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1. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Published
2024
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3. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., primary, Andrady, Anthony L., additional, Barnes, Paul W., additional, Busquets, Rosa, additional, Revell, Laura E., additional, Bornman, Janet F., additional, Aucamp, Pieter J., additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Banaszak, Anastazia T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bruckman, Laura S., additional, Häder, Donat‐P., additional, Hanson, Mark L., additional, Heikkilä, Anu M., additional, Hylander, Samuel, additional, Lucas, Robyn M., additional, Mackenzie, Roy, additional, Madronich, Sasha, additional, Neale, Patrick J., additional, Neale, Rachel E., additional, Olsen, Catherine M., additional, Ossola, Rachele, additional, Pandey, Krishna K., additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Robinson, Sharon A., additional, Robson, T. Matthew, additional, Rose, Kevin C., additional, Solomon, Keith R., additional, Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., additional, Sulzberger, Barbara, additional, Wallington, Timothy J., additional, Wang, Qing‐Wei, additional, Wängberg, Sten‐Åke, additional, White, Christopher C., additional, Young, Antony R., additional, Zepp, Richard G., additional, and Zhu, Liping, additional

Published
2024
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4. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.image

Published
2024
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5. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.

Published
2024

6. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author

Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2024

12. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author

Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn M., Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., McKenzie, Richard L., Neale, Patrick J., Austin, Amy T., Bernhard, Germar H., Solomon, Keith R., Neale, Rachel E., Young, Paul J., Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E., Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C., Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J., Ballaré, Carlos L., Cory, Rose M., Flint, Stephan D., de Gruijl, Frank R., Häder, Donat-P., Heikkilä, Anu M., Jansen, Marcel A. K., Pandey, Krishna K., Robson, T. Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A., Wängberg, Sten-Åke, Worrest, Robert C., Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R., and Zepp, Richard G.

Published
2019
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20. Effects of clouds and aerosols on downwelling surface solar irradiance nowcasting and short-term forecasting.

Author

Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula, Fountoulakis, Ilias, Bais, Alkiviadis F., Psiloglou, Basil E., Papadimitriou, Nikolaos, Raptis, Ioannis-Panagiotis, Kazantzidis, Andreas, Kontoes, Charalampos, Hatzaki, Maria, and Kazadzis, Stelios

Subjects
SOLAR surface, AEROSOLS, FORECASTING, SOLAR energy, PRODUCTION management (Manufacturing), STATISTICAL bias, CLOUD storage
Abstract

Solar irradiance nowcasting and short-term forecasting are important tools for the integration of solar plants into the electricity grid. Understanding the role of clouds and aerosols in those techniques is essential for improving their accuracy. In this study, we introduce improvements in the existing nowcasting and short-term forecasting operational systems SENSE (Solar Energy Nowcasting System) and NextSENSE achieved by using a new configuration and by upgrading cloud and aerosol inputs, and we also investigate the limitations of evaluating such models using surface-based sensors due to cloud effects. We assess the real-time estimates of surface global horizontal irradiance (GHI) produced by the improved SENSE2 operational system at high spatial and temporal resolution (∼ 5 km, 15 min) for a domain including Europe and the Middle East–North Africa (MENA) region and the short-term forecasts of GHI (up to 3 h ahead) produced by the NextSENSE2 system against ground-based measurements from 10 stations across the models' domain for a whole year (2017). Results for instantaneous (every 15 min) comparisons show that the GHI estimates are within ± 50 W m -2 (or ± 10 %) of the measured GHI for 61 % of the cases after the implementation of the new model configuration and a proposed bias correction. The bias ranges from - 12 to 23 W m -2 (or from - 2 % to 6.1 %) with a mean value of 11.3 W m -2 (2.3 %). The correlation coefficient is between 0.83 and 0.96 and has a mean value of 0.93. Statistics are significantly improved when integrating on daily and monthly scales (the mean bias is 3.3 and 2.7 W m -2 , respectively). We demonstrate that the main overestimation of the SENSE2 GHI is linked with the uncertainties of the cloud-related information within the satellite pixel, while relatively low underestimation, linked with aerosol optical depth (AOD) forecasts (derived from the Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service – CAMS), is reported for cloudless-sky GHI. The highest deviations for instantaneous comparisons are associated with cloudy atmospheric conditions, when clouds obscure the sun over the ground-based station. Thus, they are much more closely linked with satellite vs. ground-based comparison limitations than the actual model performance. The NextSENSE2 GHI forecasts based on the cloud motion vector (CMV) model outperform the persistence forecasting method, which assumes the same cloud conditions for future time steps. The forecasting skill (FS) of the CMV-based model compared to the persistence approach increases with cloudiness (FS is up to ∼ 20 %), which is linked mostly to periods with changes in cloudiness (which persistence, by definition, fails to predict). Our results could be useful for further studies on satellite-based solar model evaluations and, in general, for the operational implementation of solar energy nowcasting and short-term forecasting, supporting solar energy production and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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22. Effects of clouds and aerosols on downwelling surface solar irradiance nowcasting and sort-term forecasting

