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Acute and Subacute toxicity investigations were carried out to evaluate the safety of M. oleifera leaf used in the treatment of various diseases and in nutrition. Five groups of 10 rats of both sex (5rats/sex) were constituted. The first group served as control and received distilled water 10mL/kg/ day while groups II, III, and IV respectively received orally and daily the ethanolic extract of Moringa oleifera at doses 200, 400 and 800mg/kg bw for 4 weeks. The last group (V) considered as satellite group received also received the EEM 800mg/kg daily and orally for 4 weeks. At the end of the test period (4 weeks), the animals of this last group were observed without any treatment for 2 weeks again before their sacrifice in order to study the persistence or the disappearance of possible toxic effects of the extract. The rat was segregated according to gender and housed in cages of 5 rats. In Subacute toxicity investigated with Wistar rats, no mortality was recorded during the experimentation period. Moreover, there was no significant change in weight gain, relative organ weight, or hematological and serum chemical parameters except in a group of female animals where we noticed a reversible decrease in serum ALAT level (at 400mg/kg), total cholesterol (at 400mg/kg) and LDL level (at 800mg/kg) compared to ED group. The histopathological examination had shown some differences between the treated group and the control group that cannot be considered treatment-related.

Medicinal plants with anthelmintic properties are an alternative to the chemical fight against small ruminant’s gastrointestinal nematodes. In order to broaden the spectrum of medicinal plants with anthelmintic properties, ovicidal activity and L3 larvae exsheathment of C. sesamoïdes Endl and S. hermonthica (Deli) Benth, aqueous extracts has been done on H contortus egg and L3 larvae. Three concentrations, 3.12 mg / ml, 6.25 mg / ml, 12.5 mg / ml of each plant extract were used to assess the inhibition of fresh egg hatching and larval paralysis as well as the 'inhibition of L3 larvae exsheathment. A negative control (PBS1x) and a positive control (levamisole, 2.5 mg / ml) were constituted for the fresh egg hatching inhibition assessment while only the negative control (PBS1x) was constituted to evaluate the inhibition of L3 Larvae exsheathment.1 ml of each concentration was contacted with 1 ml of the egg solution and then incubated for 48 hours at 27 ° C in petri dishes (60X15 Cm) for hatching test inhibition.1 ml of each extract concentration was contacted with 1 ml of the embryonated egg solution after 24 hours of incubation at 27 ° C for the larval paralysis test.

Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the diuretic and electrolyte excretion properties of the aqueous extract of Celosia trigyna L. (Amaranthaceae) on female Wistar rats. Methodology: The extraction of active principles was done by macerating aerial parts of the plant. The administration of the extract and other products was done by single-dose gavage. Measurements of urinary flow rate (UFR), natriuria, kaliuria and chloruria were taken on urine collected for twenty-four hours after each product was administered. Diuretic activity (DA) and diuretic index (DI), natriuretic and saluretic effects, and carbonic anhydrase inhibition were calculated. A NaCl solution (0.9%) was used as a negative control; furosemide and aldactone were respectively used as hypokalemic and hyperkalemic positive controls. Results: We observed a significant increase in UFR, confirmed by the values of DA and DI, obtained after the administration of extract. For electrolyte excretion, we observed an increase of the kaliuria (p ˂ 0.001) and a decrease of natriuria (p ˂ 0.001) after the extract was administered; chloruria did not significantly changed. We also found a drastic anti-natriuretic dose-dependent effect while saluretic activity and carbonic anhydrase inhibition were not clearly observable. Conclusion: These results confirm the ethnobotanical data about diuretic effect of Celosia trigyna L. extract. This diuretic effect would be supported by a specific increase in K+ excretion suggesting that the extract is possibly hypokalemic. The anti-natriuretic effect suggests that extract possess an aldosterone-like properties.

