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169 results on '"Balachandran, Aru"'

1. Novel Type of Chronic Wasting Disease Detected in Moose (Alces alces), Norway

Author

Pirisinu, Laura, Tran, Linh, Chiappini, Barbara, Vanni, Ilaria, Bari, Michele A. Di, Vaccari, Gabriele, Vikoren, Turid, Madslien, Knut Ivar, Vage, Jorn, Spraker, Terry, Mitchell, Gordon, Balachandran, Aru, Baron, Thierry, Casalone, Cristina, Rolandsen, Christer M., Roed, Knut H., Agrimi, Umberto, Nonno, Romolo, and Benestad, Sylvie L.

Subjects
Moose -- Health aspects, Chronic wasting disease -- Diagnosis -- Case studies, Health
Abstract

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), or prion diseases, are fatal and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that include scrapie in sheep and goats, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) in cattle, chronic wasting disease (CWD) [...]

Published
2018
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5. Molecular barriers to zoonotic transmission of prions

Author

Barria, Marcelo A., Balachandran, Aru, Morita, Masanori, Kitamoto, Tetsuyuki, Barron, Rona, Manson, Jean, Knight, Richard, Ironside, James W., and Head, Mark W.

Subjects
Prion diseases -- Research, Prions -- Physiological aspects, Bovine spongiform encephalopathy -- Research, Health
Abstract

Prion diseases are rare fatal neurodegenerative conditions that affect humans and animals. The human diseases include Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD), Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease, and fatal familial insomnia. Most cases of human prion [...]

Published
2014
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6. Adaptive selection of a prion strain conformer corresponding to established North American CWD during propagation of novel emergent Norwegian strains in mice expressing elk or deer prion protein

Author

Bian, Jifeng, primary, Kim, Sehun, additional, Kane, Sarah J., additional, Crowell, Jenna, additional, Sun, Julianna L., additional, Christiansen, Jeffrey, additional, Saijo, Eri, additional, Moreno, Julie A., additional, DiLisio, James, additional, Burnett, Emily, additional, Pritzkow, Sandra, additional, Gorski, Damian, additional, Soto, Claudio, additional, Kreeger, Terry J., additional, Balachandran, Aru, additional, Mitchell, Gordon, additional, Miller, Michael W., additional, Nonno, Romolo, additional, Vikøren, Turid, additional, Våge, Jørn, additional, Madslien, Knut, additional, Tran, Linh, additional, Vuong, Tram Thu, additional, Benestad, Sylvie L., additional, and Telling, Glenn C., additional

Published
2021
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8. Chronic wasting disease prions in elk antler velvet

Author

Angers, Rachel C., Seward, Tanya S., Napier, Dana, Green, Michael, Hoover, Edward, Spraker, Terry, O'Rourke, Katherine, Balachandran, Aru, and Telling, Glenn C.

Subjects
Company distribution practices, Disease transmission -- Health aspects, Disease transmission -- Research, Genetically modified mice -- Usage, Genetically modified mice -- Models, Prions -- Health aspects, Prions -- Research, Wasting syndrome -- Risk factors, Wasting syndrome -- Distribution, Wasting syndrome -- Genetic aspects, Wasting syndrome -- Research
Abstract

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) of deer, elk, and moose is the only recognized prion disease of wild animals. To date, 15 US states and 2 Canada provinces have reported CWD [...]

Published
2009

11. Immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of BSE and CWD in experimentally infected European red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus)

Author

Dagleish Mark P, Steele Philip, Reid Hugh W, Sisó Sílvia, González Lorenzo, Jeffrey Martin, Martin Stuart, Stack Michael J, Chaplin Melanie J, and Balachandran Aru

