112 results on '"Band PR"'
Search Results
2. Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia: a population-based case-control study of 769 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma analyzed by histopathology subtypes.
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Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, and Gallagher R
- Abstract
We have, as part of a program aimed at detecting occupational risk factors in British Columbia, collected lifetime occupational histories as well as information on lifetime cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption from 15,643 incident cancer cases, of whom 782 had a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). Occupational risks for this cancer site are examined using a matched case-control study design, and the results are presented in this report for all cases and for histopathology subtypes. The results of our study indicate excess NHL risk, particularly for a number of occupations that involve exposures to electromagnetic fields, treated and fresh wood, metals, and solvents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2004
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3. Carcinogenic and endocrine disrupting effects of cigarette smoke and risk of breast cancer.
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Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, and Deschamps M
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- 2002
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4. Cohort cancer incidence among pulp and paper mill workers in British Columbia
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Band, PR, Le, ND, Fang, R, Astrakianakis, G, Bert, J, Keefe, A, and Krewski, D
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- 2001
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5. Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia. A population-based case-control study of 995 incident breast cancer cases by menopausal status, controlling for confounding factors.
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Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Deschamps M, Gallagher RP, and Yang P
- Abstract
Lifetime occupational histories as well as information on known and suspected breast cancer risk factors were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire from 1018 women with incident breast cancer ascertained from the British Columbia Cancer Registry, and from 1020 population controls. A matched case-control study design was used. Conditional logistic regression for matched sets data and the likelihood ratio were used in a two-step procedure and were performed separately for pre-menopausal women, post-menopausal women, and for all cases combined. Excess risk was noted for several white-collar occupations. Significantly increased risk was observed: (1) among pre-menopausal women: in electronic data-processing operators; barbers and hairdressers; in sales and material processing occupations; and in the food, clothing, chemical and transportation industries; (2) among post-menopausal women: in schoolteaching; in medicine, health, and nursing occupations; in laundry and dry-cleaning occupations; and in the aircraft and automotive, including gasoline service station, industries. Several significant associations were also seen in the combined group of pre- and post-menopausal women, particularly in crop farmers and in the fruit and vegetable, publishing and printing, and motor vehicle repair industries. The results of this study suggest excess breast cancer risk in a number of occupations and industries, notably those that entail exposure to solvents and pesticides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2000
6. History of lactation and breast cancer risk.
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Yang CP, Weiss NS, Band PR, Gallagher RP, White E, and Daling JR
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- 1993
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7. Xanthine Nephropathy in a Patient with Lymphosarcoma Treated with Allopurinol
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Henderson Jf, Little As, Band Pr, Banerjee Tk, Ulan Ra, Wensel Rh, and Silverberg Ds
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Adult ,Male ,musculoskeletal diseases ,Xanthine Oxidase ,congenital, hereditary, and neonatal diseases and abnormalities ,Allopurinol ,Pharmacology ,Nephropathy ,Kidney Calculi ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,medicine ,Rasburicase ,Humans ,Kidney Pelvis ,heterocyclic compounds ,Cyclophosphamide ,integumentary system ,business.industry ,Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin ,nutritional and metabolic diseases ,General Medicine ,medicine.disease ,Xanthine ,Uric Acid ,chemistry ,Biochemistry ,Vincristine ,Xanthines ,Prednisone ,Autopsy ,business ,medicine.drug - Abstract
ALLOPURINOL is an agent of proved value for the treatment of hyperuricemic and hyperuricosuric states.1 , 2 Both allopurinol and its principal metabolic product, oxypurinol, inhibit the enzyme xant...
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- 1970
8. Breast Cancer Risk and Chemoprevention
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A. J. Coldman, M. Deschamps, and Band Pr
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Oncology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Breast cancer ,Intervention measures ,business.industry ,Clinical evidence ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Carcinoma ,Cancer development ,business ,medicine.disease ,Tumor formation - Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the potential role of retinoids in breast cancer chemoprevention. Chemoprevention may be defined as the use of natural substances and their synthetic analogs or of other chemicals to reduce the likelihood of cancer development. For epithelial cancers, which account for the majority of human malignancies, chemoprevention consists of intervention measures taken during the development of the neoplastic process up to the stage of in situ carcinoma. Excellent reviews [8, 32, 50] have discussed this topic since the concept and the term were introduced a decade ago [73]. However, the question of dose of chemopreventive agents in relation to the stages of tumor formation has not been adequately addressed. This issue will be specifically considered from a clinical perspective based on an overview of experimental, epidemiologic, and clinical evidence.
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- 1989
9. Lung Cancer Screening Programs in Canadian Uranium Mines
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M. Feldstein, Band Pr, L. Watson, G. Saccomanno, and G. King
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Lung ,business.industry ,chemistry.chemical_element ,respiratory system ,Uranium ,medicine.disease ,Small-cell carcinoma ,respiratory tract diseases ,Radon Daughters ,Uranium mine ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Cigarette smoking ,chemistry ,Environmental health ,medicine ,Lung cancer ,business ,Nuclear medicine ,Lung cancer screening - Abstract
The increased incidence of lung cancerfirst observed among uranium miners in Europe [5], has been confirmed by epidemiologic studies in the uranium mines of the Colorado Plateau [1, 14]. This excess in lung cancer is attributed to the irradiation of the tracheobronchial epithelium by alpha particles emitted during the radioactive decay of radon gas into its short-lived radon daughters [6]. The relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer is well documented [15], and evidence that cigarette smoking by uranium miners is a factor in the development of lung cancer has been reported [2].