A total of 769 adult females belonging to 3 taurine and one zebu cattle populations sampled in 3 provinces of Burkina Faso were assessed for 19 body measurements during two different years (2014 and 2018). The aim of this research was to identify temporal morphological variation in cattle bred in the humid southern zones to obtain empirical evidence supporting a possible introgression of zebu cattle genes into Gourounsi and Lobi taurine cattle breeds. Zebu cattle samples were used as out-group for both 2014 and 2018 subsets. Least square means of body measurements allowed to classify Burkina Faso taurine cattle into three subgroups according to body size (Gourounsi–Sanguié –GourS-, Gourounsi-Nahouri –GourN- and Lobi from the tallest to the smallest respectively). Principal Component Analysis suggested that in 2014, taurine populations were structured. Dispersion map constructed using the two first factors informed that the GourS population was well separated from both the Lobi and the GourN, which, in turn, overlapped. However, in 2018 a strong signal of homogenization was identified, with GourN partially overlapping the other two populations. Linear Discriminant Analysis suggested that about 20% of both GourS and GourN individuals were reciprocally misclassified. Clues for such increase have been pointed out by MANOVA analysis. Although on 2014, Lobi cattle was clearly smaller than Gourounsi and both GourS and GourN populations showed clear differences on body traits, on 2018 it could be assessed an increase in size in Lobi cattle and a strong homogenization signal within Gourounsi cattle. Zebu cattle gene flow southwards in Burkina Faso is likely to have caused these changes, suggesting a fast erosion of taurine cattle genetic background. Keywords: Body traits, quantitative traits, Gourounsi cattle, Lobi, Burkina Faso.

The fight against Gastro-Intestinal Nematodes is an urgent necessity for the sheep’s productivity improvement in Burkina Faso. The anthelmintic activity ofS. hermonthica’s whole plant powder was evaluated on Mossi sheep artificially infested withH. contortusL3 larvae. The experiment lasted 21 days with 2 phases of 4 days of treatment separated by 6 days in station. Two (2) treated lots of 6 sheep each received respectively 17g/kg of body weight and 10g/kg of body weight while two (2) control lots of 6 sheep each, one negative without treatment and one positive treated with levamisole 1/2 bolus for 25 kg were constituted. The faecal egg count (FEC) reduction rate was high during treatment and reached 84.49% for the 17g/kg body weight dose and 83.69% for the 10g/kg body weight dose at D21. Statistical analysis shows no significant difference between the two doses tested and between the two doses and the positive control, whereas the difference is significant (P0.05).

Blood and faecal samples from 2086 Sahelian and Djallonke sheep have been collected to assess the epidemiology and spatio-temporal distribution of gastrointestinal parasites. A survey with a questionnaire allowed collecting data on individual animal and farms. Faecal samples were analysed using the McMaster technique, while anaemia was assessed using FAMACHA score test and packed cell volume. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal parasites was 91%, and strongyles (70.7%), Eimeria sp. (60.4%), Moniezia sp. (5.7%), Stronyloides sp. (0.9%) were identified. There was no significant association between the region and strongyles infection (P ˃ 0.05). Animals sampled during the rainy season (n = 565; P = 82.2%, mean EPG = 154.8 ± 12.02) were mostly and heavily infected than those from the hot dry (n = 518; P = 74.2%; mean EPG = 97.7 ± 17.4) and the cold dry season (n = 392; P = 55.5%; mean EPG = 24.5 ± 19.5) (P ˂ 0.05). Females (n = 1027; P = 72.1%; mean EPG = 77.6 ± 17) were most infected than males (n = 448; P = 67.7%; mean EPG = 61.6 ± 19.5) (P ˂ 0.05). Animals that were treated, at most 3 months before sampling (n = 166; P = 61.5%; mean EPG = 41.7 ± 21.4), were less infected than those, which received this treatment after three months before sampling (n = 199; P = 74.8%; mean EPG = 89.1 ± 15.8) (P ˂ 0.05). Data from blood samples indicate that 6.5% of sheep was anaemic (PCV ≤ 19%), while 59.7% was noted anaemic regarding FAMACHA scores. PCV values varied significantly for FAMACHA scores, and the highest mean value was noted for score 1 (27.6) (P ˂ 0.05). The Cohen’s kappa score between FAMACHA and PCV was 0.02. These findings suggest that strongyles infections are significantly associated with season, and heavier infections were noted during rainy season.