Author

Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula, primary, Fountoulakis, Ilias, additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Psiloglou, Basil E., additional, Papadimitriou, Nikolaos, additional, Raptis, Ioannis-Panagiotis, additional, Kazantzidis, Andreas, additional, Kontoes, Charalampos, additional, Hatzaki, Maria, additional, and Kazadzis, Stelios, additional

Published
2023
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23. Effects of clouds and aerosols on downwelling surface solar irradiance nowcasting and sort-term forecasting

Author

Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula, Fountoulakis, Ilias, Bais, Alkiviadis F., Psiloglou, Basil E., Papadimitriou, Nikolaos, Raptis, Ioannis-Panagiotis, Kazantzidis, Andreas, Kontoes, Charalampos, Hatzaki, Maria, and Kazadzis, Stelios

Abstract

Solar irradiance nowcasting and short-term forecasting are important tools for the integration of solar plants in the grid. Understanding the role of clouds and aerosols in those techniques is essential for improving their accuracy. In this study, we introduce the improvements in the existing nowcasting/short-term forecasting operational systems SENSE/NextSENSE, based on a new configuration and upgrading of cloud and aerosol inputs methods and also, we investigate the limitations of such model evaluation with surface-based sensors due to cloud effects. We assess the real-time estimates of surface global horizontal irradiance (GHI) produced by the improved SENSE2 operational system at high spatial and temporal resolution (~5 km, 15 min) for a domain including Europe and Middle East-North Africa (MENA) region and the short-term forecasts of GHI up to 3 h ahead by the NextSENSE2 system, against ground-based measurements from 10 stations across the model domain, for a whole year (2017). Results show that the GHI estimates are within +/-50 W/m2 (or +/-10 %) of the measured GHI for 61 % of the cases, after the new model configuration and a proposed bias correction. The bias ranges between -12 W/m2 to 23 W/m2 (or 2 % to 29 %) with mean value 11.3 W/m2 (2.3 %). The correlation coefficient is between 0.83 to 0.96 with mean value 0.93. Statistics are improved a lot when integrating in daily and monthly scales (mean bias 6.6 W/m2 and 5.7 W/m2, respectively). We demonstrate that the main overestimation of the SENSE2 GHI is linked with the underestimation of cloud optical thickness from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites, while the relatively low overestimation linked with aerosol optical depth (AOD) forecasts (derived from Copernicus Atmospheric Monitoring Service – CAMS) results in low overestimation of clear sky GHI. The highest deviations are associated with cloudy atmospheric conditions with clouds obscuring the sun over the ground-based station. Thus, they are much more linked with satellite/ground-based comparison limitations than the actual model performance. The NextSENSE2 GHI forecasts based on the cloud motion vector (CMV) model, outperform the smart persistence forecasting method, which assumes the same cloud conditions for the future time steps. The forecasting skill (FS) of the CMV based model compared to the persistence approach increases with cloudiness (FS up to ~20 %), linked mostly to periods with changes in cloudiness, that persistence by definition fails to predict. Our results can be useful for further studies on satellite-based solar model evaluations and, in general, for the operational implementation of solar energy nowcasting and short-term forecasting, supporting solar energy production and management.

