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Heavy metal-containing industrial effluents, such as Pb2+, Cd2+, and Cu2+, pose serious threats to the environment and public health since they are not biodegradable and can accumulate over time. Biochar, particularly sewage sludge-derived biochar (SSBC), has arisen as a promising and cost-effective material for heavy metal removal from wastewater due to its high adsorption capacity, large surface area, and rich porous structure. This review explores the use of SSBC for the adsorption of heavy metals, highlighting the impact of pyrolysis temperature on its surface properties, such as specific surface area and functional groups. Characterization techniques, including SEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, AES, GC–MS, ICP, and ESR, are employed to analyze the chemical and structural properties of SSBC, providing insights into the changes that enhance its adsorption performance. Additionally, Artificial Neural Network (ANN) models are utilized to portend the adsorption efficiency of SSBC, offering a quantitative understanding of the relationship between heavy metal removal efficiency and biochar properties. This review emphasizes the importance of pyrolysis in optimizing SSBC for wastewater treatment and demonstrates how advanced characterization techniques and predictive models can guide the progress of more efficient biochar-based adsorbents for environmental remediation. The results highlight the promising role of SSBC in providing a sustainable remedy for heavy metal contamination in industrial wastewater.

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized using the raw juice of Kaffir lime (Citrus hystrix) fruit bya simple and cost-effective green route and its effects on earthworms, Eudrilus eugeniae, were studied. The kaffir-lime powered ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO:KL) were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis-NIR spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The filter paper method was adopted to test the toxicity of ZnO:KL. Earthworms (species Eudrilus eugeniae) were exposed to 100 to 1000 mg/L of ZnO:KL in one-step order. During the study period (up to 48 h), no mortality was found in any treatment group. In histological observation, no damage was found in the epidermal layer of earthworm’s skin treated up to 800 mg/L, whereas slight epidermal damage was observed only in 900 and 1000 mg/L treated earthworms. The GC-MS spectrum of the juice of kaffir lime fruit revealed 22 bioactive compounds. The predominantly identified bioactive compounds vitamin C and citric acid were subjected to molecular docking to reveal their binding affinity with collagen – a structural protein providing strength and flexibility of the earthworm’s body. Vitamin C and citric acid bind to the collagen in a favorable orientation with the binding affinity of -4.44 kcal/mol and -4.97 kcal/mol, respectively. Since vitamin C and citric acid are capable of influencing the biosynthesis of collagen, they could prevent skin damage. In sum, the kaffir lime-powered ZnO nanomaterial is less toxic to the earthworm when compared with bare ZnO.

Microplastic (MP) contamination in freshwater systems is a prevalent and persistent environmental issue, yet their occurrence and distribution remain poorly constrained. The present study examines the MPs abundance in sediment and water samples and factors controlling their distribution in the Manasbal Lake, north-western (NW) Himalaya. Additionally, the study investigates the relationship between heavy metals and the distribution of MPs in sediment, as well as their potential interactions. The MPs counts in lake surface sediment and water samples varied from 840 nkg−1 to 4020 nkg−1 and 13 nL−1 to 89 nL−1, respectively. The MPs distribution in Manasbal Lake exhibited spatial heterogeneity, with the greatest abundance observed in the eastern and northeastern areas near lake inlets. Grain size and land use appear to collectively modulate the variability of MPs in Manasbal Lake sediments. Five main MPs types were identified: beads/pellets, fragments, fibres, foams, and films, with beads being the predominant type. Polypropylene, polyethylene, and polystyrene are the dominant constituents of the observed MPs, with domestic sewage suggested as the predominant source for their abundance in the lake. Furthermore, the contamination factor for heavy metals indicated a high level of lead contamination in surface sediments, while copper and cobalt showed moderate contamination near the lake inlet. The SEM-EDS analysis illustrated the presence of toxic elements such as Hg, Zn, Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, and Cu to the surface of MPs. This study expands the baseline characterization of MPs in freshwater systems and enhances our understanding of the potential sources and factors influencing MP distribution.

Considering the escalating demand of lenses in various sectors, optical lens fabrication have got wide attention in present circumstances. Nevertheless, the structural complexity and precision were beyond the capabilities of conventional lens fabrication methodologies and hindered the time-efficient production. As a groundbreaking cutting-edge manufacturing technology, 3D printing has offered promising solutions for these difficulties and has showcased potential to produce multi-scale, multi-substrate and multi-functional lenses. Emerging printing techniques like FDM, SLA, DIW, Ink jetting and, TPP have demonstrated their potential in fabricating lenses using different materials and is found to be extensively used in eclectic range of applications. Synergizing post curing processes like meniscus equilibrium coating, rapid production of optical lenses with finer resolution and excellent surface smoothness is reported by advanced 3D printing techniques of Tomographic Volumetric Printing (TVP) and Micro Continuous liquid Interphase Printing (μCLIP) and a recent advancement in lens printing, zooming focused MIP-VPP technique, utilizing the frustum layer stacking can print complex lenses with reduced surface roughness and exceptional resolution without the requirement of post-curing. Elimination of staircase effect, printing characteristics and demonstration of commercial printing capability of the aforementioned techniques are discussed in this article. The review provides quantifiable data that illustrates the effectiveness of advanced 3D printing processes required for the production of optical lenses. For example, at 3.1 × 10⁴ mm³/h, Tomographic Volumetric Printing (TVP) obtained a surface roughness of 0.3340 nm, while Zooming-focused MIP-VPP yielded lenses with a roughness of 3.4 nm at 11.2 μm/s. Furthermore, the accuracy and effectiveness of these techniques were demonstrated by the fabrication of lenses using Micro-Continuous Liquid Interphase Printing (μCLIP) with an RMS roughness of 13.7 nm, a resolution of 1.32 μm, and a printing speed of 22.94 μm/s. By integrating features including high resolution, intricate geometry, and superior surface quality, these techniques help to enhance the advancements of complex optical devices, therefore making this discussion significant.