Objective: To evaluate the toxicological and psychotropic properties of Calotropis (C.) procera. Methods: C. procera leaves and root-bark aqueous extracts were evaluated for their toxic and behavioral effects using adult mice. Toxicity studies were carried out using Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines 423 and 407 for acute and subacute evaluation. Behavioral studies were performed using traction test, fireplace test, hole-board test and forced-swimming test to evaluate the sedative, anxiety and depressive-like activities of the extracts. Results: Very low acute toxicity was observed in mice that received both leaves and root-bark extracts. The subacute test showed some morphological, biochemical and hematological changes in the treated groups. Behavioral assessment demonstrated anxiety effects on mice for C. procera leaf extract (400 mg/kg of body weight). Conclusions: The acute use of C. procera (leaves and root-barks) aqueous extracts could be considered as low toxic. However, their repeated uses could have harmful effect on some organs. Likewise, a single dose up to 400 mg/kg body weight of these extracts produce no sedative or depressive-like effect, but they possess possible dose dependent anxiety effect. Yet, more studies are necessary to relate these results to the chemical profile of the plant extracts.

Background Diminazene diaceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride hydrochloride (ISM) are with homidium bromide, the main molecules used to treat African Animal Trypanosomosis (AAT). These drugs can be purchased from official suppliers but also from unofficial sources like local food markets or street vendors. The sub-standard quality of some of these trypanocides is jeopardizing the efficacy of treatment of sick livestock, leading thus to economic losses for the low-resource farmers and is contributing to the emergence and spread of drug resistance. The objective of this study was to assess the quality of trypanocidal drugs sold in French speaking countries of West Africa. In total, 308 drug samples including 282 of DA and 26 of ISM were purchased from official and unofficial sources in Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Mali, Niger and Togo. All samples were analysed at LACOMEV (Dakar, Senegal), a reference laboratory of the World Organisation for Animal Health, by galenic inspection and high performance liquid chromatography. Results The results showed that 51.90% of the samples were non-compliant compared to the standards and were containing lower quantity of the active ingredient compared to the indications on the packaging. The non-compliances ranged from 63.27% in Togo to 32.65% in Burkina Faso (61.82% in Benin, 53.84% in Mali, 50% in Côte d’Ivoire, 47.36% in Niger). The rates of non-compliance were not statistically different (P = 0.572) from official or unofficial suppliers and ranged from 30 to 75% and from 0 to 65% respectively. However, the non-compliance was significantly higher for ISM compared to DA (P = 0.028). Conclusions The high non-compliance revealed in this study compromises the efficacy of therapeutic strategies against AAT, and is likely to exacerbate chemoresistance in West Africa. Corrective actions against sub-standard trypanocides urgently need to be taken by policy makers and control authorities.

Acacia nilotica var adansonii (Guill. et Perr.) O. Ktze and Acacia raddiana (Savi) species are local ressources important to feed animals in Sahelian area of Burkina Faso. Thus, this experiment was to investigate the in vitro effect of both Acacias on ruminal fermentation, CH4 production and rumen microbial community using a semi-automatic system. In all experiments, 25 mL of the inoculum solution was incubated with 50 mL of buffered rumen fluid at 39 °C and gas production was measured at 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h. The results show that A. nilotica was rich in condensed tannins and fiber content compared to A. raddiana which was rich in total tannins. A. raddiana treatment presented greater degradability of organic matter and lower CH4 production compared to A. nilotica and control group (P0.05). We conclude that A. nilotica leaves showed negative effect on ruminal fermentation due to high fiber and CT content, and A. raddiana could be an interesting plant to increase fiber digestion and reduce CH4 production in vitro., Acacia nilotica var adansonii (Guill. et Perr.) O. Ktze y Acacia raddiana (Savi) son recursos locales importantes para alimentar animales en la región saheliana de Burkina Faso. Por lo tanto, este experimento fue para investigar el efecto in vitro de Acacia en la fermentación ruminal, la producción de CH4 y la comunidad microbiana del rumen utilizando un sistema semi-automático. La técnica de producción de gas in vitro se utilizó para evaluar el efecto de las plantas ricas en taninos en la formación de CH4 por las ovejas. En todos los experimentos, se incubaron 25 ml de la solución de inóculo con 50 ml de fluido ruminal tamponado a 39 °C y se midió la producción de gas a las 2, 4, 8, 12 y 24 h. Los resultados muestran que A. nilotica es rica en taninos condensados y contenido de fibra (NDF, ADF y ADL) en comparación con A. raddiana que es rica en taninos totales. El tratamiento con A. raddiana presentó mayor degradabilidad de la materia orgánica (DMO) y menor producción de CH4 en comparación con A. nilotica y el grupo control (P 0.05). Concluimos que las hojas de A. nilotica mostraron un efecto negativo sobre la fermentación ruminal debido al alto contenido de fibra y CT, y A. raddiana podría ser una planta interesante para aumentar la digestión de la fibra y reducir la producción de CH4 in vitro.