Published
2023

24. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol. 2023 Assessment Update of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2023

25. Environmental Effects of Stratospheric Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and interactions with Climate Change: 2022 Assessment Report

Author

Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R, Andrady, Anthony L, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bornman, Janet F, Hader, D P, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Longstreth, Janice, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel, Pandey, Krishna K, Rhodes, Lesley E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Sulzberger, Barbara, Williamson, Craig E, White, Christopher C, Zepp, Richard G, Wilson, Stephen R, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, Yazar, Seyhan, and Young, Antony R

Abstract

The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was established 35 years ago following the 1985 Vienna Convention for protection of the environment and human health against excessive amounts of harmful ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280-315 nm) radiation reaching the Earth’s surface due to a reduced UV-B-absorbing ozone layer. The Montreal Protocol, ratified globally by all 198 Parties (countries), controls ca 100 ozone-depleting substances (ODS). These substances have been used in many applications, such as in refrigerants, air conditioners, aerosol propellants, fumigants against pests, fire extinguishers, and foam materials. The Montreal Protocol has phased out nearly 99% of ODS, including ODS with high global warming potentials such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), thus serving a dual purpose. However, some of the replacements for ODS also have high global warming potentials, for example, the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs). Several of these replacements have been added to the substances controlled by the Montreal Protocol. The HFCs are now being phased down under the Kigali Amendment. As of December 2022, 145 countries have signed the Kigali Amendment, exemplifying key additional outcomes of the Montreal Protocol, namely, that of also curbing climate warming and stimulating innovations to increase energy efficiency of cooling equipment used industrially as well as domestically. As the concentrations of ODS decline in the upper atmosphere, the stratospheric ozone layer is projected to recover to pre-1980 levels by the middle of the 21st century, assuming full compliance with the control measures of the Montreal Protocol. However, in the coming decades, the ozone layer will be increasingly influenced by emissions of greenhouse gases and ensuing global warming. These trends are highly likely to modify the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface with implications for the effects on ecosystems and human health. Against this background, four Panels of expert

Published
2023

26. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Questions and Answers about the Effects of Ozone Depletion, UV Radiation, and Climate on Humans and the Environment. Supplement of the 2022 Assessment Report of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A

Abstract

This collection of Questions & Answers (Q&As) was prepared by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the Montreal Protocol under the umbrella of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The document complements EEAP’s Quadrennial Assessment 2022 (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap) and provides interesting and useful information for policymakers, the general public, teachers, and scientists, written in an easy-to-understand language.

Published
2023

27. Programa del Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (UNEP), Preguntas y Respuestas acerca de los Efectos de la Disminución del Ozono, la Radiación Ultravioleta y el Clima en los humanos y el Medio Ambiente. Suplemento del Reporte de Evaluación 2022 del Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas

Author

Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, Robinson, Sharon A, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Andrady, Anthony L, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Barnes, Paul, Bernhard, Germar H, Byrne, Scott N, Heikkila, Anu M, Ireland, Rachael, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Madronich, Sasha, McKenzie, Richard L, Neale, Rachel, Neale, Patrick J, Ossola, Rachele, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Wilson, Stephen R, Zepp, Richard G, and Robinson, Sharon A

Abstract

Esta colección de preguntas y respuestas fue preparada por el Panel de Evaluación de los Efectos en el Medio Ambiente (EEAP por sus siglas en inglés) del Protocolo de Montreal bajo el amparo del Programa para el Medio Ambiente de las Naciones Unidas (PNUM). Este documento es un complemento de la Evaluación Cuatrienal 2022 realizada por el EEAP (https://ozone. unep.org/science/assessment/eeap), y provee de información interesante y útil para redactores de políticas públicas, maestros y científicos. Este P&Rs está escrito en un lenguaje de fácil comprensión para el público en general.

Published
2023

29. Ozone, DNA-active UV radiation, and cloud changes for the near-global mean and at high latitudes due to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations

Author

Eleftheratos, Kostas, primary, Kapsomenakis, John, additional, Fountoulakis, Ilias, additional, Zerefos, Christos S., additional, Jöckel, Patrick, additional, Dameris, Martin, additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Bernhard, Germar, additional, Kouklaki, Dimitra, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Stierle, Scott, additional, Liley, J. Ben, additional, Brogniez, Colette, additional, Auriol, Frédérique, additional, Diémoz, Henri, additional, Simic, Stana, additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, and Douvis, Kostas, additional

Published
2022
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36. Comparison of Ground-Based Tropospheric NO2 Columns with OMI/Aura Products in the Greater Area of Thessaloniki by Means of an Air Quality Modeling Tool

Author

Drosoglou, Th., primary, Bais, Alkiviadis. F., additional, Zyrichidou, I., additional, Poupkou, A., additional, Liora, N., additional, Giannaros, C., additional, Koukouli, M. E., additional, Kouremeti, N., additional, Dimopoulos, S., additional, Balis, D., additional, and Melas, D., additional

Published
2016
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37. An Assessment of the Relative Importance of Factors Impacting Surface UV Radiation Based on Simulations of the 6th Phase of the Coupled Intercomparison Project.

