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The present article addresses two groups of delicts from the sixth book of the current Code of Canon Law (Sanctions in the Church), i.e. Delicts against the sanctity of the Eucharist and the simulation of the liturgical action. The content of this book is debated among theologians and canonists, raising a variety of questions: Does the Church have the right to coerce the faithful with penal sanctions? Should penal law exist in the Church, or do certain organizing measures suffice? Based on the first canon of the sixth book (can. 1311), this article shows that using sanctions is a native right of the Church. Since sacraments, in particular the Eucharist, belong to the essence of the Church, the delicts against the sanctity of the Most Holy Sacrament and the simulation of the Sacraments have a great impact on the life of the Church. Therefore, although there are many open questions and several ambiguities around this issue, the present article argues that the Church needs an adequate legal order in the case of sacraments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article explores the figure of the diocesan bishop as a mediator between universal law and particular law. The essay includes two parts. First, we focus on the role of the diocesan bishop in the universal law, highlighting his function in both theory and practice. Second, we examine the same issue within the framework of the particular law. The research points out that the tension between the universal and the particular exists since the beginning of Christianity. However, it is argued that the diocesan bishop acts as a mediator in this tension from the beginning of the Church. Indeed, he is a mediator, a real "Pontifex", between the universal law/Church and the particular law/Church. From this follows that the fundamental duty of the diocesan bishop is "to protect the unity of the universal Church, to promote the common discipline of the whole Church and therefore to urge the observance of all ecclesiastical laws" (see can 392 §1). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article represents a musico-theological investigation into the Tuba mirum of Mozart's Requiem (KV 626). The research consists of two parts. First, we examine the text in its liturgical context (Dies irae), pointing out its theological meaning. Second, we analyse the characteristic features of the music. We aim to show how, through the brilliant musical composition, Mozart has interpreted the text of Tuba mirum. It is argued that the various musical components, such as the trombone solo, stress the theology expressed in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-embryonic growth in plants depends on the continuous supply of undifferentiated cells within meristems. Proliferating cells maintain their competence for division by active repression of differentiation and the associated endocycle entry. We show by upregulation and downregulation of E2FA that it is required for maintaining proliferation, as well as for endocycle entry. While E2FB-RBR1 (retinoblastoma-related protein 1) complexes are reduced after sucrose addition or at elevated CYCD3;1 levels, E2FA maintains a stable complex with RBR1 in proliferating cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation shows that RBR1 binds in the proximity of E2F promoter elements in CCS52A1 and CSS52A2 genes, central regulators for the switch from proliferation to endocycles. Overexpression of a truncated E2FA mutant (E2FA?RB) lacking the RBR1-binding domain interferes with RBR1 recruitment to promoters through E2FA, leading to decreased meristem size in roots, premature cell expansion and hyperactivated endocycle in leaves. E2F target genes, including CCS52A1 and CCS52A2, are upregulated in E2FA?RB and e2fa knockout lines. These data suggest that E2FA in complex with RBR1 forms a repressor complex in proliferating cells to inhibit premature differentiation and endocycle entry. Thus, E2FA regulates organ growth via two distinct, sequentially operating pathways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]