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3. Chapter Nature-Inspired Nanotechnology and Smart Magnetic Activation: Two Groundbreaking Approaches Toward a New Generation of Biomaterials for Hard Tissue Regeneration

Author

Sprio, Simone, Sandri, Monica, Iafisco, Michele, Panseri, Silvia, Montesi, Monica, Ruffini, Andrea, Adamiano, Alessio, Ballardini, Alberto, and Tampieri, Anna

Subjects
diatomite, porous material, nanovector, bioconjugation, drug delivery, bic Book Industry Communication::P Mathematics & science::PS Biology, life sciences::PST Botany & plant sciences::PSTV Phycology, algae & lichens
Abstract

Diatomite is a natural porous silica material of sedimentary origin, formed by remains of diatom skeletons called “frustules.” The abundance in many areas of the world and the peculiar physico-chemical properties made diatomite an intriguing material for several applications ranging from food production to pharmaceutics. However, diatomite is a material still rarely used in biomedical applications. In this chapter, the properties of diatom frustules reduced to nanoparticles, with an average diameter less than 350 nm, as potential drug vectors are described. Their biocompatibility, cellular uptake, and capability to transport molecules inside cancer cells are discussed. Preliminary studies of in vivo toxicity are also presented.

Published
2016
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7. Development of novel multi-substituted apatite nanophases with advanced functionalities for bone regeneration

Author

Ballardini, Alberto and Falini, Giuseppe

Subjects
CHIM/03 Chimica generale e inorganica
Abstract

In the field of bone substitutes is highly researched an innovative material able to fill gaps with high mechanical performances and able to stimulate cell response, permitting the complete restoration of the bone portion. In this respect, the synthesis of new bioactive materials able to mimic the compositional, morphological and mechanical features of bone is considered as the elective approach for effective tissue regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main component of the inorganic part of bone. Additionally ionic substitution can be performed in the apatite lattice producing different effects, depending from the selected ions. Magnesium, in substitution of calcium, and carbonate, in substitution of phosphate, extensively present in the biological bones, are able to improve properties naturally present in the apatitic phase, (i.e. biomimicry, solubility e osteoinductive properties). Other ions can be used to give new useful properties, like antiresorptive or antimicrobial properties, to the apatitic phase. This thesis focused on the development of hydroxyapatite nanophases with multiple ionic substitutions including gallium, or zinc ions, in association with magnesium and carbonate, with the purpose to provide double synergistic functionality as osteogenic and antibacterial biomaterial. Were developed bioactive materials based on Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite in the form of sintered targets. The obtained targets were treated with Pulsed Plasma Deposition (PED) resulting in the deposition of thin film coatings able to improve the roughness and wettability of PEEK, enhancing its osteointegrability. Were investigated heterogeneous gas-solid reactions, addressed to the biomorphic transformations of natural 3D porous structures into bone scaffolds with biomimetic composition and hierarchical organization, for application in load-bearing sites. The kinetics of the different reactions of the process were optimized to achieve complete and controlled phase transformation, maintaining the original 3-D morphology. Massive porous scaffolds made of ion-substituted hydroxyapatite and bone-mimicking structure were developed and tested in 3-D cell culture models.

Published
2017

8. Strontium doped calcium phosphate coatings on poly(etheretherketone) (PEEK) by pulsed electron deposition

Author

Bianchi, M., Esposti, Lorenzo Degli, Ballardini, Alberto, Liscio, Fabiola, Berni, Matteo, Gambardella, Alessandro, Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G., Tampieri, A., Iafisco, M., Bianchi, M., Esposti, Lorenzo Degli, Ballardini, Alberto, Liscio, Fabiola, Berni, Matteo, Gambardella, Alessandro, Leeuwenburgh, S.C.G., Tampieri, A., and Iafisco, M.

Abstract

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Published
2017

9. Development of novel multi-substituted apatite nanophases with advanced functionalities for bone regeneration

Author

Falini, Giuseppe, Ballardini, Alberto <1989>, Falini, Giuseppe, and Ballardini, Alberto <1989>

Abstract

In the field of bone substitutes is highly researched an innovative material able to fill gaps with high mechanical performances and able to stimulate cell response, permitting the complete restoration of the bone portion. In this respect, the synthesis of new bioactive materials able to mimic the compositional, morphological and mechanical features of bone is considered as the elective approach for effective tissue regeneration. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main component of the inorganic part of bone. Additionally ionic substitution can be performed in the apatite lattice producing different effects, depending from the selected ions. Magnesium, in substitution of calcium, and carbonate, in substitution of phosphate, extensively present in the biological bones, are able to improve properties naturally present in the apatitic phase, (i.e. biomimicry, solubility e osteoinductive properties). Other ions can be used to give new useful properties, like antiresorptive or antimicrobial properties, to the apatitic phase. This thesis focused on the development of hydroxyapatite nanophases with multiple ionic substitutions including gallium, or zinc ions, in association with magnesium and carbonate, with the purpose to provide double synergistic functionality as osteogenic and antibacterial biomaterial. Were developed bioactive materials based on Sr-substituted hydroxyapatite in the form of sintered targets. The obtained targets were treated with Pulsed Plasma Deposition (PED) resulting in the deposition of thin film coatings able to improve the roughness and wettability of PEEK, enhancing its osteointegrability. Were investigated heterogeneous gas-solid reactions, addressed to the biomorphic transformations of natural 3D porous structures into bone scaffolds with biomimetic composition and hierarchical organization, for application in load-bearing sites. The kinetics of the different reactions of the process were optimized to achieve complete and controlled phase transformati

Published
2017

11. Heterogeneous chemistry in the 3-D state: an original approach to generate bioactive, mechanically-competent bone scaffolds

Author

Tampieri, Anna, Ruffini, Andrea, Ballardini, Alberto, Montesi, Monica, Panseri, Silvia, Salamanna, Francesca, Fini, Milena, and Sprio, Simone

Abstract

The present work investigates heterogeneous gas–solid reactions involved in the biomorphic transformation of natural wood into large 3-D hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds recapitulating physico-chemical, morphological and mechanical features typical of natural bone. In particular, we found that the use of a reactive CO2/H2O gas mixture, under supercritical conditions at high pressure, permits to control heterogeneous CaO-CO2reactions throughout the whole bulk and to direct the nucleation-growth of CaCO3at a relatively low temperature, thus obtaining a highly reactive 3-D precursor enabling the formation of a large biomorphic HA scaffold preserving fine nanostructure by a hydrothermal process. To the best of our knowledge, the application of heterogeneous chemical reactions in the 3-D state is an original way to generate large HA scaffolds maintaining bio-relevant ionic substitutions, with specific regard to Mg2+, Sr2+and CO32−ions, conferring a superior ability to guide cell fate. We hypothesize that the original nanostructure of the final 3-D HA scaffold, not achievable by the classic sintering procedure, and the multi-scale hierarchical organization inherited by the original template, account for its high compression strength with damage-tolerant mechanical behaviour. The ability of the new scaffold to induce bone regeneration is attested by the overexpression of genes, early and late markers of the osteogenic differentiation pathway, and by the in vivoosteoinductivity. We hypothesize that the unique association of bioactive chemical composition, nanostructure and multi-scale hierarchy can synergistically act as instructing signals for cells to generate new bone tissue with organized 3-D architecture. These results point to its great applicative potential for the regeneration of large bone defects, which is a still unmet clinical need.

Published
2018
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