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Purpose: In-stent restenosis (ISR) following internal carotid artery (ICA) stenting is relatively common with an estimated incidence of 5%. Treatment options include repeat angioplasty with conventional or drug-eluting balloons (DEB), repeat stent angioplasty and surgical intervention. Application of DEB in ISR of the coronary and peripheral arteries is an established method; however, data on DEB treatment of ICA ISR are sparse. In this work, results from a retrospective cohort of 45 patients harboring 46 ICA ISR lesions treated with DEB angioplasty are presented., Methods: Clinical, procedural and imaging data from DEB angioplasty treatment of 46 high-grade ICA ISR lesions in 45 patients, performed between 2013 and 2021 were collected. A single type of DEB (Elutax, Aachen Resonance, Aachen, Germany) was used in all procedures. Imaging follow-up was performed by regular Doppler ultrasound (DUS), verified by computed tomography angiography (CTA) in cases suspicious for a recurrent ISR., Results: Technical success was 100%. Intraprocedural and postprocedural complications were not encountered. Clinical follow-up was obtained in all patients. Recurrent stroke in the affected territory was not encountered. A recurrent ISR following DEB treatment was confirmed by DUS and CTA in 4/46 (8.7%) of the lesions and were retreated with DEB. A third recurrent ISR occurred in a single case (2%) and following a second DEB retreatment there were no signs of a fourth recurrence after 36 months follow-up., Conclusion: The use of DEB angioplasty is a safe and effective treatment of ICA ISR lesions, yielding significantly better results compared to other modalities. Randomized multicenter studies are warranted., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany.)

Objectives: Clinical data and cost-effectiveness analyses from several countries support the use of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) to screen patients with high risk of lung cancer (LC). This study aimed to explore the economic value of screening LC with LDCT in Hungary., Methods: Cohorts of screened and nonscreened subjects were simulated in a decision analytic model over their lifetime. Five steps in the patient trajectory were distinguished: no LC, nondiagnosed LC, screening, diagnosed LC, and post-treatment. Patient pathways were populated based on the Hungarian pilot study of screening, the Nederlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings Onderzoek (NELSON) LC screening trial, and local incidence and prevalence data. Healthcare costs were obtained from the National Health Insurance Fund. Utility data were obtained from international sources and adjusted to local tariffs. Scenarios according to screening frequency, age bands (50-74, 55-74 years), and smoking status were analyzed., Results: Annual LDCT-based screening compared with no screening for 55- to 74-year-old current smokers showed 0.031 quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) gains for an additional €137, which yields €5707 per QALY. Biennial screening for the same target population showed that purchasing 1 QALY would cost €10 203. The least cost-effective case was biennial screening of the general population aged 50 to 74 years, which yielded €37 931 per QALY., Conclusions: Screening LC with LDCT for a high-risk population could be cost-effective in Hungary. For the introduction of screening with LDCT, targeting the most vulnerable groups while having a long-term approach on costs and benefits is essential., (Copyright © 2022 International Society for Health Economics and Outcomes Research. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: Tandem occlusive lesions are responsible for up to 20% of acute ischemic stroke cases and are associated with poor prognosis if complete recanalization cannot be achieved. Endovascular recanalization might be challenging due to difficulties in the safe passage of the occluded plaque at the origin of the internal carotid artery (ICA). The balloon-assisted tracking technique (BAT), where a partially deflated balloon is exposed out of the catheter tip to facilitate its passage through stenosed or spastic arterial segments was introduced by interventional cardiologists and the applicability of the technique has been recently proposed in the field of neurointervention as well. Here we describe our experience using the BAT technique in the endovascular recanalization of tandem occlusive lesions., Methods: Procedures were performed from June 2013 to December 2020 in a single center. Baseline clinical and imaging data, procedural and follow-up details and clinical outcomes were retrospectively collected., Results: In this study 107 patients, median age 66 years, median admission NIHSS 14 and median ASPECTS 8 were included. Successful recanalization of the ICA using the BAT technique was achieved in 100 (93%) and successful intracranial revascularization in 88 (82%) patients. There were no complications attributable to the BAT technique. Intraprocedural complications occurred in 9 (8%) patients. Emergent stenting was performed in 40 (37%) at the end of the procedure. Postprocedural adverse events (intracerebral hemorrhage [ICH], malignant infarction) occurred in 6 (5%) patients. Good clinical outcome at 3 months (modified Rankin scale [mRS] 0-2) was 54 (50%) and mortality 26 (24%). Delayed stent placement during follow-up occurred in 21 cases., Conclusion: Application of BAT technique in tandem occlusions appears feasible, safe, and efficient. Further evaluation of this technique is awaited., (© 2021. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