Author

Chatzopoulou, Anthi, Tourpali, Kleareti, Bais, Alkiviadis F., Braesicke, Peter, and Ruhnke, Roland

Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC aerosols, ULTRAVIOLET radiation, ATMOSPHERIC models, SOCIOECONOMICS, OZONE
Abstract

Aerosols, ozone, surface reflectivity, and clouds are, among other factors, important for the modulation of UV radiation levels at the Earth's surface. In this study, these variables were extracted from climate model integrations that contributed to CMIP6 and from MACC global reanalysis provided by the CAMS. From the 1950s until the end of the 21st century and for various shared socioeconomic pathways considered by CMIP6, we conclude that total ozone will increase globally in 2100 by up to 11% under SSP5-8.5 relative to the 1950s, while under SSP1-2.6, ozone is not projected to recover to pre-ozone depletion levels. AOD at 550 nm shows reductions in 2090-2100 over the Northern Hemisphere of up to -0.38. Compared to CAMS, CMIP6 models show a general overestimation for total ozone of up to 2.5% in extra-polar regions for models with interactive chemistry. This implies systematically lower UV radiation from models based on these projections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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38. Retrieval of Total NO2 Columns Using Direct-Sun Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy Measurements in Thessaloniki.

Author

Nikolis, Dimitrios, Karagkiozidis, Dimitris, and Bais, Alkiviadis F.

Subjects
NITROGEN dioxide, LIGHT absorption, TRACE gases, CALIBRATION
Abstract

The monitoring of trace gases in the troposphere has been routinely performed at the Laboratory of Atmospheric Physics, Thessaloniki, Greece, for a decade now, by multiple Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) instruments. Even though measurements of trace gas concentrations in the troposphere are of great interest in terms of air quality, the MAX-DOAS technique is only sensitive to absorbers in the lowest few kilometers of the atmosphere. In this work, we present a methodology for the retrieval of total NO2 columns in the atmosphere by applying the DOAS technique on direct sun spectra (DS-DOAS) measured with a new research-grade system. The advantages and limitations of the total NO2 retrieval methodology, based on DS-DOAS, are discussed. The accuracy and the quality of the retrieved columns were assessed by comparison with a collocated Pandora system that also measures total NO2 column amounts using a similar technique with independent calibration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2023
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39. Ozone and DNA active UV radiation changes for the near global mean and at high latitudes due to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations

Author

Eleftheratos, Kostas, primary, Kapsomenakis, John, additional, Fountoulakis, Ilias, additional, Zerefos, Christos S., additional, Jöckel, Patrick, additional, Dameris, Martin, additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Bernhard, Germar, additional, Kouklaki, Dimitra, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Stierle, Scott, additional, Liley, J. Ben, additional, Brogniez, Colette, additional, Auriol, Frédérique, additional, Diémoz, Henri, additional, Simic, Stana, additional, and Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional

Published
2022
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40. Supplementary material to "Ozone and DNA active UV radiation changes for the near global mean and at high latitudes due to enhanced greenhouse gas concentrations"

Author

Eleftheratos, Kostas, primary, Kapsomenakis, John, additional, Fountoulakis, Ilias, additional, Zerefos, Christos S., additional, Jöckel, Patrick, additional, Dameris, Martin, additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Bernhard, Germar, additional, Kouklaki, Dimitra, additional, Tourpali, Kleareti, additional, Stierle, Scott, additional, Liley, J. Ben, additional, Brogniez, Colette, additional, Auriol, Frédérique, additional, Diémoz, Henri, additional, Simic, Stana, additional, and Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional

Published
2022
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41. Erratum to: The Quadrennial Ozone Symposium 2016