Subjects
Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract

Abstract Background The cause of the bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) epidemic in the United Kingdom (UK) was the inclusion of contaminated meat and bone meal in the protein rations fed to cattle. Those rations were not restricted to cattle but were also fed to other livestock including farmed and free living deer. Although there are no reported cases to date of natural BSE in European deer, BSE has been shown to be naturally or experimentally transmissible to a wide range of different ungulate species. Moreover, several species of North America's cervids are highly susceptible to chronic wasting disease (CWD), a transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) that has become endemic. Should BSE infection have been introduced into the UK deer population, the CWD precedent could suggest that there is a danger for spread and maintenance of the disease in both free living and captive UK deer populations. This study compares the immunohistochemical and biochemical characteristics of BSE and CWD in experimentally-infected European red deer (Cervus elpahus elaphus). Results After intracerebral or alimentary challenge, BSE in red deer more closely resembled natural infection in cattle rather than experimental BSE in small ruminants, due to the lack of accumulation of abnormal PrP in lymphoid tissues. In this respect it was different from CWD, and although the neuropathological features of both diseases were similar, BSE could be clearly differentiated from CWD by immunohistochemical and Western blotting methods currently in routine use. Conclusion Red deer are susceptible to both BSE and CWD infection, but the resulting disease phenotypes are distinct and clearly distinguishable.

Published
2009
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15. Investigation of the effects of experimental autolysis on the detection of abnormal prion protein in lymphoid and central nervous system tissues from elk and sheep using the Western blotting method

Author

Huang, Hongsheng, Soutyrine, Andrei, Rendulich, Jasmine, O’Rourke, Katherine, and Balachandran, Aru

Subjects
Sheep, PrPSc Proteins, Lymphoid Tissue, animal diseases, Short Communication, Deer, Blotting, Western, Brain, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, nervous system diseases, Animals, Wasting Disease, Chronic, Autolysis, Scrapie
Abstract

Tissues unsuitable for standard immunohistochemical and histopathological examinations for chronic wasting disease (CWD) in cervids and for scrapie in sheep are frequently submitted for testing. This study investigated the effects of experimental autolysis on the detection of abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) in lymphoid and central nervous system (CNS) tissues from elk and sheep. The PrPsc was detected using a Western blotting (WB) test following PrPsc enrichment using sodium phosphotungstic acid (PTA) precipitation (PTA-WB). A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used as a reference test for quantitative measurement. This study showed that the amount of PrPsc in lymphoid and CNS tssues from elk and sheep decreased gradually as a result of autolysis, but PrPsc was still detectable after 5 and 15 d incubation at 37°C by PTA-WB for all lymphoid and CNS samples. The results of the ELISA supported those of PTA-WB, particularly for CNS tissues. In conclusion, autolysis at 37°C for 15 d would not significantly affect the detection of PrPsc in lymphoid and CNS tissues by WB and ELISA and, particularly, PTA-WB is a valuable and alternative confirmatory test to detect PrPsc in autolyzed lymphoid and CNS samples.

Published
2011

16. Prion genotypes of scrapie-infected Canadian sheep 1998–2008

Author

Harrington, Noel P., O’Rourke, Katherine I., Feng, Yuqin, Rendulich, Jasmine, DiFruscio, Cathleen, and Balachandran, Aru

Subjects
Canada, Sheep, Time Factors, Genotype, Prions, Short Communication, Animals, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Scrapie
Abstract

This report describes the genetics of the prion protein gene (PRNP) at codons 136, 154, and 171 for sheep diagnosed with naturally acquired classical scrapie in Canada between 1998 and 2008. Genotyping analysis was performed on 249 sheep with confirmed classical scrapie infection representing 98 flocks from 6 provinces. A further case-control analysis of 3 of these flocks compared the genotypes between infected sheep (n = 72) and those of their healthy flockmates (n = 1990). The incidence of classical scrapie in the Canadian sheep population was highly associated with the ARQ haplotype (91.8%) and the ARQ/ARQ genotype (91.6%). In addition, the ARQ haplotype was found at significantly higher frequency in scrapie-infected sheep when compared with their healthy flockmates. Comparison with other published data suggests that the scrapie risk of PRNP genotypes differs between Canada and countries where the VRQ allele is associated with the highest susceptibility to infection.