The aim of our prospective study was to evaluate the clinical impact of hybrid [ 18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging ([ 18 F]-FDG PET/MRI) on the decision workflow of epileptic patients with discordant electroclinical and MRI data. A novel mathematical model was introduced for a clinical concordance calculation supporting the classification of our patients by subgroups of clinical decisions. Fifty-nine epileptic patients with discordant clinical and diagnostic results or MRI negativity were included in this study. The diagnostic value of the PET/MRI was compared to other modalities of presurgical evaluation (e.g., electroclinical data, PET, and MRI). The results of the population-level statistical analysis of the introduced data fusion technique and concordance analysis demonstrated that this model could be the basis for the development of a more accurate clinical decision support parameter in the future. Therefore, making the establishment of "invasive" (operable and implantable) and "not eligible for any further invasive procedures" groups could be much more exact. Our results confirmed the relevance of PET/MRI with the diagnostic algorithm of presurgical evaluation. The introduction of a concordance analysis could be of high importance in clinical and surgical decision-making in the management of epileptic patients. Our study corroborated previous findings regarding the advantages of hybrid PET/MRI technology over MRI and electroclinical data.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: Korábbi vizsgálatunk szerint a kis dózisú komputertomográfiával évente végzett tüdőrákszűrés 50-74 éves dohányzók körében költséghatékony, és az 55-74 évesek körében költségmegtakarító. Célkitűzés: Ennek a vizsgálatnak a célja a korábbi hosszú távú költséghatékonysági elemzés kiegészítése egy finanszírozó szempontú, rövid és középtávú költségvetési hatásvizsgálattal. Módszer: Egészség-gazdaságtani modellünk az 50-74 éves, naponta dohányzó lakosság tüdőrákszűrésének költségét hasonlítja össze a szervezett szűrésben nem részesülő, naponta dohányzó lakosság költségével. Ehhez megvizsgáljuk a célpopuláció létszámának alakulását, az eredményes elérés és felfedezés valószínűségét, továbbá a szűrés nyomán felmerülő terápiás költségeket és megtakarításokat. A szűrés és a kivizsgálások után diagnosztizált betegek útját az érvényben lévő hazai ellátási protokollnak megfelelően követjük. A kezelések eredményességét a HUNCHEST-felmérés adatai alapján, a kezelésekhez tartozó beavatkozások költségét közfinanszírozási adatok alapján számoljuk. Eredmények: A kis dózisú komputertomográfiával történő tüdőrákszűrés az érintett lakosság 10%-ának várható részvétele mellett a kezdeti évben mintegy 3,3 milliárd, az 5. évben 1,9 milliárd Ft éves többletkiadással jár. A 3. évig szűréssel felfedezett betegek terápiája többe kerül, mint a szűrés nélkülieké, ugyanakkor a 4. és 5. évben a szűrés nélküli csoportban a későbbi stádiumban felismert betegek kezelési költsége már meghaladja a szűrt betegek terápiás költségét. A 3. évtől folyamatosan növekvő terápiás megtakarítás a teljes szűrés költségét a 10. évre az 1. év kiadásának 20%-ára csökkenti. Következtetések: A kis dózisú komputertomográfiával történő tüdőrákszűrés bevezetése évi 2,6 milliárd Ft többletforrást igényelne, és folyamatos kiadáscsökkenés mellett hosszú távon akár nettó megtakarítást is eredményezhet a nem szervezett szűréshez képest. A kockázati csoportok pontosítása, például kiemelt földrajzi területeken végzett célzott szűrés tovább javíthatja az eredményeket. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(24): 952-959., Introduction: Our earlier analysis indicated that screening lung cancer patients with low-dose computed tomography amongst smokers between age of 50-74 and between age of 55-74 is cost-effective and cost-saving, respectively., Objective: This study aims to extend the long-term cost-effectiveness analysis with short- and mid-term budget impact analysis., Method: The health economic model compares the cost of nationwide screening amongst smokers between 50-74 years to the current occasional screening policy. The analysis determines the size of the target population, recruitment rates and market uptake. Health care finance costs associated with the patient pathways are determined by national guidelines and clinical practice. Screening and treatment effectiveness are based on the HUNCHEST survey and international scientific literature, while the cost of health states and events are determined using national tariffs., Results: Assuming 10% uptake of low-dose computed tomography screening for the target population will cost an additional 3.3 billion HUF and 1.9 billion HUF in the 1st and 5th years, respectively. Until the 3rd year, new patients' treatment costs exceed costs due to late discovery and delay in treatment. This pattern is changing from the 4th year on. Due to timely care savings by the 10th year in the screened population will reduce total costs to the 20% of the first year costs., Conclusions: Introduction of national screening for lung cancer patients with low-dose computed tomography is estimated to cost around additional 2.6 billion HUF/year and could end up in net savings in the long run. Identification of risk groups according to regional or other strata could increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the program. Orv Hetil. 2021; 162(24): 952-959.

Background: Zinc phosphide (ZnP) is the basic component of several insecticides easily accessible worldwide. Intentional or accidental intoxication may lead to severe complications and multiple organ failure, resulting in high mortality. No known antidote is currently available. The iron-chelation and the antioxidative effects are well-known features of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA), although its use in the treatment of ZnP poisoning has not been documented previously. We describe the case of a patient with serious ZnP poisoning with multiple organ failure, where ALA was also included in the patient's supportive therapy., Case Presentation: A 65-year-old man ingested 125 g of Arvalin® (containing 5 g ZnP) and presented to the Emergency Department, with respiratory insufficiency and decreased consciousness. He developed hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, low white blood cell count, elevated C-reactive protein level, mixed acidosis, hepatic and kidney damage, thickening of the jejunal wall, and lung atelectasis, which served as a basis for the ensuing bacterial pneumonia. Antibiotics and adequate supportive therapy were provided. Laboratory tests indicated liver damage (slightly increased liver enzymes, low pseudocholinesterase levels; 706 U/L on day 2), possibly caused by the patient's chronic alcoholism or the ZnP poison itself, therefore, hepatoprotective agents, ALA (Thiogamma Turbo-Set®) with N-acetylcysteine were administered for six consecutive days. Pseudocholinesterase values increased sixfold until the end of the second week of care. Fifteen days after admission, the patient was relocated to the department of psychiatry with stable vital functions, clear consciousness, declining inflammatory markers, and improved liver function. He was discharged 1 month later, fully recovered., Conclusions: Our case is the first documented voluntary and severe ZnP poisoning in Hungary. Our patient developed multiple organ failure and atelectasis, possibly resulting in the observed respiratory infection. The development of bacterial pneumonia highlighted the dangers of phosphine-induced atelectasis. The use of ALA in our patient's case, as an antioxidant and agent for metal chelation, suggested that this agent could be a promising tool in the prevention and treatment of ZnP-induced hepatic damage.

Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the predictive value of the pretreatment, metabolic, and diffusion parameters of a primary tumor assessed with PET/MR on patient clinical outcomes. Methods: Retrospective evaluation was performed using PET/MR image data sets acquired using the single tracer injection dual imaging of 68 histologically proven head and neck cancer patients 4 weeks before receiving definitive chemoradiotherapy (CRT). PET/MR was performed before the CRT and 12 weeks after the CRT for response evaluation. Image data (PET and MRI diffusion-weighted imaging [DWI]) was used to specify the maximum standard uptake value, the peak lean body mass corrected, SUV max , the metabolic tumor volume, the total lesion glycolysis (SUV max , SUL peak , MTV, and TLG), and the mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC mean ) of the primary tumor. Based on the results of the therapeutic response evaluation, two patient subgroups were created: one with a viable tumor and another without. Metabolic and diffusion data, from the pretreatment PET/MR and the therapeutic response, were correlated using Spearman's correlation coefficient and Wilcoxon's test. Results: After completing the CRT, a viable residual tumor was detected in 36/68 (53%) cases, and 32/68 (47%) patients showed complete remission. However, no significant correlation was found between the pretreatment parameter, ADC mean ( p = 0.88), and the therapeutic success. The PET parameters, SUV max and SUL peak , MTV, and TLG ( p = 0.032, p = 0.01, p < 0.0001, p = 0.0004) were statistically significantly different between the two patient subgroups. Conclusion: This study found that MRI-based (ADC mean ) data from FDG PET/MR pretreatment could not be used to predict therapeutic response although the PET parameters SUV max , SUL peak , MTV, and TLG proved to be more useful; thus, their inclusion in risk stratification may also be of additional value., (Copyright © 2020 Kedves, Tóth, Emri, Fábián, Sipos, Freihat, Tollár, Cselik, Lakosi, Bajzik, Repa and Kovács.)

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the predictive value of pretreatment positron emission tomography (PET) standardized uptake value (SUVmax), standardized uptake value corrected for lean body mass (SULpeak) value, metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) parameters of the primary tumour assessed with PET/computed tomography (CT) in the clinical out-come in patients diagnosed with histopathologically confirmed head and neck squamous cell carcinoma., Materials and Methods: Retrospective evaluation was performed using PET/CT image datasets of 52 histologically proven head and neck cancer patients in 4 weeks' prior receiving definitive chemo-radiotherapy (CRT). Positron emission tomography /CT was performed before the CRT and 12 weeks after it for response evaluation. Image data was used for target volume delineation and for specify SUVmax, SULpeak, MTV and TLG parameters of the primary tumour. According to the results of the therapeutic response evaluation two patient subgroups were created in relation to the presence or absence of viable tumour. Metabolic data from pre-treatment PET/CT and therapeutic response were correlated using Kruskal-Wallis test., Results: After completion of the CRT in 24/52 (46%) cases viable residual tumour was detected on restaging PET/CT, while in 28/52 (54%) patients showed complete remission. For the therapeutic success prediction assessment, we could not find any significant correlation with pre-treatment SUVmax and SULpeak values (P>0.44, P>0.33). Total lesion glycolysis provided nearly significant difference (P=0.052) and MTV had shown significant difference (P=0.001) between the two patient subgroups statistically., Conclusion: Simple metabolic data (SUVmax and SULpeak) from pretreatment fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose ( 18 F-FDG) PET/CT were unable to predict therapeutic response, while volumetric information containing MTV and TLG parameters proved to be more useful, thus their inclusion to risk stratification may also have additional value.

Introduction and aim: In case of imaging modalities using ionizing radiation, radiation exposure of the patients is a vital issue. It is important to survey the various dose-reducing techniques to achieve optimal radiation protection while keeping image quality on an optimal level. Method: We reprocessed 105 patients' data prospectively between February and April 2017. The determination of the radiation dose was based on the effective dose, calculated by multiplying the dose-length product (DLP) and dose-conversation coefficient. In case of image quality we used signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on manual segmentation of region of interest (ROI). For statistical analysis, one sample t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test were used. Results: Using iterative reconstruction, the effective dose was significantly lower (p<0.001) in both native and contrast-enhanced abdominal, contrast-enhanced chest CT scans and in the case of the total effective dose. At native and contrast-enhanced abdominal CT scans, the noise content of the images showed significantly lower (p<0.001) values for iterative reconstruction images. At contrast-enhanced chest CT scans there was no significant difference between the noise content of the images (p>0.05). Conclusion: Using iterative reconstruction, it was possible to achieve significant dose reduction. Since the noise content of the images was not significantly higher using the iterative reconstruction compared to the filtered back projection, further dose reduction can be achievable while preserving the optimal quality of the images. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(35): 1387-1394.