Author

Godin-Beekmann, Sophie, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Reis, Stefan, Newman, Paul, Steinbrecht, Wolfgang, Rex, Markus, Santee, Michelle L., Eckman, Richard S., Zheng, Xiangdong, Tully, Matthew B., Stevenson, David S., Young, Paul, Pyle, John, Weber, Mark, Tamminen, Johanna, Mills, Gina, Bais, Alkiviadis F., Heaviside, Clare, and Zerefos, Christos

Published
2018
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44. Real-time UV index retrieval in Europe using Earth observation-based techniques: system description and quality assessment

Author

Kosmopoulos, Panagiotis G. Kazadzis, Stelios Schmalwieser, Alois W. Raptis, I, Panagiotis Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula and Fountoulakis, Ilias Masoom, Akriti Bais, Alkiviadis F. and Bilbao, Julia Blumthaler, Mario Kreuter, Axel Siani, Anna Maria Eleftheratos, Kostas Topaloglou, Chrysanthi Groebner, Julian Johnsen, Bjorn Svendby, Tove M. Vilaplana, Jose Manuel Doppler, Lionel Webb, Ann R. Khazova, Marina De Backer, Hugo Heikkila, Anu Lakkala, Kaisa Jaroslawski, Janusz Meleti, Charikleia Diemoz, Henri Huelsen, Gregor and Klotz, Barbara Rimmer, John Kontoes, Charalampos

Abstract

This study introduces an Earth observation (EO)-based system which is capable of operationally estimating and continuously monitoring the ultraviolet index (UVI) in Europe. UVIOS (i.e., UV-Index Operating System) exploits a synergy of radiative transfer models with high-performance computing and EO data from satellites (Meteosat Second Generation and Meteorological Operational Satellite-B) and retrieval processes (Tropospheric Emission Monitoring Internet Service, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service and the Global Land Service). It provides a near-real-time nowcasting and short-term forecasting service for UV radiation over Europe. The main atmospheric inputs for the UVI simulations include ozone, clouds and aerosols, while the impacts of ground elevation and surface albedo are also taken into account. The UVIOS output is the UVI at high spatial and temporal resolution (5 km and 15 min, respectively) for Europe (i.e., 1.5 million pixels) in real time. The UVI is empirically related to biologically important UV dose rates, and the reliability of this EO-based solution was verified against ground-based measurements from 17 stations across Europe. Stations are equipped with spectral, broadband or multi-filter instruments and cover a range of topographic and atmospheric conditions. A period of over 1 year of forecasted 15 min retrievals under all-sky conditions was compared with the ground-based measurements. UVIOS forecasts were within +/- 0.5 of the measured UVI for at least 70 % of the data compared at all stations. For clear-sky conditions the agreement was better than 0.5 UVI for 80 % of the data. A sensitivity analysis of EO inputs and UVIOS outputs was performed in order to quantify the level of uncertainty in the derived products and to identify the covariance between the accuracy of the output and the spatial and temporal resolution and the quality of the inputs. Overall, UVIOS slightly overestimated the UVI due to observational uncertainties in inputs of cloud and aerosol. This service will hopefully contribute to EO capabilities and will assist the provision of operational early warning systems that will help raise awareness among European Union citizens of the health implications of high UVI doses.

Published
2021

45. The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment

Author

Barnes, Paul W., Bornman, Janet F., Pandey, Krishna K., Bernhard, Germar H., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Neale, Rachel E., Robson, Thomas Matthew, Neale, Patrick J., Williamson, Craig E., Zepp, Richard G., Madronich, Sasha, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., Heikkila, Anu M., Robinson, Sharon A., Canopy Spectral Ecology and Ecophysiology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Biosciences, and Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme

Subjects
stratospheric ozone, ultraviolet radiation, climate change, UV-B, Montreal Protocol, ecosystems, human health, sustainability, 1172 Environmental sciences
Abstract

The Montreal Protocol and its Amendments have been highly effective in protecting the stratospheric ozone layer, preventing global increases in solar ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B; 280-315 nm) at Earth's surface, and reducing global warming. While ongoing and projected changes in UV-B radiation and climate still pose a threat to human health, food security, air and water quality, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems, and construction materials and fabrics, the Montreal Protocol continues to play a critical role in protecting Earth's inhabitants and ecosystems by addressing many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. Non

Published
2021

46. The success of the Montreal Protocol in mitigating interactive effects of stratospheric ozone depletion and climate change on the environment