Origami-inspired fiber-reinforced composites exhibit inherent properties that showcase the extraordinary response of reinforcing fibers to stimuli-induced folding. This paper delves into origami-inspired fabrication techniques, meticulously integrating them into fiber-reinforced composites, with emphasis on kirigami and Miura-ori folding patterns, and other folding patterns like waterbomb, Yoshimura, and Kresling. The study highlights exemplary manufacturing methodologies, leveraging advanced techniques like electrospinning, 3D printing, and state-of-the-art 4D printing to create intricately engineered structures. Furthermore, the incorporation of shape memory polymers and hydrophilic polymers within the origami framework is thoroughly examined, revealing their transformative potential in imparting shape-shifting and hydrophilic properties to composites. Ultimately, this paper explores diverse applications of these meticulously engineered fiber-reinforced composites, unlocking their exceptional capabilities across multifaceted domains. This paper epitomizes the fusion of origami principles and material innovation, fostering a paradigm shift in composite materials. Incorporating various folding techniques enhances their potential to revolutionize structural design and enable novel applications in numerous industries.

Batteries play an integral role in our lives; their presence spans from cars to Mars rovers. Meeting the current demand for batteries involves extracting a significant number of ores. However, it's crucial to note that both the extraction and unsustainable recycling processes are considered high-carbon methods, resulting in the release of substantial CO2 emissions. This presents a significant concern contributing to global climate change. In alignment with this, India has pledged to achieve net-zero emissions by 2070. To address these environmental challenges, there is a growing need to adopt sustainable methods for battery recycling that effectively minimize the carbon footprint. This review delves into comprehensive discussions, encompassing both conventional and novel methods aimed at reducing the carbon footprint during the recycling of widely used secondary batteries. Additionally, the review explores the extraction of valuable materials such as lithium, nickel, lead, and cadmium from spent batteries. Concurrently, the review investigates the potential of artificial intelligence and machine learning, recognizing their substantial roles in precisely predicting battery life and advancing recycling processes. Through engagement with these multifaceted approaches, our aim is to mitigate the environmental impact of batteries while concurrently enhancing their efficiency and sustainability.

Natural fiber composites (NFCs) are increasingly recognized as sustainable and environmentally beneficial substitutes for traditional materials. The present study discusses chemical surface treatments that promote the adhesion of natural fibers and hydrophobic matrices, resulting in improved mechanical characteristics. The review aims to examine different chemical treatments, evaluate their influence on fiber qualities, and estimate the environmental consequences of NFCs using a life cycle assessment (LCA). It includes characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of newly discovered fibers like acai, guaruman, and corn straw, and examines treatments like bromodecane, lime, and tannic acid, which improves adherence between fiber and matrices, providing better tensile, flexion, and impact intensity. Additionally, it examines the environmental benefits of NFCs, stressing their lower carbon footprint compared to synthetic composites. Critical data reveal that while chemical treatments considerably increase NFC performance, treatment choice must be adjusted to individual applications to combine mechanical qualities and environmental sustainability. This study broadens the knowledge of NFCs and provides routes for future research to build more efficient and eco-friendly composites with applications spanning the construction, automotive, and packaging sectors.

Hydroxyapatite (HA) finds widespread application in the realm of bone tissue engineering, owing to its renowned bioactivity and biocompatibility, alongside an expanding cohort of researchers who are actively investigating avenues for enhancing the physical attributes and biological functionalities inherent to hydroxyapatite. In recent years, the implementation of 3D printing based on extrusion technology has brought about a transformative change in the manufacturing of biomedical scaffolds. This review explores the significant parameters governing scaffold properties, including porosity, mechanical strength, and biocompatibility, with a particular emphasis on the scaffold's capacity to assist tissue regeneration, cell adhesion, and proliferation. The integration of rapid prototyping, a cutting-edge digital manufacturing technique, has facilitated the large-scale fabrication of intricate designs, exemplified by HA/PLA, HA/PCL, and HA-SA/PLA composites. These composites exhibit degradation rates reliant upon their physicochemical properties, heralding a new era in the fabrication of hard tissue structures and promising enhanced effectiveness in diverse medical applications. In addressing the limitations associated with metal implants, the review delves into the development and utilization of hydroxyapatite-metal matrix composites (MMC) like Mg-HA, Sr-HA, and Ti-HA in scaffold fabrication. The study also examines the implications of life cycle assessment (LCA) about the environmental impacts and human health considerations of these printed parts. By emphasizing the advancements in extrusion-based 3D printing, this review elucidates the transformative potential of this technology in the domain of biomedical engineering, particularly in the construction of hydroxyapatite scaffolds.

Dyes pose a significant environmental hazard due to their widespread use and tenacity in water bodies, resulting in adverse ecological and health effects. Many strategies have been investigated for the removal of dyes, and adsorption has emerged as a viable technique. Biochar-based adsorbents provide a sustainable alternative because of their high adsorption capacity, variable surface characteristics, and widespread availability. Biochar has improved adsorption properties similar to specific surface area, porosity, and total pore volume when mixed with metal nanoparticles due to synergistic interactions. It is crucial to comprehend the adsorption isotherm and kinetic models that control dye adsorption onto biochar because they provide insight into the mechanism and equilibrium behavior, respectively. The adsorption process's viability and energetics are further clarified by thermodynamic studies. Experiments and parameter optimization are guided by computational studies that use methods such as density functional theory (DFT) and response surface methodology (RSM) to optimize adsorption processes by giving insight into the system's relationship between multiple independent variables and multiple response variables and electron structure. This review also highlights the cost-effectiveness and sustainability of biochar/metal nanoparticle composites by discussing techniques for their regeneration and reuse and also explains the adsorption mechanism of dye by biochar/metal nanoparticle composites.