Introduction and Aim: The aim of our study was to investigate changes in clinical staging N (lymph node) and M (distant metastasis) in patients who receive PET/CT-based 3D radiotherapy within complex oncological treatment, and compare to conventional cross-sectional imaging staging technique. We also investigated the presence of PET/CT-detected second tumors and the effect of PET/CT on therapeutic decisions., Method: From the 1st of January 2015 to the 30th of November 2016, 192 patients (n = 192) were treated with PET/CT-based radiation (109 head, 44 lung, 28 rectum and 11 cervical localization) in the Oncoradiology Institute of the Health Center of the University of Kaposvár. All patients received conventional cross-sectional and PET/CT imaging in accordance with the valid investigation protocol. The average time interval between the two cross-sectional investigations was 5.2 weeks. Clinical N and M staging was performed on the basis of the classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union of International Cancer Control (UICC)., Results: By analyzing the clinical stages N and M separately, based on the results of the PET/CT studies, the N stage was changed in 77 cases and the M stage changed in 31 cases. Overall, the PET/CT study resulted in higher clinical stages in 68 (35.4%) patients and lower clinical stages in 14 (7.3%) patients. The treatment plan was changed in 9% of the patients (n = 18) (definitive versus palliative treatment) and the extension of radiotherapy treatment target volume (PTV) was indicated in 20% of the patients (n = 39) due to the change in clinical lymph node status. PET/CT also detected secondary tumors in 15 (8%) patients., Conclusion: Based on our results, the addition of PET/CT to conventional cross-sectional staging imaging permits a more accurate clinical classification of N and M stages and significantly influences therapeutic decisions. PET/CT imaging also provides a great help in detecting occult second tumors. The results of our Institute harmonize with the international data available in the literature. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(39): 1593-1601.

Hungary's first and still only multimodality PET/MR device is operating in the Health Center of Kaposvár University. The aim of our review article is to present the current Hungarian PET/MR imaging application opportunities, our available initial experiences with this novel multimodality imaging technique in malignant and non-malignant diseases and further potential targeted clinical fields of use are also addressed. Orv Hetil. 2018; 159(34): 1375-1384.

Background and Purpose: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant primary anomaly of central nervous system. The GBM infiltrates the nearly sturctures from the initial tumor and its metastatic attribution is well known. The aim of our single-centered retrospective study was to introduce the importance of postoperative medical imaging confirmation of total tumor resection for patient with GBM combined concomitant and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy on a 10 year long patient follow up., Methods: From January 2006 to April 2015 we registered 59 patients with newly diagnosed GBM at the University of Kaposvár Health Center Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology. The histological diagnosis was confirmed by a proficient neuropathologist (World Health Organisation WHO; grade IV astrocytoma). According to histological status if the ECOG performance status of patients allowed it the mutidisciplinary oncoteam recommended adjuvant chemoradiotherapy all features strictly by Stupp protocol. (60 Gy dose on the gross tumor volume and 2-3 cm margin for the clinical target volume with parallel 75 mg/m2 TMZ. Four weeks after monotherapial phase patients had to recieve 6 cycles of TMZ first cycle with 150 mg/m2 up to 200 mg/m2). The irradiation was carried out by a conformal three dimensional planning system., Results: 59 patients with the median age of 63 (range 17-84) year. Our sample counted 34 male patients and 25 woman patients. 14 patients underwent gross total tumor resection while, 39 patients underwent partial resection and the rest from our sample 6 patients passed through biopsy. Statistical analysis showed a lengthier survival among males than females, with a median survival of 13 months for males and females, the OS of 26.209 for males, meanwhile 15.625 for females. However, the difference is not considerable (log-rank p=0.203). Our study found that the estimated survival of patients at least 50 years old is significantly shorter at a median survival of 12 months (log rank p=0.027) than that of patients below 50 years of age at a median survival of 23 months. The longest estimated median survival was calculated with patients of ECOG '0' condition (16 months). However, no significant difference was found in the estimated survival of patients of different ECOG conditions (log-rank p=0.146). Based on the extent of surgery, complete resection resulted in the longest average survival of 36.4 months, followed by 21.5 months among patients with biopsy, and 15.8 months among patients with partial resection. Different surgical procedures, however, did not result in significant differences in survival (log-rank p=0.059). The overal survival of patients who had complete resection confirmed by MRI compared with the overal survival of patients with residual tumor confirmed by MRI as well we can estimate that there is significant difference between these two groups (p=0,004)., Conclusion: Despite complex and intense treatment, recurrence is inevitable and causes relatively rapid death. In our analysis complete resection, as defined from the neurosurgeon's report and postoperative MRI, resulted in an independently significant improvement in OS. Our results are the evidences that the treatment of patients with glioblastoma multiforme in Hungary is at least on the same level as any other developed European countries.

Hippocampal sclerosis is the most common imaging finding of intractable human epilepsy, and it may play an important role in canine and feline epileptogenesis and seizure semiology, too. The magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria of hippocampal sclerosis are T2 hyperintensity, shrinkage and loss of internal structure. The detection of these changes is often challenging by subjective visual assessment of qualitative magnetic resonance (MR) images. The recognition is more reliable with quantitative MR methods, such as T2 relaxometry. In the present prospective study including 31 dogs with idiopathic epilepsy and 15 control dogs showing no seizure activity, we compared the T2 relaxation times of different brain areas. Furthermore, we studied correlations between the hippocampal T2 values and age, gender and skull formation. We found higher hippocampal T2 values in the epileptic group than in the control; however, these findings were not statistically significant. No correlations were found with age, gender or skull formation. In the individual analysis six epileptic dogs presented higher hippocampal T2 relaxation times than the cut-off value. Two of these dogs were also evaluated as abnormal in the visual assessment. Individual analysis of hippocampal T2 relaxation times may be a helpful method to understand hippocampal involvement in canine epilepsy.

