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Global mean sea level has experienced an unabated rise over the 20th century. This observed rise is due to both ocean warming and increasing continental freshwater discharge. We estimate the net ocean mass contribution to sea level by assessing the global ocean salt budget based on the unprecedented amount of in situ data over 2005-2015. We obtain the ocean mass trends of 1.30 ± 1.13 mm · yr-1 (0-2000 m) and 1.55 ± 1.20 mm · yr-1 (full depth). These new ocean mass trends are smaller by 0.63-0.88 mm · yr-1 compared to the ocean mass trend estimated through the sea level budget approach. Our result provides an independent validation of Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE)-based ocean mass trend and, in addition, places an independent constraint on the combined Glacial Isostatic Adjustment - the Earth's delayed viscoelastic response to the redistribution of mass that accompanied the last deglaciation- and geocenter variations needed to directly infer the ocean mass trend based on GRACE data.

As changes in gravity are directly related to mass variability, satellite missions observing the Earth’s time varying gravity field are a unique tool for observing mass transport processes in the Earth system, such as the water cycle, rapid changes in the cryosphere, oceans, and solid Earth processes, on a global scale. The observation of Earth’s gravity field was successfully performed by the GRACE and GOCE satellite missions, and will be continued by the GRACE Follow-On mission. A comprehensive team of European scientists proposed the next-generation gravity field mission MOBILE in response to the European Space Agency (ESA) call for a Core Mission in the frame of Earth Explorer 10 (EE10). MOBILE is based on the innovative observational concept of a high-low tracking formation with micrometer ranging accuracy, complemented by new instrument concepts. Since a high-low tracking mission primarily observes the radial component of gravity-induced orbit perturbations, the error structure is close to isotropic. This geometry significantly reduces artefacts of previous along-track ranging low-low formations (GRACE, GRACE-Follow-On) such as the typical striping patterns. The minimum configuration consists of at least two medium-Earth orbiters (MEOs) at 10000 km altitude or higher, and one low-Earth orbiter (LEO) at 350-400 km. The main instrument is a laser-based distance or distance change measurement system, which is placed at the LEO. The MEOs are equipped either with passive reflectors or transponders. In a numerical closed-loop simulation, it was demonstrated that this minimum configuration is in agreement with the threshold science requirements of 5 mm equivalent water height (EWH) accuracy at 400 km wavelength, and 10 cm EWH at 200 km. MOBILE provides promising potential future perspectives by linking the concept to existing space infrastructure such as Galileo next-generation, as future element of the Copernicus/Sentinel programme, and holds the potential of miniaturization even up to swarm configurations. As such MOBILE can be considered as a precursor and role model for a sustained mass transport observing system from space.

Freshwater (FW) fluxes from river runoff and precipitation minus evaporation for the pan Arctic seas are relatively well documented and prescribed in ocean GCMs. Fluxes from Greenland on the other hand are generally ignored altogether, despite their potential impacts on ocean circulation and marine biology. Here, we present a reconstruction of the spatially distributed FW flux from Greenland for 1958-2010. We find a modest increase into the Arctic Ocean during this period. Fluxes into the Irminger Basin, however, have increased by fifty percent (6.30.5km3yr-2) in less than twenty years. This greatly exceeds previous estimates. For the ice sheet as a whole the rate of increase since 1992 is 16.91.8km3yr-2. The cumulative FW anomaly since 1995 is 3200358km3, which is about a third of the magnitude of the Great Salinity Anomaly (GSA) of the 1970s. If this trend continues into the future, the anomaly will exceed that of the GSA by about 2025. © 2012. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved.

Until quite recently, the mass balance (MB) of the great ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica was poorly known and often treated as a residual in the budget of oceanic mass and sea level change. Recent developments in regional climate modelling and remote sensing, especially altimetry, gravimetry and InSAR feature tracking, have enabled us to specifically resolve the ice sheet mass balance components at a near-annual timescale. The results reveal significant mass losses for both ice sheets, caused by the acceleration of marine-terminating glaciers in southeast, west and northwest Greenland and coastal West Antarctica, and increased run-off in Greenland. At the same time, the data show that interannual variability is very significant, masking the underlying trends. © 2011 The Author(s).

We present a comparison of surface velocities in 1996, derived from interferometric synthetic aperture radar, with an estimate of the long-term, depth-averaged velocity based on the assumption of steady-state flow for both Pine Island Glacier and its neighbour, Thwaites Glacier, West Antarctica. The results show that the former was close to balance conditions in 1996 (within 9%). The ice flux and velocity of the latter is significantly different in magnitude and distribution from that required to maintain the basin in a state of mass balance over the long term. The balance flux was found to be 32 ± 19% less than the measured outgoing flux. We conclude that the mass imbalance and dramatic difference in the pattern of flow is most likely due to a substantial change in the flow regime of Thwaites Glacier in the recent past.

O'Carroll et al. report that the worst ObsQoR-10, EQ-5D-5L and global health scores at 24 h were for those women who had a caesarean birth, and the best scores were for women who had vaginal births. Allowing for sample size differences, the hospital readmission rate of 5.4% for caesarean births and 4.9% for vaginal births is similar to that reported by the National Maternal and Perinatal Audit [[9]]. Keywords: anaesthetists; patient-reported outcome measures; postpartum period; pregnancy EN anaesthetists patient-reported outcome measures postpartum period pregnancy 1058 1061 4 08/07/23 20230901 NES 230901 " I A Cinderella service with scanty and inadequate provision of care i " is how the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has described current postnatal care in the UK, where funding for postnatal care represents only 8.5% of the total maternity care budget [[1]]. At 3 months postnatally, persistent scar pain after caesarean birth is reported by 7-31% women whilst postnatal perineal pain is reported by 22-56% of women after vaginal birth [[14]]. [Extracted from the article]