Direct ink writing (DIW) has emerged as an innovative and efficient method for gel synthesis, presenting numerous advantages over conventional techniques. Leveraging a diverse array of raw materials, DIW offers precise control over gel construction, facilitating the fabrication of materials with larger pore sizes. This capability contrasts with traditional methods like ionic gelation, which typically produce a maximum pore size of 130 μm. The increasing demand for materials with exceptional adsorption properties, especially for effluent treatment, has driven extensive research in this domain. While traditional gel preparation methods remain valuable, they exhibit inherent limitations. Thus, there is a pressing need for more efficient and scalable approaches to gel synthesis. DIW serves as a superior alternative, providing enhanced control over printing parameters and enabling the customization of materials to meet specific requirements. This paper not only addresses the limitations of traditional methods but also highlights the benefits of utilizing DIW for gel formulation. Additionally, it offers an overview of commonly employed adsorption isotherm and kinetic models and explores the applications of DIW-printed gels in effluent treatment. Given the expanding body of research in this area, this critical and comprehensive review underscores the potential of DIW in the adsorption of pollutants from wastewater.

The role of chitin has been focused in the domain of biochemistry, materials science, medicine, and environmental science due to its non-toxicity, biodegradability, thermostability, and biocompatibility. The projection period between 2023 and 2033 is predicted to have a significant Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12.3 % in the worldwide chitin market and according to reports, the Young's modulus of chitin crystals is 150 GPa, which is comparable to cellulose crystals (134 GPa). In comparison to other chitin fabrication techniques like electrospinning and solvent casting, DIW method is more effective for producing complex 3D geometries. DIW is a flexible technique that covers a range of substances, such as natural polymers (carrageenan, cellulose, silk, chitin), synthetic polymers (polyurethane, polyvinylalcohol, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), ceramics and composites in the form of ink. The present review provides an insight into the fabrication of chitin based products by DIW approach and introduces a key and essential acquaintance of chitin biopolymer-based ink creation in a variety of forms, including chitin nanofibers, and chitin whiskers, followed by the fabrication of polymer stripes patterned on chitin films with the ability to transform into intricate multidimensional architectures using the DIW process, and also highlighted the crucial and critical understanding of the utilization of chitin biopolymer-based materials in the engineering of bone tissue, shape-morphing film, and skin bearing architecture and their possible future in an abundance of industries.

Hydrogen is indeed an exceptional fuel due to its unique properties, including its large energy content by weight, clean burning, and high gross calorific value of 141.9 MJ/kg. It can reduce the serious problem of greenhouse gas exudations by substituting fossil fuels. Currently, there exist diverse methods for stockpiling hydrogen with their own merits and demerits. However, an effective approach is incessantly needed, and the wonder material borophene with extraordinary characteristics can provide it. This review informs the utilization of borophene in hydrogen storage through analysis of multiple computational studies on alkali or transition metal-decorated borophene employing density functional theory. It also encompasses the experimental synthesis of borophene and discusses US Department of Energy (DOE) standards and previously used adsorbent materials. Additionally, required improvements for effective hydrogen fuel-based transportation and safety precautions while stockpiling hydrogen are addressed.

Fiber-based thermoelectric generators are a versatile development in the field of power generation that has numerous applications in waste heat recovery and wearable technology. They differ from conventional thermoelectric generators, due to their flexible nature, which allows them to conform to the shapes of irregular surfaces and efficiently convert thermal energy to electrical energy, however, they retain the merits of reliability and longevity of their conventional counterparts. Their flexibility comes from the substrate onto which the thermoelectric materials are coated, several materials have been used as substrates, and of these materials, some have been more suitable for use than others. This review aims to assess the properties of some of these materials, their shapes, as well as material treatment methods that if implemented would enhance substrate surface properties by up to 139%, as well as changes to the shape and structure of fibers which would significantly enhance the thermoelectric performance and the longevity of fiber-based thermoelectric generators.

Owing to their wide range of applications, limited availability, and high cost, the removal and recovery of REE have become an essential and attractive process. Among the divergent conventional method employed for removing and recovering REE from wastewater streams, adsorption, ascribed to its feasibility, low energy consumption, economic adaptability, and low cost, have received persistent attention. Among different biopolymers, chitosan, the second most abundant, emerged as a preferential adsorbent owing to its characteristics which include non-toxicity, biodegradability, antimicrobial, and excellent physiochemical properties, which imparts high adsorption capacity (∼85–100%), selectivity, excellent surface area, porosity volume, high chelating power, and high hydrophilicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the most recent literature on the adsorption of rare earth elements (REE) by chitosan. The documented findings are elucidated with respect to (1) the toxic effects of different REE, (2) the efficacy of chitosan in the elimination and retrieval of diverse REE, (3) the utilization of functionalized chitosan in adsorption processes, and (4) the methods for regenerating, reusing, and scaling up chitosan adsorbents in industrial applications.