Introduction: Lung cancer is a rapidly progressing, often life-threatening disease that constitutes a huge societal burden. Because of the scarce resources of the Hungarian health care system, the cost-effectiveness of introducing low-dose computed tomography screening is a relevant health policy matter., Aim: The aim of this study is to design a model concept for assessing the cost-effectiveness of low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening in Hungary, and to define the required steps for performing the analysis., Method: A targeted literature review was conducted to identify and synthesize the evidence on efficacy and effectiveness of screening, and results were evaluated based on adaptability to Hungarian settings. We also summarized the available Hungarian scientific evidence and reconstructed the potential patient pathways., Results: In accordance with these findings, we recommend to perform the full health-economic evaluation of low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening using a complex model structure that consists of several sub-models and is capable to follow the population at risk on life-time horizon., Conclusions: The proposed cost-effectiveness model will be suitable to provide data for further analyses that support decision-making on introducing low-dose computed tomography lung cancer screening as public health program. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(25): 963-975.

Despite numerous studies on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its importance during hydrocephalus or myelography, no reliable values exist about its overall volume in dogs. In this study, our aim was to measure the intracranial (IC) volume of CSF in dogs and assess its possible relationship with body size and the symmetry of the lateral ventricles. We ran a 3D magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequence on the central nervous system of 12 healthy, male mongrel dogs between 3-5 years of age and 7.5-35.0 kg body weight. A validated semiautomatic segmentation protocol was implemented to segment the CSF and measure its volume. Values for the volume of the ventricular compartment were between 0.97 and 2.94 ml, with 62.1 ± 11.7% in the lateral ventricles, 17.6 ± 4.9% in the third ventricle, 4.9 ± 1.6% in the aqueductus mesencephali and 15.5 ± 6.6% in the fourth ventricle. In 11 cases a significant asymmetry was found between the lateral ventricles. The results suggest that it may be normal for a dog to have one of the lateral ventricles 1.5 times larger than the other. The correlation between body weight and CSF volume was linear, indicating that the current dosage protocols for myelography, based on a hypothetical proportional relationship with body weight, may have to be revised.

Weaned rabbits were fed diets contaminated with 2 mg/kg diet T-2 toxin alone, or 10 mg/kg diet fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ) alone, and both toxins in combination (2 + 10 mg/kg, respectively) compared to a toxin-free control diet. Samplings were performed after 4 weeks (blood and liver). Bodyweight of T-2-fed group was lower after 4 weeks; the liver weight was increased dramatically (threefold of control). Liver total phospholipids (PLs) provided slight alterations in the fatty acid (FA) composition; all three toxin-treated groups showed a decrease in palmitoleic acid (C16:1 n7) proportion. In the liver mitochondrial PL FA composition, margaric acid (C17:0) proportion decreased in the separated toxin treatments compared to the combined setting. Oleic acid (C18:1 n9) proportion was increased and arachidonic acid (C20:4 n6) was decreased in the FB 1 -treated group, while docosapentaenoic acid (C22:5 n3) was decreased in the separated treatments. The total monounsaturation was significantly higher in the FB 1 group's mitochondrial PL FA profile. After 4 weeks, all toxin treatments decreased the blood plasma reduced glutathione and glutathione peroxidase activity, and FB 1 increased the plasma sphinganine/sphingosine ratio. Both mycotoxins seem to cross the hepatocellular and the hepatic mitochondrial membrane, without drastic membrane disruption, as assessed from the PL FA composition, but inducing detectable lipid peroxidation.

GABAB receptor (gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptors - GABABR) encephalitis is a rare manifestation of autoimmune encephalitides. We report four cases - including the first two Hungarian patients - with some peculiar features. One patient developed subacute disorientation and almost complete loss of short-term memory, but no epilepsy. Without immunotherapy, his memory spontaneously improved up to mild cognitive impairment in six weeks. GABABR antibodies persisted in his serum, and 18 months later, FDG-PET detected abnormal mediastinal lymph nodes and small cell lung cancer (SCLC). Another patient had persistently decreased sodium content in the peripheral blood. In those three patients who died, CSF was abnormal, but CSF was not pathological in the patient, who spontaneously improved. Brain MRI indicated signal intensity changes in the medial temporal areas in three cases. SCLC was found in three patients. Only the patient, who spontaneously improved, survived for more than 24 months. In summary, our cases show that (i) GABABR encephalitis may develop without epilepsy; (ii) the severe short-term memory loss can spontaneously improve; (iii) persistent hyponatremia can be present in the blood; (iv) the patient with benign course without epilepsy and CSF abnormality survived; (v) spontaneously remitting encephalitis can precede SCLC by 1.5 year, which emphasizes that repeated search for cancer is of paramount importance even in cases with spontaneous improvement.

