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To create a review of the published scientific literature on the benefits and potential perspectives of the use of 3D bio-nitrification in the field of pharmaceutics. This work was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for reporting meta-analyses and systematic reviews. The scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect were used to search and extract data using the following keywords: 3D bioprinting, drug research and development, personalized medicine, pharmaceutical companies, clinical trials, drug testing. The data points to several aspects of the application of bioprinting in pharmaceutics were reviewed. The main applications of bioprinting are in the development of new drug molecules as well as in the preparation of personalized drugs, but the greatest benefits are in terms of drug screening and testing. Growth in the field of 3D printing has facilitated pharmaceutical applications, enabling the development of personalized drug screening and drug delivery systems for individual patients. Bioprinting presents the opportunity to print drugs on demand according to the individual needs of the patient, making the shape, structure, and dosage suitable for each of the patient's physical conditions, i.e., print specific drugs for controlled release rates; print porous tablets to reduce swallowing difficulties; make transdermal microneedle patches to reduce patient pain; and so on. On the other hand, bioprinting can precisely control the distribution of cells and biomaterials to build organoids, or an Organ-on-a-Chip, for the testing of drugs on printed organs mimicking specified disease characteristics instead of animal testing and clinical trials. The development of bioprinting has the potential to offer customized drug screening platforms and drug delivery systems meeting a range of individualized needs, as well as prospects at different stages of drug development and patient therapy. The role of bioprinting in preclinical and clinical testing of drugs is also of significant importance in terms of shortening the time to launch a medicinal product on the market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary gland biofabrication represents a promising avenue in regenerative medicine, aiming to address the challenges of salivary gland dysfunction caused by various factors such as autoimmune diseases and radiotherapy. This review examines the current state of bioprinting technology, biomaterials, and tissue engineering strategies in the context of creating functional, implantable salivary gland constructs. Key considerations include achieving vascularization for proper nutrient supply, maintaining cell viability and functionality during printing, and promoting tissue maturation and integration with surrounding tissues. Despite the existing challenges, recent advancements offer significant potential for the development of personalized therapeutic options to treat salivary gland disorders. Continued research and innovation in this field hold the potential to revolutionize the management of salivary gland conditions, improving patient outcomes and quality of life. This systematic review covers publications from 2018 to April 2024 and was conducted on four databases: Google Scholar, PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science. The key features necessary for the successful creation, implantation and functioning of bioprinted salivary glands are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: This study aims to evaluate the occlusal force distribution across different quadrants during the placement of orthodontic retainers fabricated using a biocompatible material via digital design. (2) Materials and Methods: A cohort of 21 patients in the retention phase following orthodontic treatment was included in this study. Intraoral scans were obtained using Trios color (3Shape). For retainer fabrication, the splint studio module of the 3Shape design software was utilized. Occlusal evaluation was performed using T-Scan Novus (Tekscan). The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Wilcoxon signed ranks test, and Mann–Whitney U test were used for statistical analysis. (3) Results: The digital design set evenly distributed contacts on all occluding surfaces. These contacts, uniform in area, turned out to be uneven in pressure: right distal—37.14%, right frontal—11.4%, left frontal—11.46%, and left distal—39.99%. (4) Conclusions: The results of the study indicate that the digital design workflow has the capability to achieve uniform contact distribution by area. However, despite the achievement of uniform contact distribution, the study found that there was an unequal distribution of occlusal forces. Specifically, the distal sections of the teeth experienced significantly higher loading compared to the frontal sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology is becoming increasingly popular in dentistry. The aim of this article is to demonstrate and compare the capabilities of two different digital approaches, namely, intraoral scanning and digital examination of occlusion, in the final analysis of occlusion after orthodontic treatment. The capabilities and limitations of both systems are emphasized to help clinicians determine which system to use in specific cases. Materials and methods: The study included 32 patients (15 males and 17 females) in the retention phase after orthodontic treatment. Patients were aged 15 to 28 years with a mean age of 18.62 years (±4.17), and 62.2% were aged under 18 years. At the beginning of the orthodontic treatment, 18 patients had Angle Class I and 14 had Angle Class