Published
2010

17. Progressive accumulation of the abnormal conformer of the prion protein and spongiform encephalopathy in the obex of nonsymptomatic and symptomatic Rocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni) with chronic wasting disease

Author

Spraker, Terry R., primary, Gidlewski, Thomas, additional, Powers, Jenny G., additional, Nichols, Tracy, additional, Balachandran, Aru, additional, Cummings, Bruce, additional, Wild, Margaret A., additional, VerCauteren, Kurt, additional, and O’Rourke, Katherine I., additional

Published
2015
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18. A Pair of Ligation-Independent Escherichia coli Expression Vectors for Rapid Addition of a Polyhistidine Affinity Tag to the N- or C-Termini of Recombinant Proteins

Author

Dan, Hanhong, Balachandran, Aru, and Lin, Min

Subjects
Base Sequence, DNA Ligases, Prions, Genetic Vectors, Molecular Sequence Data, Articles, Recombinant Proteins, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Bacterial Proteins, Escherichia coli, Animals, Humans, Histidine, Cloning, Molecular, Codon, DNA Primers
Abstract

6x His tag is one of the most widely used affinity fusion tags that facilitates detection and purification of recombinant proteins. However, the location of this tag within a particular type of protein may influence the expression, solubility, and bioactivity of the protein, and the optimal location needs to be determined experimentally. To provide a tool for rapid generation of 6x His tags at the N- or C-terminus of any recombinant protein, we have constructed a pair of Escherichia coli expression vectors-pLIC-NHis and pLIC-CHis-based on the pET30a vector, for ligation-independent cloning (LIC). Construction of this new pair of LIC vectors was accomplished by replacement of the multiple cloning site of pET30a with two specifically designed LIC cloning sites. A target gene derived by PCR with a pair of predesigned primers can be inserted into the LIC site of pLIC-NHis for expression of recombinant proteins fused with the N-terminal sequence MHHHHHHG or into that of pLIC-CHis for expression of recombinant proteins with the C-terminal sequence THHHHHH. Successful expression of two normal mammalian prion proteins and five bacterial proteins in E. coli using this pair of LIC vectors reveals that these vectors are valuable tools for the production of recombinant His-tagged proteins in E. coli.

Published
2009

19. The first Canadian indigenous case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) has molecular characteristics for prion protein that are similar to those of BSE in the United Kingdom but differ from those of chronic wasting disease in captive elk and deer

Author

Stack, Michael J., Balachandran, Aru, Chaplin, Melanie, Davis, Linda, Czub, Stefanie, and Miller, Brian

Subjects
Canada, Sheep, PrPSc Proteins, animal diseases, Deer, Blotting, Western, food and beverages, Scientific, United Kingdom, nervous system diseases, Encephalopathy, Bovine Spongiform, mental disorders, Animals, Wasting Disease, Chronic, Cattle
Abstract

Brain tissue from a case of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) from Alberta was subjected to a Western immunoblotting technique to ascertain the molecular profile of any disease-specific, abnormal prion protein, that is, prion protein that is protease-resistant (PrP(res)). This technique can discriminate between isolates from BSE, ovine scrapie, and sheep experimentally infected with BSE. Isolates of brain tissue from the BSE case in Alberta, 3 farmed elk with chronic wasting disease (CWD) from different parts of Saskatchewan, and 1 farmed white-tailed deer with CWD from Edmonton, Alberta, were examined alongside isolates of brain tissue from BSE, ovine scrapie, and sheep experimentally infected with BSE from the United Kingdom (UK). The molecular weights of PrP(res) and the cross reactions to 2 specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were determined for each sample. The BSE isolates from Canada and the UK had very similar PrP(res) molecular weights and reacted with only 1 of the 2 mAbs. The PrP(res) isolated from both elk and white-tailed deer with CWD had a higher molecular weight profile than did the corresponding PrP(res) from the scrapie and BSE isolates. The PrP(res) from CWD cases cross reacted with both mAbs, a property shared with PrP(res) in isolates from scrapie but not with PrP(res) isolates from BSE or sheep experimentally infected with BSE. The results from this study seem to confirm that the PrP(res) isolated from the BSE case in Alberta has similar molecular properties to the PrP(res) isolated from a BSE case in the UK, and that it differs in its molecular and immunological characteristics from the CWD and scrapie cases studied.