Background and Purpose: Introducing the multidisciplinary paleoradiology research at the Institute of Diagnostic Imaging and Radiation Oncology of the Kaposvár University, highlighting the cases with potential central nervous system involvement--from the scanning methods to the 3D printing--in order to draw attention to the historical background and clinical aspects of certain pathological conditions., Methods: The authors developed the examination protocols for three different CT scanners. Among the examined archaeological remains cranial lesions were identified in 26 cases, from which 4 cases with potential central nervous system involvement are demonstrated. The scanning parameters and the advantages of secondary image reconstructions (multiplanar reconstruction, maximum intensity projection, three-dimensional volume rendering technique) are presented with the cases., Results: The authors demonstrate a case with destructive skull lesions due to syphilis from the 15th century AD, a condition rarely seen or even unknown nowadays in the modern world. With the CT images of the skull base fracture from the Iron Age, signs of healing could be verified. Using the CT images a non-invasive approach is presented in the case of the craniofacial osteosarcoma in order to visualize the local status and the direct intracranial propagation. Advantages of the 3D VRT reconstructions are shown in the case of unilateral coronal suture synostosis., Conclusion: Paleoradiological CT examinations serve as a non-invasive, non-destructive tool for studying archaeological remains and artifacts. The special applications provided by the imaging modality contribute to the conventional paleopathological investigations.

Dosages for myelography procedures in dogs are based on a hypothetical proportional relationship between bodyweight and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume. Anecdotal radiographic evidence and recent studies have challenged the existence of such a defined relationship in dogs. The objectives of this prospective cross-sectional study were to describe CSF volumes using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in a group of clinically healthy dogs, measure the accuracy of MRI CSF volumes, and compare MRI CSF volumes with dog physical measurements. A sampling perfection with application optimized contrast using different flip-angle evolution MRI examination of the central nervous system was carried out on 12 healthy, male mongrel dogs, aged between 3 and 5 years with a bodyweight range of 7.5-35.0 kg. The images were processed with image analysis freeware (3D Slicer) in order to calculate the volume of extracranial CSF. Cylindrical phantoms of known volume were included in scans and used to calculate accuracy of MRI volume estimates. The accuracy of MRI volume estimates was 99.8%. Extracranial compartment CSF volumes ranged from 20.21 to 44.06 ml. Overall volume of the extracranial CSF increased linearly with bodyweight, but the proportional volume (ml/bodyweight kilograms) of the extracranial CSF was inversely proportional to bodyweight. Relative ratios of volumes in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral regions were constant. Findings indicated that the current standard method of using body weight to calculate dosages of myelographic contrast agents in dogs may need to be revised., (© 2015 American College of Veterinary Radiology.)

The purpose of our study was to examine the potential effects of conventional 3D based radiotherapy on functional MRI activation areas following the treatment of glioblastoma multiforme. Seventeen patients with a histologically proven glioblastoma multiforme were enrolled in this study. A functional MRI examination was performed alongside the planning CT and conventional MRI prior to the delivery of conventional 3D based radiotherapy. All patients received 3D based postoperative radiotherapy (up to 60 Gy) combined with temozolomide. Follow-up fMRI examinations were performed after completion of the treatment in the 6th week and in 3 months time. Changes of the task related activation areas were registered and analyzed. The difference in changes of high dose and low dose areas of the brain were also registered and analyzed. The comparison of the pretreatment and 6th week control fMRI activation areas revealed significant changes in motor activation and listening tasks in the case of brain areas which received a high dose (over 40 Gy). Based on the population level statistical parametric images (motor activation tasks) acquired at the 6th week control examination, a significant increase of signal was registered in the precuneus region and in the globus pallidus region. When comparing the 6th week and 3rd month activation signals, no significant changes were registered. Our results demonstrate the influence of radiotherapy on functional MRI signals within the human brain. Based on our findings, functional activation transfers from high dose areas to low dose areas. In case of the motor activation tasks, activations of the secondary motor area were observed following radiotherapy.

Unlabelled: In the past years the participation rate in conventional voluntary x-ray lung screening has been around 22 % in Somogy County in Hungary. Due to the high morbidity and mortality rates of lung cancer, low participation rate of the high risk individuals on the screening is a primary question in Hungary. To obtain an effectively high level of participation in our ongoing low dose CT screening program, we had to emphasize the benefits of participation for the targeted individuals. As a first step, our aim was to gather information on the aspects affecting the individuals' will for participation. We used the most accessible source of information: individuals over the age of 50, who attended the conventional voluntary lung screening, were approached to fill a questionnaire on their habits relating to smoking, health issues and their prior participation of lung screening. 1080 adults anonymously completed the questionnaire. Analyzing the results, beside other findings, we found a unique variable factor, which altered negatively the compliance for the screening: older individuals, who started participating in the screening in obligation to the health regulations, took part in the voluntary screening programs at a significantly lower rate. Our findings led us to better understanding the complexity of decision making affecting the individual's participation and attitudes toward health issues., Trial Registration: IG/03833/2012.

Aim of the Study: In the present study, we report procedural and mid-term functional outcome data on the first 50 neurointerventional treatments of acute ischemic stroke in the Kaposi Mór County Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary., Materials and Methods: Endovascular recanalization of occluded large cervical and intracranial arteries was performed following an unsuccessful intravenous lysis or when intravenous lysis was contraindicated. A control cohort was retrospectively formed by analyzing data of 16 patients who has been unsuccesfully treated with iv. lysis before neurointervention was available in our hospital., Results and Conclusion: Recanalization rate was 84% and major complication rate was 2% in the neurointerventional group. Mid-term good functional outcome, defined as mRS 0-2, was achieved in 44% in the neurointerventional and in 13% in the intravenous lysis group, after 11.5 and 39.7 months follow-up period, respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed patient age as the strongest predictive factor of good functional outcome. Our data shows that neurointerventional treatment of acute ischemic stroke gives substantially improved functional outcome, in accordance with the results of the recently published international randomized trials.