The scientific community has displayed an increasing interest in the materials and strategies for the development of origami structures capable of undergoing 2D to 3D transitions owing to their potential to create materials possessing fundamentally new functionalities and characteristics. Thin film residual stresses, mechanically active materials, or forces that arise from capillarity have been used as a mechanism to undergo folding deformations in engineered structures inspired by origami and have found potential in multiple arenas. The self-assembling, shape memory, and reversible properties of these smart materials have aided in maintaining the desired structure, and the ability of the material to withstand change after exposure and regain its original shape, which, encouraged this emerging innovative approach to meet current needs. In this article, a primary attempt has been carried out to consolidate the origami revolution over the last decade in various emerging fields, as well as its future applications and challenges. The emphasis has been provided on the designing of origami structures that permit the operationalization of advanced macro to nano-scale materials in 3D functional structures that have expanded their reach to multiple fields such as spacecraft, robotics, lithium-ion batteries, and biomedical applications.

Nickel ions play a crucial role as an essential micronutrient in both human beings and plants. However, the introduction and application of nickel ions augmented with industrialization, outpacing the expertise to access these materials beyond the planetary boundaries, causing nickel toxicity. Thus, the adsorptive removal of Ni2+ is earning ubiquitous significance attributed to the undesirable consequences on the ecosystem. The conceptualization of fabricating a sustainable material system, exterminating the prevailing challenges, thereby truncating the impact on the environment, and eradicating nickel ions from effluents was always a matter of substantial concern. Herein, we have fabricated PLA nano-microfibers via electrospinning technology with various Ti3C2 loading – 0.5, 1, and 3 wt%, introducing more porosity to the system to understand the applicability of these fibrous systems for Ni2+ removal. Incorporating Ti3C2Tx into the PLA matrix helps to fabricate a water-stable system further by increasing the adsorption capacity of PLA to 37.92 mg/g with 0.5 wt% Ti3C2Tx addition. The addition of Ti3C2Tx to the PLA matrix system and the surface morphology of the fabricated nanofiber composite were validated using FT-IR and SEM analysis, respectively. The biodegradable nature of the system was also explored under naturally mimicked conditions using cow dung slurry, where the 0.5 wt% loaded system demonstrated 12 % degradation within 30 days within the slurry. The induced biodegradability of the electrospun fibers, 3–17 % within 33 days, introduces an ideal and easily retrievable system for Ni2+ removal, eradicating potential hazardous effects on the ecosystem.

Concerns about climatic changes and global temperature enhancements have sparked efforts worldwide to curb the magnitude of atmospheric carbon dioxide. A key tactic for achieving carbon dioxide emission mitigation goals is Carbon dioxide capturing and sequestration, which is critical for the seamless changeover from the prevailing fossil-based power systems to more eco-friendly future energy systems. Among the carbon dioxide capturing techniques, post-combustion capture is the most practical method for retrofitting existing power plants although it result with 3–15 vol.% concentrated carbon dioxide gas stream. Chemical looping combustion capturing receives much attention receives much attention owing to its non-pollution nature and the yielding of highly concentrated carbon dioxide stream, up to 100%. This review also explores a variety of sequestration strategies, including geological carbon dioxide sequestration with multiple geological carbon dioxide storage sinks, mineral carbonation sequestration, as well as marine sequestration. The carbon dioxide transportation and the storage facilities comprising pressure vessels, pipelines, and cryogenic storage tanks are also discussed briefly. The Enhanced gas recovery, Enhanced water recovery, and Enhanced oil recovery, which rely on geologically stored carbon dioxide are also taken into account in this analysis as a part of the commercial-economic application of carbon dioxide capturing and sequestration. Along with the risk considerations related to the sequestration processes, the efficient exploitation of the sequestered carbon dioxide is delineated as a road map leading to future prospects. Concerns have been raised that the widespread adoption of carbon dioxide capturing and sequestration will likely be affected by the general public perceptions due to unawareness, along with potential leakage risks and the enormous capturing cost, which should be puzzled out for the effective uptake of carbon dioxide capturing and sequestration strategies.

Abstract We previously found that QNBC tumors are more frequent in African Americans compared to TNBC tumors. To characterize this subtype further, we sought to determine the miRNA–mRNA profile in QNBC patients based on race. Both miRNA and mRNA expression data were analyzed from TCGA and validated using datasets from the METABRIC, TCGA proteomic, and survival analysis by KMPLOT. miRNA–mRNAs which include FOXA1 and MYC (mir-17/20a targets); GATA3 and CCNG2 (mir-135b targets); CDKN2A, CDK6, and B7-H3 (mir-29c targets); and RUNX3, KLF5, IL1-β, and CTNNB1 (mir-375 targets) were correlated with basal-like and immune subtypes in QNBC patients and associated with a worse survival. Thus, QNBC tumors have an altered gene signature implicated in racial disparity and poor survival.

In the present world, the depletion of the chief resources of energy, like fossil fuels, has prompted researchers all over the world to produce energy storage devices that dispense electronic properties superior to existing technology like rechargeable batteries. The morphology of electrodes of such devices has been a critical factor in establishing a ceiling on storage capacities, evoking within researchers a strong interest in nano materials for the reason that they possess remarkably high surface area, and ion and electron conduction properties. Carbon in this aspect is found to be a particular case, owing to its supreme conductivity values and excellent mechanical stability in various forms. In this review, an analysis of all modifications performed on carbon nanostructures to increase their storage capacity has been reported, with special emphasis on the gravimetric capacitance, cyclic stability, and densities (energy and power) of the subsequently formed supercapacitors (SCs). Towards the end, a discussion is initiated upon newer computational methods based on machine learning and artificial intelligence, for discovering novel 2D materials which could be potential candidates in compositing with carbon to reveal enhanced storage performance of SCs.