Published
2004

20. Biodegradation of Prions in Compost

Author

Xu, Shanwei, primary, Reuter, Tim, additional, Gilroyed, Brandon H., additional, Mitchell, Gordon B., additional, Price, Luke M., additional, Dudas, Sandor, additional, Braithwaite, Shannon L., additional, Graham, Catherine, additional, Czub, Stefanie, additional, Leonard, Jerry J., additional, Balachandran, Aru, additional, Neumann, Norman F., additional, Belosevic, Miodrag, additional, and McAllister, Tim A., additional

Published
2014
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23. Intranasal Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Lyophilized Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Particulate Complexed to Montmorillonite Clay

Author

Nichols, Tracy A., primary, Spraker, Terry R., additional, Rigg, Tara D., additional, Meyerett-Reid, Crystal, additional, Hoover, Clare, additional, Michel, Brady, additional, Bian, Jifeng, additional, Hoover, Edward, additional, Gidlewski, Thomas, additional, Balachandran, Aru, additional, O'Rourke, Katherine, additional, Telling, Glenn C., additional, Bowen, Richard, additional, Zabel, Mark D., additional, and VerCauteren, Kurt C., additional

Published
2013
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27. Experimental Chronic Wasting Disease in Wild Type VM Mice

Author

LEE, Yoon-Hee, primary, SOHN, Hyun-Joo, additional, KIM, Min-Jeong, additional, KIM, Hyo-Jin, additional, PARK, Kyung-Je, additional, LEE, Won-Yong, additional, YUN, Eun-Im, additional, TARK, Dong-Seob, additional, CHOI, Young-Pyo, additional, CHO, In-Soo, additional, and BALACHANDRAN, Aru, additional

Published
2013
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29. Diagnostic accuracy of rectal mucosa biopsy testing for chronic wasting disease within white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) herds in North America

Author

Thomsen, Bruce V., primary, Schneider, David A., additional, O’Rourke, Katherine I., additional, Gidlewski, Thomas, additional, McLane, James, additional, Allen, Robert W., additional, McIsaac, Alex A., additional, Mitchell, Gordon B., additional, Keane, Delwyn P., additional, Spraker, Terry R., additional, and Balachandran, Aru, additional

Published
2012
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32. Identification of Atypical Scrapie in Canadian Sheep

Author

Mitchell, Gordon B., primary, O'Rourke, Katherine I., additional, Harrington, Noel P., additional, Soutyrine, Andrei, additional, Simmons, Marion M., additional, Dudas, Sandor, additional, Zhuang, Dongyue, additional, Laude, Hubert, additional, and Balachandran, Aru, additional

Published
2010
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45. Biodegradation of Prions in Compost.

Author

Shanwei Xu, Tim Reuter, Gilroyed, Brandon H., Mitchell, Gordon B., Price, Luke M., Dudas, Sandor, Braithwaite, Shannon L., Graham, Catherine, Czub, Stefanie, Leonard, Jerry J., Balachandran, Aru, Neumann, Norman F., Belosevic, Miodrag, and McAllister, Tim A.

Published
2014
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46. Experimental Chronic Wasting Disease in Wild Type VM Mice.

Author

Yoon-Hee LEE, Hyun-Joo SOHN, Min-Jeong KIM, Hyo-Jin KIM, Kyung-Je PARK, Won-Yong LEE, Eun-Im YUN, Dong-Seob TARK, Young-Pyo CHOI, In-Soo CHO, and BALACHANDRAN, Aru

Subjects
CHRONIC wasting disease, PRION diseases in animals, ODOCOILEUS, ROCKY Mountain elk, INFECTIONS in deer, INFECTIONS in Elk
Abstract

The article offers information on chronic wasting disease (CWD), a naturally occurring prion disease in North American dear, Rocky mountain elk and moose. It notes that this disease was first confirmed in 2001 in Republic of Korea. Ferrets, several species of voles, white-footed mice, dear mice, and Syrian golden hamsters are among the experimental host range of CWD.

Published
2013
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47. Intranasal Inoculation of White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) with Lyophilized Chronic Wasting Disease Prion Particulate Complexed to Montmorillonite Clay

Author

Nichols, Tracy A., Spraker, Terry R., Rigg, Tara D., Meyerett-Reid, Crystal, Hoover, Clare, Michel, Brady, Bian, Jifeng, Hoover, Edward, Gidlewski, Thomas, Balachandran, Aru, O'Rourke, Katherine, Telling, Glenn C., Bowen, Richard, Zabel, Mark D., and VerCauteren, Kurt C.