II. Overall, 18 patients were treated without extractions and 14 with extractions, while 12 had impacted teeth. All patients wore an Essix retainer in the upper jaw and a fixed canine-to-canine retainer in the lower jaw. Intraoral scanning was performed using Trios color (3Shape, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2014), and digital occlusion imaging was performed using T-Scan Novus (Tekscan, Norwood, MA, USA, 2018). SPSS 23.0 was used to perform descriptive statistical analysis. Result and Conclusion: With the 3Shape system, the contacts are marked based on the proximity between dentitions. The T-Scan system measures the strength of the contacts, regardless of their area. Despite its many advantages, intraoral scanning is not a reliable method for recording occlusions. The results obtained are not incorrect, but they include limited parameters for analysis. The T-Scan system provides comprehensive results and allows analysis and treatment of occlusal dysfunctions. The T-Scan system can provide information on the first contact, strength of the contacts, contact distribution on each tooth, sequence of contacts, maximum bite force and maximum intercuspation, path of the lower jaw movement, and occlusion and disocclusion times as well as record videos with active sequences and distributions of the contacts. There is a good collaboration between intraoral scanning and digital occlusion determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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After the orthodontic treatment patients need an approach for preserving the outcome. Orthodontically treated “old” patients often also exhibit parafunctions. Thermo-vacuum molding technology for the retainers’ fabrication is widely used today. 3D printing technology is highly popularized, but it is still poorly researched in Orthodontics. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the opportunities of digital design in orthodontic retainer fabrication and its application in dental practice in cases of bruxism. After orthodontic treatment on a bruxist patient was made a retainer by 3D printing. The alginate impressions were poured out of dental stone class III. They were scanned with inEos X5 laboratory scanner (Dentsply Sirona). The digital design was made by Sirona inLab software (Dentsply Sirona). For 3D printing was used Form 2 SLA printer (Formlabs) and post-polymerisation processing, with material Dental LT Clear (Formlabs Inc., USA) - a photopolymer biocompatible resin. The 3D printed retainer has precise adaptation to the tooth surfaces. The resulting retainer was 1.2 mm thick, but in a balanced occlusion with a lower jaw. It began to resemble a stabilization splint for the treatment of bruxism, but with a reduced thickness. 3D printed retainer is better decision in cases of bruxism. Mechanical properties are more appropriate than thermo-vacuum retainer and they can be used longer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of digital technologies, enormous benefit from the introduction of digitalization in health care is reported. It contributes considerably to the improvement of the quality of healthcare and ensuring the safety of the patients. There are certain risks related to its implementation which could exert influence on its effectiveness. In the present article some of the essential aspects related to the application of digital technologies in healthcare institutions are described. Despite some obvious disadvantages, digitalisation has the potential to reduce to the minimum the total amount of critical events which endanger patient safety. It provides simultaneously the technical support and control, creates organisation of the workflow and optimum working conditions. Improvement of the overall activity of the medical teams, effective organisation and management of the healthcare institutions is reported as a significant result of its effective functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European countries are among the most popular health tourism destinations worldwide. Currently, the European health market is undergoing intense processes of transformation and the identification of new trends for this type of tourism in conditions of great competition. Their research is essential in order to draw attention to balneo resorts and to support Bulgarian health (medical) tourism. Bulgaria has significant potential to develop health tourism with an emphasis on balneology (Medical SPA and Wellness SPA). The results of the systematic review in the scientific databases PubMed, Scopus, Medline, etc., indicate that among the European countries with the largest number of balneo resorts and developed rehabilitation tourism are Italy (180), Germany (131) and Spain (106). These countries also have the largest number of patients who used the services of spa and wellness resorts. There are 47 balneological resorts in Bulgaria with over 225 mineral springs of different composition and temperature. The healing properties of the waters have a scientifically proven effect in the treatment of a wide range of diseases. Currently, the prices of the medical services offered in our country are extremely attractive, and our country has the potential to receive patients from other countries. The climate, mineral springs, nature and cultural attractions allow combining rest and prevention with treatment and rehabilitation of a number of socially significant diseases. Promoting health SPA treatments as preventive medicine and enhancing specific rehabilitation training programs are the future perspective of developing health tourism in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]