The removal of hazardous and life-threatening integrated effluents from contaminated water is a major trepidation, and the remediation process obtains reclaimed potable and sparkling water, where Geopolymer arose as the foremost effectual substance. Geopolymer-based materials are the representatives of a massive group of inorganic amorphous aluminosilicate materials with versatile industrial applications, and they have been recently developed as an ideal adsorbent owing to their chemical and physical stability as well as the skeletal network structure with the presence of terminally negative charged ions and porous nature along with the large surface area of ∼292.05m2g-1 with a removal efficiency of 98% for mesoporous geopolymer. Geopolymer, mainly derived from raw products like Metakaolin and Fly-ash, is frequently employed as adsorbents for removing toxic heavy metals, dyes, and radioactive nuclides. The current scientometric assessment aims to properly comprehend and evaluate the potential remediation of integrated effluents from wastewater thoroughly through various techniques such as adsorption, immobilization, and encapsulation using geopolymer-based materials. Advanced fabrication techniques like 3D Printing, spin-coating, and phase inversion, the detailed mechanism of adsorption, the introduction of various isotherms, and kinetic models, along with regeneration ability, have also been explained.

Anthropogenic CO2 emissions are indeed escalating as a consequence of the expanding global energy demand, emphasizing the significance of CO2 capture, where carbon capture and sequestration have been deemed to be the most efficacious approach for alleviating CO2 emissions. Multiple technologies have been devised to capture CO2, and current research is primarily aimed at improving CO2 adsorption on wood biochar, a carbonaceous substance derived from wood-based feedstock. Activation, metal doping, and surface group functionalization are some of the modification strategies being ultimately employed to enhance the adsorbent's effectiveness. The review also provides an insight into various Wood biochar production techniques moreover the adsorbent effectiveness assessment through a variety of isotherm and kinetic modeling techniques is also incorporated. This study summarizes different parameters like specific surface area (0.01- 1408.8 ​m2/g), pore volume (0.1-0.85 ​cm3/g), ash content (2.02-48.0%), and functional groups that stand as criteria for evaluating the adsorption ability of biochar. The CO2-adsorbed wood biochar employment as a sort of soil enhancer, feedstock material for biofuel, as well as the technique for warming up the building basement during frigid climates, is delineated as a roadmap leading to future aspects.

The Kaas lake is one of the unique sedimentary basins in the Northern region of the Western Ghats escarpment of India and preserves paleoclimate signals of the Holocene in its cover sequence over the lateritic basement. The signatures preserved in the lacustrine deposits, such as pollen, non-pollen palynomorphs, diatoms, and geochemistry of the sediments, were decoded and used to reconstruct the Holocene environmental changes of the Kaas Plateau in the Western Ghats. The main stages in the lake's evolution indicate the following: (1) low nutrient level and strongly changeable water levels in the early Holocene, (2) persistence of the oligotrophic state of the lake up to the last 2000 yr, and (3) strong cultural eutrophication of the lake in the recent period (c. 1000 years). The localized depression or a seasonal-lake favoured freshwater accumulation since 8.0 kyr BP and was probably dried sometimes after 2.0 kyr BP. A late Holocene peak of planktonic diatom and high organic recovery at the top level in the recent past (c. 1000 years) represents an event of eutrophication, possibly due to human impact. Being a seasonal lake, the plateau surface allowed clay accumulation with an extremely slow rate of 2.5 cm/10 kyr. Diatoms, pollen, and non-pollen palynomorphs together showed periodic fluctuations in lake hydrology, which was probably in response to climate-controlled vegetation on the Kaas Plateau. The diatom and sediment anomalies point to an ecological shift towards the mid–Holocene, supporting the hypothesis of increased Southwest Monsoons during the early Holocene around 8.0 kyr BP and the relative weakening of Northeast Monsoon after 2.5 kyr BP.

The freshwater rockpools support high endemic biodiversity but are poorly studied habitats in the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot. These freshwater rock pools are situated on outcrops at various elevations in the Western Ghats and are composed of different bedrocks such as laterite and basalt. We aimed to analyze the water quality, geographical position based differences in the water chemistry and the role of bedrock in determining the water chemistry of the rock pools. Our study showed a wide range of water quality variables such as pH, conductivity, and ionic contents that attributed to the natural variation. We observed a drastic variation in the anions and cations at low elevation pools. Rock type and precipitation are influencing the ionic concentration; for example, Calcium and Bromide could be attributed to the seasonal precipitation and geomorphology. This documentation of physicochemical properties of the Western Ghats rock pools can form a baseline for further detailed studies. HIGHLIGHTS The water quality across rock outcrops of Western Ghats is documented.; 80 different rockpools show high variation in the physicochemical composition.; Water quality of the rock outcrops is suitable for supporting aquatic life.; Rock type and precipitation influence the ionic concentration of water.;

A new naviculoid diatom genus, Gandhia gen. nov., was described based on a detailed morphological investigation using light and scanning electron microscopy. Gandhia obtecta (Jüttner and Cox) Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, Iurmanov, M.Thacker, B.Karthick and Kociolek comb. nov. was previously described as a member of the genus Navicula Bory sensu lato. This species differs from other species in the genus Navicula s.l. by the presence of an internal siliceous lamina covering the alveoli and forming the image of longitudinal lines on either side of the axial area, visible in LM. The presence of this siliceous lamina is similar to laminae in genera such as Pinnularia and Gomphoneis. This unusual morphology is not typical for Navicula sensu stricto, as previously noted by other scientists. Additional investigation of Gandhia obtecta comb. nov. and Gandhia ramosissimoides (H.P. Gandhi) Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, M.Thacker, B.Karthick and Kociolek comb. nov. from waterbodies of the Western Ghats and the Himalayan region was conducted. Comparison with other species with the same morphological features included two additional species in the genus, namely, Gandhia jakovljevicii (Hustedt) Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, M.Thacker, B.Karthick, and Kociolek comb. nov. and Gandhia lucida (Pantocsek) Kulikovskiy, Glushchenko, M.Thacker, B.Karthick and Kociolek comb. nov. We discuss the biogeographic patterns of the species, including disjuncts between Europe and Asia.