Objective: To assay the comparative effect of Senecio biafrae leaves and stems methanol/ methylene chloride extract as well as its hexane, n-butanol and ethyl acetate fractions on reproductive function of immature female rat. Methods: Various doses of the methanol/methylene chloride extract and fractions were orally administered for 20 consecutive days to immature female rats. The parameters of the rats such as body, ovarian and uterus weight, uterine, ovarian and serum proteins, ovarian cholesterol as well as follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, estradiol and progesterone levels were recorded. Results: Levels of ovarian cholesterol and protein as well as uterine protein were doubled principally in animals treated with the ethyl acetate fraction not matter what dose was administered. The animals treated with crude extract presented a significant increase (P < 0.05) of 108%, 79% and 135% in serum estradiol level at the dose of 8 mg/kg, 32 mg/kg and 64 mg/ kg respectively. Conclusions: Results of the present study provide evidence on the inducing effect of the methanol/methylene chloride extract of S. biafrae and its fractions on immature female rat’s fertility parameters in serum, ovary and uterus.

Ethnopharmacological relevance Senecio biafrae is a plant from the huge family of Asteraceae used in the African pharmacopoeia for the treatment of many ailments among which is infertility. Material and methods The aqueous extract, which was primarily subjected to polyphenol analysis, has been administered to immature female rats for 20 days at 8, 32, 64 and 128 mg/kg of body weight. The day following the treatment, the animals were sacrificed; their serum, ovary and uterus were retained respectively for reproductive hormones, ovarian and uterine proteins, and ovarian cholesterol assays. Results Light body weight gain variation of treated animals was observed during the experimental period. A significant increase (p˂0.05) in serum estradiol and proteins as well as in uterine weight (p˂0.01) of all Senecio biafrae treated animals was noted. No significant variation was noticed in the ovarian weight and follicle numbers. Conclusion The various biochemical and physiological parameters of fertility were significantly improved with the aqueous extract of Senecio biafrae, thus attesting some of its traditional usage.

Le tetrachlorure de carbone (CCl4) est un hepatotoxique qui provoque une alteration massive des hepatocytes. Une intoxication massive des rats en injection intraperitoneale (IP), avec des doses mortelles, provoque leur mort en 24 heures. Un traitement avec l’extrait aqueux de Gomphrena celosioides (EAG), a des doses comprises entre 250 et 750 mg/kg de poids vif (PV), entraine une baisse de la mortalite. A partir de la dose de 500 mg/kg PV, la mortalite est de 0 % avec une baisse du taux des transaminases. L’etude histologique des foies des rats a cette dose revele des lesions moindres que celles observees chez les animaux morts et ceux ayant recu une dose inferieure. La dose de 500 mg d’EAG/kg PV peut etre consideree comme la dose efficace de l’EAG sur le foie du rat intoxique au CCl4.

