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Pneumonitis from leflunomide is uncommon due to leflunomide's relatively favorable drug profile. Leflunomide-induced pneumonitis (LEIP) is a rare condition reported mainly in Asia. We present a case of LEIP from an accidental leflunomide overdose in the setting of concomitant methotrexate use and no underlying lung disease. Our patient was treated successfully with cholestyramine and steroids. Due to its high mortality, clinicians should be aware of this condition and its treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension has been shown to have long-term cardiovascular effects if left untreated. Hypertension also has been shown to affect women during pregnancy, which can be detrimental not only to the patient but also to the fetus. Early identification and treatment are paramount to prevent adverse outcomes. This article details the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of essential hypertension in women, gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Most neurosurgical emergencies involve management of intracranial pressure, decompression of brain parenchyma, or diversion of cerebrospinal fluid. These interventions aim to prevent progression and reverse damage to neural structures. The pathologies that require emergent treatment either develop acutely or may progress over days until they reach a critical point causing decompensation. The risk of any intervention need to be weighed against potential benefits and should involve discussions with the family. Interventions have shown to be effective and facilitate patients' return to improved functionality. However, while neurosurgical interventions are lifesaving, surviving patients may have a severe residual disability. This article presents an overview of commonly seen nontraumatic neurosurgical emergencies. Each section presents key facets of presentation, initial workup, management, and role of surgical intervention., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: Amalgam has been the gold standard for restorations in posterior teeth. Mercury, a major component of dental amalgam, is considered an environmental pollutant. The Minamata Convention on mercury recomends a reduction in the use of mercury-containing products. Since Pakistan is a signatory to the Convention, the same amalgam phase-out limitations are implemented in Pakistan., Aims: To identify and assess the use of amalgam and its waste management by dentists in Pakistan post-Minamata Convention guidelines., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Lahore among 520 general dental practitioners in 2019., Results: The sample size for the study was calculated as 500; the questionnaire was distributed among 550 dentists. Dental amalgam was used by only 41.6% of the dentists in their practice; 55.0% perceived it to be a health risk. Most of the dentists (76.3%) were unaware of the proper disposal protocols for dental amalgam and 76.5% were unaware of any guidelines regarding amalgam use and disposal., Conclusion: Although there is a gap in knowledge among the dentists regarding amalgam disposal, dentists in Pakistan are reducing their use of dental amalgam in accordance with the guidelines of the Minamata Convention., (Copyright © World Health Organization (WHO) 2022. Open Access. Some rights reserved. This work is available under the CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo).)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a highly symptomatic disease that may lead to significant morbidity. Even with optimal therapy, the patient's quality of life can be severely affected. These symptoms include dyspnea, anxiety, depression, and malnourishment. Palliative care is a branch of medicine that specializes in the care of patients with a terminal illness no matter what stage of the disease they are in. It implements a family-centered approach to help patients deal with their symptoms. It also helps with shared decision-making and advanced care planning.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has become a key tool in the management of cardiac and/or respiratory failure refractory to conventional management. Although ECMO has multiple indications, it has been widely studied for the management of acute respiratory distress syndrome in adults. ECMO provides rest and support while the damaged lungs heal. It is an invasive modality with risks of serious complications; therefore, clinicians should be vigilant during patient selection. Furthermore, users should be familiar with different components of the ECMO machinery and the management of different organ systems while patients are on the circuit. ECMO is a relatively new modality that has shown good results when used in certain circumstance, and its use is becoming more popular across the United States.

Venous thromboembolism is a condition that includes both deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. Venous thromboembolism disease can result because of a combination of risk factors, including patient-related, treatment-related, and, more specifically, cancer-related factors. It is not disease-specific or a population-specific disorder, but it is more prevalent in certain specialty populations. This article will cover those specialty populations including cancer, pregnancy, and athletes.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) can present in a variety of different clinical settings and in a diverse, comorbid patient population, both of which will guide the clinician toward the appropriate therapeutic response. Patients who present with pulmonary embolism are at risk for hemodynamic instability, recurrence of VTE, cardiac comorbidities, and increased risk of overall mortality. Prognostication models have been clinically validated for risk stratification and prediction of mortality. Similar to pulmonary embolism, patients with deep vein thrombosis carry a higher risk of VTE recurrence and cardiac comorbidities. Consequently, VTE can be treated by a variety of methods such as anticoagulants or inferior vena cava filters, which bear their own risks and benefits. It is imperative that clinicians monitor patients for complications from VTE and the chosen therapy.

Asthma is one of the most frequent chronic respiratory diseases worldwide, with an increase in its prevalence in the last decade. Ongoing studies continue to search for better diagnostic tools and advanced treatment options in an effort to decrease the morbidity and mortality associated with it. Unfortunately, many asthmatic patients still suffer from poorly controlled asthma, which may lead to life-threatening situations. This article reviews the basics of asthma and highlights the current guidelines in making accurate diagnosis and initiating therapeutic plan.