In the epoch of scarcity of environmentally friendly materials and global environmental change, sustainable materials stand out to meet the approach. Amongst abundant choices, Cellulose is found in enormous amounts in nature and is a green, inexhaustible asset. It is of expanding interest for a scope of utilizations pertinent to electronics devices because of its abundance in nature, high durability, structural strength, robustness, and flexibility. The initial component of biomass is cellulose and is highlighted in this review, following source of origins, including plants, bacteria, and algae. This review also emphasized various chemical, mechanical, and combined chemical and mechanical treatments to obtain various cellulose-based materials such as cellulosic nanofiber (CNF), nanofibril cellulose (NFC), and cellulosic nanocrystals (CNC), and regenerated cellulose film (RCF). Also, the areas of cellulose research such as green flexible electronics, wearable thermoelectric devices, electrode materials for flexible energy storage devices, high-performance bioelectronics devices, flexible electroluminescent devices, E-skin sensors, High performance green flexible electronics (Gallium arsenide-based HBTs, Silicon-based digital devices, submissive capacitor, and inductor) organic synaptic transistor, human motion sensors have been discussed at length.

As a substitute for conventional plastics in the market, bioplastics are winning their reputation. Pursuant to the researches carried out, in spite of being notably biodegradable in nature bioplastics have the similar qualities as conventional polymers. On the seeking for substitute for conventional plastics we found profusely existing, readily extractable algae as a superior source considering it does not rival with food roots for the bioplastic synthesis. This review covers the capacity of both microalgae and macroalgae in producing bioplastic considering polycarbohydrates present in the algae, such as cellulose, alginate, and carrageenan, have the ability to generate bioplastic. Consequently, the species employed as sources for bioplastic synthesis and various applications of algae-derived bioplastic were abbreviated.

Rechargeable energy storage devices (ESD) are becoming progressively momentous to our community, and conducting polymer (CPs) material is a core element of this device. With the rise in demand for high-powered, increased protection, economical, and environmental sustainability, substituting traditional redox-active material with conducting polymer is a favourable alternative for the rising generation of rechargeable ESD. This paper reviews polypyrrole and its modification as a bright cathode material for AZINs, SDIBs, LIBs, PIBs, and LISBs. Using the electrochemical polymerization, solvothermal technique, epitaxial polymerization, vapour polymerization, and oxidative polymerization, the Polypyrrole (PPy) composite can be fabricated to enhance its cyclability, current density, discharge capacity, low-temperature property and stop the loss of electrons in the electrolyte. The composite structure of PPy with a different class of material such as inorganic compound, metal sulfide, metal oxide, and alloys can be fabricated. Also, the other type of element is combined with PPy to improve their electrical and catalytic activity. This review highlights the PPy composite material in terms of cyclical performance, discharge capacity, and reversible capacity with different current densities. This review also highlights the forthcoming perspective of polypyrrole composite as up-and-coming cathode material for a higher-grade application.

The need of the hour is an economically viable energy storage system which proclaims the importance of MOF nanofibers. MOFs represents crystalline porous materials that are proficient in energy storage and conversion but on account of scarcity on interconnectivity between the porous structure and easy agglomeration, the electron transfer would be hampered so the electrospinning technique can be introduced. In electrospinning nanofibers are drawn at high voltage from viscoelastic fluid, which can be integrated with MOFs to resolve the incompatibility issues between them and to form MOF/polymer composite which have the peculiarities of both such as active sites, surface area, and flexibility that boost electrical conductivity. Nanofibers coordinated with MOFs for energy storage and conversion are not much reviewed, since it's a new insight. Convenient electrode material and electrocatalyst are requisite for energy storage and conversion which can be accomplished by electrospun MOF-based nanofibers. Firstly, we discuss the different methods to fabricate MOFs with electrospinning. Calcination of it can direct the generation of carbon-derived products, which improves the interconnectivity and electrical conductivity that enhances the electrode performance. In subsequent sections, the hydrothermal reaction which leads to the unification of metals or metal oxides with MOFs that stipulates more functionalities, and then-recent advancements in energy-storing devices like SCs, LIBs, SIBs, and fuel cells are also conversed. Lastly, some unfolded areas in this field are pointed out which could head the future research.

In recent years, magnesium (Mg) has evolved as a salient material, in affiliation with electroless nickel (Ni) coating, which have found applications in automobiles, aerospace and confederate fields attributing to its excellent inherent weight sensitive properties. However, being acknowledged for its remarkable auxiliary properties like flexible machining, appreciable weight sensitivity and ability to be patently die-cast into mesh constructs, magnesium is prejudiced by aeronautical standards predominantly for its inferior corrosion resistance properties. In this sense, electroless nickel plating on magnesium and its alloys has been suggested to extricate it from corrosion problem and make it more competitive in industrial and defence applications. Autocatalytic fixation of metal ions onto respective substrates accrues and alters their mechanical, electrochemical and tribological properties, destitute of any electric current aid. This proficiently identified technique is prosecuted with the assistance of a series of sequenced operations involving a prior pretreatment, which corresponds to the chemical cleaning of the substrate surface; electroless coating; and a later activation process which is a mild etching of the electroless coated surface. The susceptibility of magnesium to this methodology has advanced and propagated its exercise and applicability in aircraft, satellites and allied aeronautical fields. Contemporarily, researchers have proposed various eco-friendly and modified duplex and composite coatings which have transmuted properties of these appendages by tailoring alloy compositions and reagents employed. This review article systematically colligates various considerations and evaluations on electroless nickel applications of magnesium and its alloys and explicates how it anchors its practice in the respective domains. Furthermore, a comprehensive analysis is devised based on the pre-existing treatment methods for accomplishing the same. Keywords: Electroless nickel plating, Magnesium, Magnesium alloys, Corrosion-resistance, Micro arc oxidation (MAO)