Pentadesma butyracea is a tall tree of Western Africa commonly called better tree. Leaves are used in the treatment of several diseases including genitourinary, pregnancy and metabolic disorders. The aim of this study was to assess toxicity and antioxidant activity of hydroethanolic extract of P. butyracea leaves. The major compounds of the extract were previously identified. Oral acute toxicity was achieved on NMRI mice during 72 h after single oral-administration whereas oral sub-acute toxicity was achieved on Wistar rats during 28-days. Antioxidant activity was assessed through DPPH, FRAP and lipid peroxidation inhibition. The major phytochemicals identified in the hydroethanolic extract of P. butyracea leaves were tannins, steroids and triterpenoids, anthocyanosids, anthraquinones, saponosids, mucilage and gums. The acute toxicity study showed that the extract did not cause neither sign of toxicity nor mortality until 3000 mg/kg. The subacute toxicity study showed that the extract did not cause signs of toxicity after 28-days consecutive oral administration. Nevertheless, platelets count. total cholesterol and AST level were significantly (p

Carapa procera is a native tree which seeds are intensively used for oil extraction. So this study deals with the identification of secondary metabolites, the toxicity and cytotoxicity of C. procera hydroalcohol extracts and their estrogenic and androgenic activities. The chemical constituents of C. procera extracts were determined by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) methods. The toxicity and cytotoxicity were respectively evaluated by the OECD Guideline 425 “Up and Down procedure” (UDP) and the brine shrimp lethality test. Estrogenic and androgenic activities were evaluated by uterotrophic and Hershberger tests and also by in vitro tests, with the yeast assay and MVLN luceferase assay. The MeOH/H 2 O extracts of C. procera seeds revealed the presence of steroidal glycosides, triterpene, flavonoids and polyphenols. The DCM fraction revealed the presence of triterpene esters & steroid and carotenoids. The MeOH/H 2 O has, by in vivo tests, slight toxic effects with mice and shows a lethal effect against the crustacean larvae by in vitro test. The extracts of C. procera seeds also show, by in vivo and in vitro tests an estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. The results show with the presence of flavonoids, polyphenols and glycosides steroids estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities. The seeds of C. procera contain some phytochemicals, which can disrupt or reinforce endocrine function. Keywords : Carapa procera , native oil tree, seeds, toxicity, estrogenic, antiandrogenic

Cette etude sur la prevalence des principales maladies liees a la production laitiere dans les troupeaux bovins de Hamdallaye (Ouagadougou) a vise trois pathologies ayant une grande importance sur le plan economique et sanitaire : la brucellose, la tuberculose et les mammites. Des serums provenant de 290 bovins ont ete analyses pour le depistage de la brucellose par l’Epreuve a l’Antigene Tamponnee (EAT). La prevalence globale de l’infection est de 13,2 % avec une variation significative liee au sexe (p < 0,05), les femelles ayant un taux d’infection plus eleve que les mâles (14,3 % vs 5, 6 %). L’IntraDermoTuberculination (IDT) pour le depistage de la tuberculose a porte sur 325 bovins. La prevalence globale de l’infection est de 27,7 %. Une variation tres significative (p < 0,001) a ete notee entre les individus de 2 ans et ceux âges de plus de 6 ans. Sur 98 echantillons de lait individuel eprouves par le California Mastitis Test (CMT) pour les mammites, la concentration cellulaire moyenne a ete de 5385. 103 ± 1061.103 NTC/ml. La prevalence des trois maladies etudiees est assez importante pour retenir toute l’attention, tant des producteurs que des autorites techniques et municipales. Cela vaut notamment pour la tuberculose et la brucellose qui sont des zoonoses majeures pouvant gravement porter atteinte a la sante des consommateurs.

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Essential oils from leaves of Lippia multiflora, Mentha x piperita and Ocimum basilicum from Burkina Faso were analysed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Major components were p-cymene, thymol, β-caryophyllene, carvacrol and carvone for L. multiflora, menthol and iso-menthone for M. x piperita and, linalool and eugenol for O. basilicum. The essential oils and their major monoterpene alcohols were tested against nine bacterial strains using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The essential oils with high phenolic contents were the most effective antimicrobials. The checkerboard method was used to quantify the efficacy of paired combinations of essential oils and their major components. The best synergetic effects among essential oils and major components were obtained with combinations involving O. basilicum essential oil and eugenol, respectively. As phenolic components are characterized by a strong spicy aroma, this study suggests that the selection of certain combinations of EOs could help to reduce the amount of essential oils and consequently reduce any adverse sensory impact in food.

