production value, cost of production, income, cost price) related to the evaluation of the enterprise management were evaluated along with the spatial data in the irrigated and non-irrigated tables. Our calculations show that a given year's climatic and market characteristics fundamentally determine the cost and income relations of a plot of land (and thus of an entire farm). In addition to additional inputs, introducing some elements of precision farming and intensification and increasing yields improves yield security and allows for excellent yield stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power-to-biomethane (bio-P2M) is a novel technology that combines the long-term storage of periodically available renewable energy sources (RES) and the upgrading of biogas. This article introduces a complex economic analysis of a 1 megawatt electric (MWel) capacity bio-P2M system based on economic characteristics considered to be typical in practice. The evaluation includes an investment analysis to present the basic scenario, a sensitivity analysis and a unit cost calculation to show the economic viability, the cost structure and the possible reserves of the synthetic natural gas (SNG) as a final output. The risk analysis is executed using Monte Carlo simulation, and the final results are the mean and standard deviation of the outputs, distribution functions and probabilities. Our results show that a significant state subsidy would be needed to boost competitiveness either in terms of investment costs (44% in our calculation) or in technology development to improve technological effectiveness. Another important competitiveness issue is the full utilization of the plant and the lowest possible price for the electricity used. If both cannot be optimized at the same time, then the first one is more important. Natural gas prices and the full utilization of waste heat might result in smaller changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study introduces the most important energy trends and global food systems, as well as the relationship between the human development index (HDI) and energy supply and the relationship between energy prices and food prices. Based on seven important indicators as variables in 18 relevant countries worldwide, before and after the pandemic, with the help of cluster analysis and comparative analysis, five different primary energy clusters were created and analyzed. Our results prove the high volatility of the composition of these clusters within a short period. Another important finding is that renewable energy sources (RES) are probably not viable options for the largest (developed and developing) countries in the short term. The human development index and food production per capita are the lowest in the renewable energy cluster and the highest in countries dominated by nuclear energy and oil with typically the highest GDP, since they are able to finance the price hike in both food and energy markets. Generally, it can be stated that although there is a relationship between the measured indicators, it is not constant in all cases. Our results and methodology may be a good basis for further research to examine the relationship between the most important relevant indicators in different countries, as well as the effect of a global crisis on strengthening food and energy security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analyzing consumer preferences for cheese consumption in the market of Kosovo is very important, very complex and also very interesting process to study, as cheese is part of every meal in all Kosovar families. Our goal in this research was to identify the impact of attributes and attribute levels on consumers' preferences when buying and consuming cheese. The research was conducted in five cities in Kosovo (Pristina, Prizren, Peja, Gjilani, and Mitrovica) with a total of 225 cheese consumers' and we have used the type of questionnaires adapted to face-to-face contact with consumers'. These preferences were analyzed by applying conjoint choice analysis (CCA) and latent class analysis (LCA) methods. These methods (CCA and LCA) enabled us to classify consumers into five groups (classes), depending on the category of cheese they preferred: Origin ("Sharri" cheese, "Rugova" cheese, home-made cheese), price (3 €/kg, 4/kg, 5 €/kg, 6 €/kg), type of milk (cow milk, sheep milk, goat milk), type of cheese (soft cheese, medium-soft cheese, hard cheese), taste (white cheese, yellow cheese, cheese with added spices), and the attributes of cheese that have most preferences are shown with the highest level of significance (P = 005). Research results have shown that attributes such as type of milk for producing cheese and taste of cheese are very important attributes with a final impact on consumer preferences, although the level of importance of the type of cheese varies according to classes (groups) of consumers depending on the type of milk and taste which have been shown to be important attributes to all consumers classes. Cheese producers in Kosovo should be oriented in the production of their cheeses according to consumer preferences, adapting to their preferences according to the type of cheese, type of milk for producing cheese, taste and origin of cheese. The research analysis provided us useful information for producers and policymakers on the potential for further development of the cheese industry, for the creation of labels and brands for the type of milk and cheese, with regional indicators on milk content for production and protect the origin of the cheese. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]