Author

Barnes, Paul W., primary, Bornman, Janet F., additional, Pandey, Krishna K., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Neale, Rachel E., additional, Robson, Thomas Matthew, additional, Neale, Patrick J., additional, Williamson, Craig E., additional, Zepp, Richard G., additional, Madronich, Sasha, additional, Wilson, Stephen R., additional, Andrady, Anthony L., additional, Heikkilä, Anu M., additional, and Robinson, Sharon A., additional

Published
2021
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47. Real-time UV index retrieval in Europe using Earth observation-based techniques: system description and quality assessment

Author

Kosmopoulos, Panagiotis G., primary, Kazadzis, Stelios, additional, Schmalwieser, Alois W., additional, Raptis, Panagiotis I., additional, Papachristopoulou, Kyriakoula, additional, Fountoulakis, Ilias, additional, Masoom, Akriti, additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Bilbao, Julia, additional, Blumthaler, Mario, additional, Kreuter, Axel, additional, Siani, Anna Maria, additional, Eleftheratos, Kostas, additional, Topaloglou, Chrysanthi, additional, Gröbner, Julian, additional, Johnsen, Bjørn, additional, Svendby, Tove M., additional, Vilaplana, Jose Manuel, additional, Doppler, Lionel, additional, Webb, Ann R., additional, Khazova, Marina, additional, De Backer, Hugo, additional, Heikkilä, Anu, additional, Lakkala, Kaisa, additional, Jaroslawski, Janusz, additional, Meleti, Charikleia, additional, Diémoz, Henri, additional, Hülsen, Gregor, additional, Klotz, Barbara, additional, Rimmer, John, additional, and Kontoes, Charalampos, additional

Published
2021
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48. Portable device for characterizing the angular response of UV spectroradiometers

Author

Bais, Alkiviadis F., Kazadzis, Stylianos, Garane, Katerina, Kouremeti, Natalia, Grobner, Julian, Blumthaler, Mario, Seckmeyer, Gunther, Webb, Ann R., Koskela, Tapani, Gorts, Peter, and Schreder, Josef

Subjects
Spectroradiometer -- Optical properties, Spectroradiometer -- Measurement, Astronomy, Physics
Abstract

This paper introduces a device that was developed to measure the angular response of UV spectroradiometers in the field. This device is designed to be used at the operating position of spectroradiometers; thus the derived angular response also includes any effects from imperfect leveling of the diffuser and corresponds to the actual operational angular response. The design and characterization of the device and the results from its application on 11 different spectroradiometers that operate at different European UV stations are presented. Various sources of uncertainties that were identified result in a combined uncertainty in determining the angular response, which ranges between approximately 1.5% and 10%, depending on the incidence angle and the characteristics of the diffuser. For the 11 instruments, the error in reporting the diffuse irradiance ranges between 2% and -13%, assuming isotropic distribution of the downwelling radiances. OCIS codes: 120.0120, 120.4570, 120.6200.

Published
2005

49. Traveling reference spectroradiometer for routine quality assurance of spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance measurements

Author

Grobner, Julian, Schreder, Josef, Kazadzis, Stelios, Bais, Alkiviadis F., Blumthaler, Mario, Gorts, Peter, Tax, Rick, Koskela, Tapani, Seckmeyer, Gunther, Webb, Ann R., and Rembges, Diana

Subjects
Solar radiation -- Research, Spectroradiometer -- Research, Optics -- Research, Astronomy, Physics
Abstract

A transportable reference spectroradiometer for measuring spectral solar ultraviolet irradiance has been developed and validated. The expanded uncertainty of solar irradiance measurements with this reference spectroradiometer, based on the described methodology, is 8.8% to 4.6%, depending on the wavelength and the solar zenith angle. The accuracy of the spectroradiometer was validated by repeated site visits to two European UV monitoring sites as well as by regular comparisons with the reference spectroradiometer of the European Reference Centre for UV radiation measurements in Ispra, Italy. The spectral solar irradiance measurements of the Quality Assurance of Spectral Ultraviolet Measurements in Europe through the Development of a Transportable Unit (QASUME) spectroradiometer and these three spectroradiometers have agreed to better than 6% during the ten intercomparison campaigns held from 2002 to 2004. If the differences hi irradiance scales of as much as 2% are taken into account, the agreement is of the order of 4% over the wavelength range of 300-400 nm.

Published
2005

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