Background and aims – We examine the possibility of the independent evolution of the same features multiple times across the pennate diatom tree of life.Methods and key results – Features we have studied include symmetry, raphe number and amphoroid symmetry. Phylogenetic analysis, with both morphological and molecular data suggest in each of these cases that the features evolved from 5 to 6 times independently. We also look at the possibility of certain features having evolved once and diagnosing large genera of diatoms, suggestive of an adaptive radiation in genera such as Mastogloia, Diploneis and Stauroneis.Conclusion – Formal phylogenetic analyses and recognition of monophyletic groups allow for the recognition of homoplasious or homologous features.

In a quest of search for a new burning rate modifier for composite propellant, strontium titanate (SrTiO3), a perovskite oxide has been chosen for evaluation in a composite propellant formulation based on its other catalytic applications. Initially, SrTiO3 was characterized for particle size, morphology and material/phase identification (using XRD). By varying SrTiO3 content in a standard composite propellant, different compositions were prepared and their performance and processing parameters like the end of mix (EOM) viscosity, mechanical properties, density, burning rate, pressure exponent (n-value), etc. were measured. The results reveal that 2% SrTiO3 causes more than 12% enhancement in propellant burning rate (at 70 ksc pressure) in comparison to the standard propellant composition. The pressure exponent also increases to 0.46, whereas the standard composition was having its value as 0.35. Keywords: Strontium titanate, Ammonium perchlorate, Composite propellant, Burning rate

Foamed materials are honeycomb-shaped structures bearing porous networks which exhibit considerable compressive strengths, and excellent efficiency for oil-water separation. The presence of spilled oils and solvents in wastewater intensifies with accumulation over the time later creating toxicity to the environment. The ever growing industrial demands precede contamination of water sources which later make it difficult in its eradication. The scientific community has spearheaded the research towards materials exhibiting high oil/-solvent absorption capacity, compression strength, and recycling ability for the effective removal of accumulated spilt oils and solvents from wastewater. Recently, foamed materials have gained wide focus for oil/-solvent recovery due to high absorption capacity rendered by 3D porous structure present in the foams. Carbon-based lightweight (density = 0.2–0.8 g/cm3) foam exhibiting compressive strength of 20 MPa, porosity of 93%, and hydrophobicity (water contact angle = 149o), has been reported for oil-water separation application. In this sense, present review provides an in-depth study on various foams capable of removing the spilt oil/solvents from wastewater and their mechanism, toxic effects on the environment, and the factors affecting oil/solvent absorption performance of the foams, for the effective oil/solvent recovery.

The present research work reports the fabrication and evaluation of the mechanical properties of hybrid aluminium matrix composites (HAMC). Aluminium 7075 (Al7075) alloy was reinforced with particles of boron carbide (B4C) and coconut shell fl y ash (CSFA). Al7075 matrix composites were fabricated by stir casting method. The samples of Al7075 HAMC were fabricated with different weight percentages of (0, 3, 6, 9 and 12wt.%) B4C and 3wt.% of CSFA. The mechanical properties discussed in this work are hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength. Hardness of the composites increased 33% by reinforcements of 12wt.% B4C and 3wt.% CSFA in aluminium 7075 alloy. The tensile strength of the composites increased 66% by the addition of 9wt.% B4C and 3wt.% CSFA in aluminium 7075 alloy. Further addition of reinforcements decreased the tensile strength of the composites. Elongation of the composites decreased while increasing B4C and CSFA reinforcements in the matrix. The impact energy of the composites increased up to 2.3 J with 9wt.% B4C and 3wt.% CSFA addition in aluminium alloy. Further addition of reinforcement decreased the impact strength of the composites. The optical micrographs disclosed the homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles (B4C and CSFA) in Al7075 matrix. The homogeneously distributed B4C and CSFA particles added as reinforcement in the Al7075 alloy contributed to the improvement of hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength of the composites.

Background: Interventional radiology (IR) has played an important role in the technical evolution of gastrostomy, from the first surgical, endoscopical to percutaneous interventional procedures. Aim: This study is done to assess the technical feasibility and outcome of IR-guided percutaneous gastrostomy for patients requiring nutritional support for neuromuscular disorders or head and neck malignancies, as well as to describe simplified and newer technique for pull-type gastrostomy. Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study including 29 patients who underwent IR-guided percutaneous gastrostomy over a period of 8 years in a tertiary-level institution. Either pull or push-type gastrostomy was performed in these patients as decided by the interventional radiologist. The procedures were assessed by analyzing the indications, technical aspects, and complications. Statistical Analysis: Descriptive summary statistics and frequencies were used to assess the techniques and related complications. Results: The sample consists of 27 patients (93%) with pull technique and 2 patients (7%) with push technique. The technical success rate was 100%. Most of the complications were minor 24% (7/29), including superficial skin infections around the tube site, self-resolving pneumoperitoneum, tube-related complications such as block, leakage, deformation, and dislodgement. Three patients (10.3%) had major complications. One patient (3.4%) developed massive pneumoperitoneum and mild peritonitis due to technical failure in the first attempt and needed re-puncture for successful placement, and other two patients (6.9%) developed peristromal focal abscess. One patient died on the third postoperative day due to type II respiratory failure. Conclusion: IR-guided percutaneous gastrostomy is a safe and effective procedure in selected patients.