Subjects
WHITE-tailed deer, MONTMORILLONITE, MICROBIOLOGY, VETERINARY medicine, COMMUNICABLE diseases, ZOONOSES, CYTOLOGY
Abstract

Chronic wasting disease (CWD), the only known prion disease endemic in wildlife, is a persistent problem in both wild and captive North American cervid populations. This disease continues to spread and cases are found in new areas each year. Indirect transmission can occur via the environment and is thought to occur by the oral and/or intranasal route. Oral transmission has been experimentally demonstrated and although intranasal transmission has been postulated, it has not been tested in a natural host until recently. Prions have been shown to adsorb strongly to clay particles and upon oral inoculation the prion/clay combination exhibits increased infectivity in rodent models. Deer and elk undoubtedly and chronically inhale dust particles routinely while living in the landscape while foraging and rutting. We therefore hypothesized that dust represents a viable vehicle for intranasal CWD prion exposure. To test this hypothesis, CWD-positive brain homogenate was mixed with montmorillonite clay (Mte), lyophilized, pulverized and inoculated intranasally into white-tailed deer once a week for 6 weeks. Deer were euthanized at 95, 105, 120 and 175 days post final inoculation and tissues examined for CWD-associated prion proteins by immunohistochemistry. Our results demonstrate that CWD can be efficiently transmitted utilizing Mte particles as a prion carrier and intranasal exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2013
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48. Strain Characterization of the Korean CWD Cases in 2001 and 2004.

Author

Yoon-Hee LEE, Hyun-Joo SOHN, Min-Jeong KIM, Hyo-Jin KIM, Won-Yong LEE, Eun-Im YUN, Dong-Seob TARK, In-Soo CHO, and BALACHANDRAN, Aru

Subjects
CHRONIC wasting disease, DEER, MOOSE, EPIDEMICS, VETERINARY medicine, DISEASES
Abstract

The article presents a study which focused on strain characterization of Korean chronic wasting disease (CWD) isolates using clinical assessment, pathological analysis, biochemical analysis, and biological analysis. An overview of the CWD cases in North American deer, Rocky Mountain elk, and moose in Korea in 2001, 2004 and 2005 is presented. It discusses the findings which suggested that a single strain was responsible for the outbreaks in Korean CWD cases in 2001 and 2004.

Published
2013
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49. Investigation of the effects of experimental autolysis on the detection of abnormal prion protein in lymphoid and central nervous system tissues from elk and sheep using the Western blotting method.

Author

Hongsheng Huang, Soutyrine, Andrei, Rendulich, Jasmine, O'Rourke, Katherine, and Balachandran, Aru

Subjects
AUTOLYSIS, PROTEINS, CENTRAL nervous system, ELK, SHEEP, VETERINARY medicine
Abstract

The article describes a study which investigated the effects of experimental autolysis in detecting abnormal prion protein (PrPsc) in lymphoid and central nervous system (CNS) tissues of elk and sheep. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are neurogenerative diseases which are evident through the loss of CNS neurons and accumulation of abnormal prion protein. Using Western blotting method, the study results revealed that autolysis decreased gradually the PrPsc in elk and sheep but was still detectable even after 15 days of incubation.

Published
2011

50. Experimental oral transmission of chronic wasting disease to red deer (Cervus elaphus elaphus): Early detection and late stage distribution of protease-resistant prion protein.

Author

Balachandran, Aru, Harrington, Noel P., Algire, James, Soutyrine, Andrei, Spraker, Terry R., Jeffrey, Martin, González, Lorenzo, and O'Rourke, Katherine I.

Subjects
RED deer, CHRONIC wasting disease, COMMUNICABLE diseases in animals, ANIMAL vaccination, INFECTIONS in deer, INFECTIONS in Elk, HEPATIC encephalopathy, DISEASES, DISEASE risk factors, INFECTIOUS disease transmission
Abstract

The article discusses the experimental transmission of chronic wasting disease (CWD) in red deer. The animals were euthanized and tested using 3 conventional immunological assays as well as mild to moderate neurological signs, weight loss and post-inoculation at 18-20 months were investigated. It indicates that tissues used for CWD diagnosis show strong abnormal prion (PrPCWD) accumulation, and determines that red deer are susceptible to oral challenge.

Published
2010

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