In the recent years, it has been increasingly recognised that in a group of limbic encephalitis antibodies are directed against the scaffolding protein LGI1 (Leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1), which is part of the voltage gated potassium channel (VGKC) complex on neural synapses. Patients present with seizures and subacute history of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including psychosis and changes in memory, cognition, behaviour. Faciobrachial dystonic seizures can be observed, which are highly characteristic for LGI1 encephalitis. MRI shows medial temporal abnormalities in more than half of the cases. CSF evaluation is usually normal. Hyponatremia is frequently associated and may confuse the initial diagnosis. Early recognition and prompt initiation of immunotherapies are of great importance. The clinical improvements often correlate with the antibody levels. We present the case of a 64-year old man, who responded quickly to plasma exchange and major improvement was noted within few weeks.

Introduction: Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate of all types of cancers both in developed countries and Hungary., Aim: To obtain experience and facilitate the application of low-dose computed tomography-based lung cancer screening as a targeted public health screening procedure., Method: Volunteers without thoracic complaints above the age of 40 years (n = 963) were screened for lung cancer using digital chest radiography and low-dose computed tomography., Results: Two lung cancers were found among the participants screened with digital chest radiography (0.2%). After informed consent, 173 individuals with normal chest radiography findings (n = 943) took the opportunity to voluntarily participate in low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer. After 3 or 12 months, 65 individuals had follow up control examinations based on the size and characteristics of the detected lesions. Among them, one participant was found to have lung cancer using low-dose computed tomography., Conclusions: These results indicate that low-dose computed tomography-based lung cancer screening as a public health screening procedure can enhance the success of screening with 50% (from 0.2% to 0.3%). The cost-benefit ratio can be raised if chest radiography is performed prior to the low-dose computed tomography examination.

Background: Lung cancer is the most common fatal malignancy and also the primary cause of cancer mortality. Participation in lung screening is an important step in diagnosing patient in early stage and it can promise better outcomes. The aim of this preliminary study was to determinate the differences in the participation rate of smokers and non-smokers in lung cancer screening and to determine the communication strategies to increase the participation rate., Methods: In the given period of time (from May to August 2012) out of 1426 people who participated in the lung screening program 1,060 adult volunteers (331 males and 729 females, average age 54.0 ± 9.3 years), completed fully and anonymously author's questionnaire that contained 28 questions. 25.7% of the respondents were smokers (n=272), 64.6% have never smoked, while 9.7% were former smokers., Results: Mostly former smokers considered lung screening as an effective method for early detection of pulmonary diseases (86.4%). The most important source (41.0%) of information was the general practitioner. The participation rate of non-smokers is higher in lung screening than the ratio of non-smokers in the population. The unclear data suggest that smokers need distinct, concise messages to know why they should regularly undergo lung screening and doctors have a major role in this., Conclusions: We found that smokers significantly more frequently took part in lung screening annually. It is positive that the participation rate of former smokers is higher than non-smokers, it is just a bit lower than the participation rate of smokers--both in annual and biannual participation. The participation rate of non-smokers is higher in lung screening than the rate of non-smokers in the population.

Objective: Application of a quantitative MR-spectroscopic method for 3T clinical scanners based on tissue water content as an internal reference., Patients and Methods: Six (22 +/- 2 yrs) volunteers were involved in the study. We performed T1 relaxation time measurements in a particular slice of the brain at 1T and 3T. Based on the validated water content measurement at 1T, the correlation of relaxation time T1 and water content was determined at 3T. The resulting water content served as internal reference for the quantification of localizated MR-spectroscopic measurement., Results: At 3T our method resulted in 37.6 +/- 0.5 mol/l and 46.4 +/- 1.5 mol/l tissue water content in the white and gray matter, respectively. Calibration based on water content led to following metabolite concentrations: N-acetyl-aspartate 7.79 +/- 0.67 mmol/l; creatine 3.76 +/- 0.28 mmol/l; choline 3.68 +/- 0.47 mmol/l; myo-inositol 10.35 +/- 3.70 mmol/l in the white matter; and N-acetyl-aspartate 8.20 +/- 0.45 mmol/l; creatine 4.76 +/- 0.18 mmol/l; choline 2.64 +/- 0.35 mmol/l; myo-inositol 8.32 +/- 1.42 mmol/l in the grey matter., Conclusions: Tissue water content based on T value at 3T shows good accordance with gravimetric or other MR methods in the literature. Using it as an internal reference resulted in white matter metabolite concentrations that are in the range of previously published data. Comparing metabolite values of grey matter is more difficult because data in the literature substantially differ. The presented method is simple and easily applicable on any MR scanner without complicated correction and calibration steps.