International audience; Gastrointestinal nematodes are a major threat to small ruminant rearing in the Sahel area, where farmers traditionally use bioactive plants to control these worms, including Acacia nilotica and Acacia raddiana. The main aim of this study was to screen the potential anthelmintic properties of aqueous and acetone extracts of leaves of these two plants based on three in vitro assays: (1) the egg hatch inhibition assay (EHA); (2) the larvae exsheathment inhibition assay (LEIA) using Haemonchus contortus as a model; and (3) an adult mortality test (AMT) applied on Caenorhabditis elegans. For the EHA, only A. raddiana was effective with IC50 = 1.58 mg/mL for aqueous extract, and IC50 = 0.58 mg/mL for acetonic extract. For the LEIA, all extracts inhibited the exsheathment of larvae compared to the controls, and the aqueous extract of A. nilotica was more larvicidal with IC50 = 0.195 mg/mL. In general, all responses to the substances were dose-dependent and were significantly different from the control group (p

La presente etude ethnobotanique realisee sur les plantes hepatotropes et particulierement sur les proprietes therapeutiques de Gomphrena celosioides a eu pour objectif de repertorier les plantes hepatotropes utilisees par les traditherapeutes au Benin et d’apporter davantage d’informations sur l’usage de Gomphrena celosioides. Pour cela, des enquetes ont ete menees dans 13 localites du Benin. Une synthese des resultats en comparaison avec les donnees bibliographiques concernant l’utilisation des plantes dans le traitement des affections hepatiques est realisee. Au total, 214 plantes ont ete recensees avec des indications sur leur utilisation. Les feuilles, la decoction et la boisson sont les plus sollicitees parmi les parties utilisees dans la preparation des drogues, les modes de preparation et d’administration. Gomphrena celosioides est largement utilise par les traditherapeutes du Benin avec 43 recettes dont 10 pour les affections hepatiques. Les effets therapeutiques de cette plante sont certainement induits par des composes chimiques qui devront etre identifies pour confirmer les proprietes therapeutiques de celle-ci. Mots cles : Gomphrena celosioides, ethnobotanique, hepatotrope, affections hepatiques, traditherapeute, Benin.

Senecio biafrae is a medicinal plant widely used by traditional healers in the western region of Cameroon for the treatment of woman infertility . In the course of the evaluation of its effect on puberty onset and some physiological parameters of fertility, different doses of its ethanolic extract were orally administered to immature female rats for 30 days. Body, ovarian, uterus weight; uterine, ovarian proteins or cholesterol level as well as data on puberty onset were recorded. A linear increase in the growth rate of all animal was observed throughout the experimental period. From the 27 th day till the end of treatment, the body weight gain of rats treated with 8 mg/kg was significantly increased (p Overall, the present results provide evidence on the estrogenic effect of the ethanolic extract of Senecio biafrae leading to the acceleration of puberty onset in immature female rat. Key words : Fertility; Senecio biafrae ; puberty; ovaries; uterus

As reproductive disorders were found to be one of the major constraints of livestock improvement in Burkina Faso, an ethno-veterinary survey showed that some plant species are used by traditional veterinary healers as basic components of indigenous recipes to treat them. The ecological locations, the current relative abundance in the area and the acute toxicity of the aqueous extracts of three selected species: Holarrhena floribunda,. Leptadenia hastata and Cassia sieberiana were also investigated. The abundance of the plants was carried out in villages with semi-structured interviews of vet-healers, in-situ observations and then completion with library documentation while the acute toxicity was done in mice. The results showed that LDB50Bs of 495 mg/kg, 24 mg/kg and 1513 mg/kg were observed for Holarrhena floribunda, Cassia sieberiana and Leptadenia hastata respectively. The relative abundance of these species across Burkina Faso is variable. Leptadenia hastata is widely distributed, while Holarrhena floribunda is very scarce because of its high demand. Cassia sieberiana’s case is worrisome because the plant’s root is the basic material required. The LD quotient and LDB50B obtained for Leptadenia hastata show that the plant is safe to use. Although the LDB50 Bobtained for Holarrhena floribunda is higher than that of Cassia sieberiana their LD quotients did not meet acceptable safety calculated value. However, it is more difficult to get enough crude material of Holarrhena floribunda and Cassia sieberiana. There is, therefore, an urgent need to build a sustainable scheme for these endangered species and their preservation.