Myristica swamps are one of the rarest wetland ecosystems within the sub-tropical evergreen forests of the Western Ghats, India. As their name indicates, they harbor trees belonging to the ancient family Myristicaceae. Due to the waterlogged conditions and high humic decomposition, these swamps are acidic, harbor rare and endemic biotas, and provide ecosystem services to humans. Monitoring this rare ecosystem is crucial because the swamps that once formed a large hydrological network across the Western Ghats are now confined to isolated patches due to human disturbance such as agricultural interventions, roads, and dam construction. Due to the change in land use, there is also a drastic change in water chemistry and associated biodiversity. Biomonitoring is more precise than physical and chemical monitoring. So, the current study aimed to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the physical, chemical, and biological assessment of these swamps. The diatom assemblages are strongly affected by water chemistry and serve as a powerful indicator of environmental changes in the freshwater aquatic systems. However, there is no information on diatom assemblages in these swamps, and the present study aimed to determine the diatom assemblage structure in the Myristica swamps and their response to changing water quality. Diatom samples were taken at 17 different swamps across the central Western Ghats, and a set of environmental parameters was evaluated. Analysis revealed a total of 91 species of diatoms belonging to 27 genera across the 17 sites, from which 44 diatom species showed restricted distribution to this unique environment. Overall, the dominant diatom genera inside the swamps included, Navicula (19.8%), Gomphonema (16%), Eunotia (13.3%), Ulnaria (9.4%), Achnanthidium (8%), Frustulia (6.2%), Planothidium (5.2%), and Brachysira (2.8%). High diatom species richness was observed in the swamps having less anthropogenic disturbance, and diatom assemblage composition was primarily determined by dissolved oxygen, pH, and conductivity. The significant number of geographically restricted taxa in this study points towards our limited understanding of this tropical biome and calls for a dire need for more studies from here, not only to improve our knowledge concerning the diversity, ecology, and biogeography of these diatoms but to further encourage their use in applied (paleo) environmental sciences. Our results indicate that diatoms can prove useful environmental indicators even in harsh environments like swamps and can be a potential tool for assessing ecological and climatic change.

Abstract The inorganic and organic nanocomposites have enticed wide interest in the field of polymer-based composite systems to augment their physiochemical properties like mechanical strength and electrical conductivity. Achieving interfacial interaction between inorganic filler and polymer matrix is a recurring challenge, which has significant implications for mechanical properties of nanocomposites. In this context, the effect of “interfacial zone” on structural and thermal attributes of the melt blended pristine polycarbonate and polycarbonate (PC) decorated fumed silica nanocomposite have been examined from ambient temperature to the glass transition temperature. Thermomechanical characterization and in-situ temperature assisted small angle X-ray scattering technique (SAXS) were used for contemplating quantitative and qualitative molecular dynamics of developed nanocomposites. Though, the FT-IR spectra have demonstrated some extent of interaction between inorganic and organic groups of composite, the reduced glass transition temperature and storage modulus was ascertained in DMA as well as in DSC, which has been further confirmed by in-situ temperature assisted SAXS. It is envisioned that the utilization of in-situ SAXS in addition to the thermomechanical analysis will render the qualitative and quantitative details about the interfacial zone and its effect on thermal and mechanical properties of nanocomposite at varying temperature conditions.

An eight-year-old girl child reported to the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology with the chief complaint of unerupted permanent teeth for past two years. The child presented features like disproportionately short stature, rhizomelic shortening of arms and legs, long face, frontal bossing and saddle nose. Based on the findings of chest and spine radiographs and ultrasound the case was diagnosed as a rare bone disorder “Achondroplasia”. This case also presents a unique feature of polydactyly. Polydactyly is a manifestation in clinical medicine because it can serve as an indicator for a plethora of congenital anamolies. This case gained dental interest because of its characteristic craniofacial features. This article highlights the peculiar manifestations of this anamoly.

Mechanical ventilation is a resource intensive organ support treatment, and historical studies from low-resource settings had reported a high mortality. We aimed to study the outcomes in patients receiving mechanical ventilation in a contemporary low-resource setting.We prospectively studied the characteristics and outcomes (disease-related, mechanical ventilation-related, and process of care-related) in 237 adults mechanically ventilated for a medical illness at a teaching hospital in southern India during February 2011 to August 2012. Vital status of patients discharged from hospital was ascertained on Day 90 or later.Mean age of the patients was 40 ± 17 years; 140 (51%) were men. Poisoning and envenomation accounted for 98 (41%) of 237 admissions. In total, 87 (37%) patients died in-hospital; 16 (7%) died after discharge; 115 (49%) were alive at 90-day assessment; and 19 (8%) were lost to follow-up. Weaning was attempted in 171 (72%) patients; most patients (78 of 99 [79%]) failing the first attempt could be weaned off. Prolonged mechanical ventilation was required in 20 (8%) patients. Adherence to head-end elevation and deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis were 164 (69%) and 147 (62%) respectively. Risk of nosocomial infections particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia was high (57.2 per 1,000 ventilator-days). Higher APACHE II score quartiles (adjusted HR [95% CI] quartile 2, 2.65 [1.19-5.89]; quartile 3, 2.98 [1.24-7.15]; quartile 4, 5.78 [2.45-13.60]), and new-onset organ failure (2.98 [1.94-4.56]) were independently associated with the risk of death. Patients with poisoning had higher risk of reintubation (43% vs. 20%; P = 0.001) and ventilator-associated pneumonia (75% vs. 53%; P = 0.001). But, their mortality was significantly lower compared to the rest (24% vs. 44%; P = 0.002).The case-mix considerably differs from other settings. Mortality in this low-resource setting is similar to high-resource settings. But, further improvements in care processes and prevention of nosocomial infections are required.