The aim of our pilot study was to demonstrate the feasibility and dosimetric quality of MR-guided HDR prostate brachytherapy in a low-field 0.35T open MRI scanner and to present our initial clinical experiences. 16 patients with intermediate- to high-risk localized prostate cancer were treated with 46-60 Gy of external beam radiotherapy preceded and/or followed by an 8 Gy MR-guided HDR boost. For interventions an MR compatible custom-made system, coaxial needles and plastic catheters were used. Template reconstruction, trajectory planning, image guidance, contouring and treatment planning were exclusively based on MR images. For treatment planning, dose-point- and anatomy-based inverse planning optimization was used. Image quality was found to be good to excellent in almost all cases. The mean catheter placement accuracy modeled by Rayleigh distribution was 2.9 mm with a sigma value of 2.3 mm. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the dosimetric results for the target volume were the following: V100: 94.2 ± 4.3%, V150: 43.9 ± 6.8%, V200: 18.5 ± 5.9%. The mean D(0.1), D(1) and D1 values for the intraprostatic urethra were 117.6 ± 12.5%, 98.5 ± 19.9% and 122.3 ± 16.4%, respectively. Regarding the rectal wall the mean D(0.1), D(1) and D(2) values were 77.3 ± 7.2%, 64.8 ± 7.5%, and 53.2 ± 9.1%, respectively. The mean maximum dose for the inner rectal surface was 53.5 ± 9.2%. No RTOG Grade 3 or worse acute toxicities were observed. Our method seems to be a promising approach for performing feasible, accurate and high-quality MR-guided HDR prostate brachytherapy. To determine the long term side effects and outcome higher number of patients, additional follow-up is needed.

The purpose of our study was to examine the integration of functional MRI (fMRI) information into 3D based planning process of the central nervous system (CNS) malignancies. Between 01.01.2008 and 01.12.2008 four patients with astrocytoma were enrolled to this study. Before the planning process conventional planning CT, postoperative MR and individual functional MRI examinations were delivered. For the functional MRI examination the following four types of stimulus were applied: acoustic, visual, somatosensory and numeral. Three different theoretical planning situations were applied and compared: 3D conformal plan without fMRI information, 3D conformal plan with fMRI information and IMRT plan with fMRI information. For plan comparison DVH analysis, and NTCP model were used. fMRI based OR definition resulted in 4 additional OR's in the contouring process. As these cases demonstrate, an average of 50% dose reduction was achieved in OR, OR2 and OR3 with IMRT and fMRI based 3D planning, especially in case of midline localization and big tumor extent. IMRT provides additional sparing effect in the optic tract and brainstem, especially for localizations close to the midline. Our results demonstrated that using fMRI information in conventional 3D based treatment planning potentially benefits significant dose reduction in critical organs, with no compromise in PTV coverage. fMRI can be widely used even in low grade cases (long life expectancies, lower acute and late toxicity in radiotherapy) and in cases with high grade astrocytomas or metastases (higher dose to PTV with better risk organ sparing in radiotherapy).

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides superior visualization of the prostate, its substructure, surrounding tissues, and, most important, focal lesions or cancer. The purpose of our canine study was to demonstrate the feasibility of a low-field (0.35 T) transperineal system that enables precise MR image guidance of prostate interventions. The canines were placed in the right lateral decubitus position. Template reconstruction, trajectory planning, contouring were based on T2-weighted FSE images. For image guidance and target confirmation, fast gradient spoiled-echo (FSPGR) sequence was used. MR compatible coaxial needles were manually inserted through the perineum to the base of the prostate. After satisfactory position was confirmed, brachytherapy catheters were placed through the coaxial needles. The mean deviation of the needle displacements was 2.9 mm with a median value of 2.7 mm. 97% of the errors were less than 4.0 mm. The needle placement accuracy was modelled by the Rayleigh distribution with a sigma value of 2.3 mm. Visual confirmation of needle placements was demonstrated on pathology tissue slices. The time needed for each step was: anaesthesia - 15 min, setup and positioning - 15 min, initial imaging - 15 min, template registration, projection - 15 min, contouring, trajectory planning, insertion of 12 needles - 60 min Based on our canine experiences our method seems to be a promising approach for performing feasible, accurate, reliable and high-quality prostate MR guidance within a reasonable time span.

Noninvasive imaging methods can be valuable tools for diagnosing thoracic diseases, especially malignancies. The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of conventional and virtual bronchoscopy in the follow-up of patients with large airway stenosis. Twenty-three consecutive patients with stenoses of the trachea and/or the main bronchi were enrolled in this prospective observer study. The causes of stenosis included malignant or benign tumours, goiter, and postintubation stenoses. Patients were evaluated before and after treatment (which included mechanical dilation, laser photocoagulation, stent implantation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgical resection). The mean time between baseline and follow-up endoscopy was 140 days. No significant differences were observed between the estimated and measured data from bronchofibroscopy and virtual bronchoscopy. Exact measurement of stenoses was performed with virtual bronchoscopy.

Purpose: To provide a straightforward method for metabolite quantitation in the brain. Tissue water concentration can be determined in a voxel by measuring T(1) and it may provide an internal reference for the calculation of the metabolite concentrations., Materials and Methods: Water-suppressed stimulated echo acquisition mode spectra were obtained at 1.5T, and the tissue water content was calculated from T(1)., Results: The calculated water content values demonstrated very good agreement with literature data. Metabolite concentrations (mmol/liter) in the gray and white matter: N-acetyl-aspartate = 14.02 +/- 1.93, creatine = 9.98 +/- 1.03, and choline = 1.14 +/- 0.24; N-acetyl-aspartate = 11.08 +/- 2.24, creatine = 7.83 +/- 0.66, and choline = 2.05 +/- 0.38, respectively., Conclusion: The water content calculated from T(1) can yield an internal reference in MR spectroscopy, and the accurate measurement of metabolite concentrations is feasible. The proposed method is simple and can readily be applied in any MR center without the need for complicated corrections or calibration procedures., ((c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)