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- 1982
10. Prostate cancer risk and exposure to pesticides in British Columbia farmers.
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Band PR, Abanto Z, Bert J, Lang B, Fang R, Gallagher RP, and Le ND
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- Aged, Agricultural Workers' Diseases epidemiology, Agriculture, British Columbia epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, DDT poisoning, Hexachlorocyclohexane poisoning, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Prostatic Neoplasms epidemiology, Retrospective Studies, Risk Assessment methods, Simazine poisoning, Surveys and Questionnaires, Agricultural Workers' Diseases chemically induced, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Pesticides poisoning, Prostatic Neoplasms chemically induced
- Abstract
Background: Several epidemiologic studies have reported an increased risk of prostate cancer among farmers. Our aim was to assess the risk of developing prostate cancer in relation to exposure to specific active compounds in pesticides., Method: A case-control approach was used with 1,516 prostate cancer patients and 4,994 age-matched internal controls consisting of all other cancer sites excluding lung cancer and cancers of unknown primary site. Lifetime occupational history was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire and used in conjunction with a job exposure matrix to estimate the participants' lifetime cumulative exposure to approximately 180 active compounds in pesticides. Conditional logistic regression was used to assess prostate cancer risk, adjusting for potential confounding variables and effect modifiers. These include age, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, smoking, education, and proxy respondent., Results and Conclusions: The significant association between prostate cancer risk and exposure to DDT (OR = 1.68; 95% CI: 1.04-2.70 for high exposure), simazine (OR = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.08-3.33 for high exposure), and lindane (OR = 2.02; 95% CI: 1.15-3.55 for high exposure) is in keeping with those previously reported in the literature. We also observed a significant excess risk for several active ingredients that have not been previously reported in the literature such as dichlone, dinoseb amine, malathion, endosulfan, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, and carbaryl. Some findings in our study were not consistent with those reported in the literature, including captan, dicamba, and diazinon. It is possible that these findings showed a real association and the inconsistencies reflected differences of characteristics between study populations., (Copyright © 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)
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- 2011
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11. The birth of the subspecialty of medical oncology and examples of its early scientific foundations.
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Band PR
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- Animals, Antineoplastic Protocols, Disease Models, Animal, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, United States, Medical Oncology history
- Abstract
"Passion is not accepting defeat."--Emil Frei III. In the early 1950s, an experimental and clinical program characterized by unique cross-fertilization was developed. The clinical importance of experimental animal models in drug screening and in establishing key chemotherapy concepts and the role of the pioneers of medical oncology in the design of the various phases of drug trials, using childhood acute leukemia and breast cancer as models, are discussed. Over a short time and with only a few drugs, principles of chemotherapy were laid out, which led to cures in such diseases as childhood acute leukemia and Hodgkin's disease and to improved disease-free survival in breast cancer. It is these and other achievements that paved the way to medical oncology. At the instigation of the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO), the American Board of Internal Medicine made inquiries about a subspecialty in oncology. ASCO and B. J. Kennedy, MD, played key roles in the events leading to the official recognition of medical oncology as a new subspecialty of internal medicine in 1972.
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- 2010
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12. Identification of occupational cancer risk in British Columbia: a population-based case-control study of 2,998 lung cancers by histopathological subtype.
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MacArthur AC, Le ND, Fang R, and Band PR
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- Adenocarcinoma epidemiology, Adenocarcinoma pathology, Aged, Alcohol Drinking epidemiology, British Columbia epidemiology, Carcinoma, Large Cell epidemiology, Carcinoma, Large Cell pathology, Carcinoma, Small Cell epidemiology, Carcinoma, Small Cell pathology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell epidemiology, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell pathology, Case-Control Studies, Comorbidity, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Risk Assessment, Smoking epidemiology, Lung Neoplasms epidemiology, Lung Neoplasms pathology, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Occupational Diseases pathology, Occupations classification
- Abstract
Background: Few studies have investigated occupational lung cancer risk in relation to specific histopathological subtypes., Methods: A case-control study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between lung cancer and occupation/industry of employment by histopathological subtype. A total of 2,998 male cases and 10,223 cancer controls, diagnosed between 1983 and 1990, were identified through the British Columbia Cancer Registry. Matched on age and year of diagnosis, conditional logistic regression analyses were performed for two different estimates of exposure with adjustment for potentially important confounding variables, including tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, marital status, educational attainment, and questionnaire respondent., Results: For all lung cancers, an excess risk was observed for workers in the primary metal (OR = 1.31, 95% CI, 1.01-1.71), mining (OR = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.20-1.96), machining (OR = 1.33, 95% CI, 1.09-1.63), transport (OR = 1.50, 95% CI, 1.08-2.07), utility (OR = 1.60, 95% CI, 1.22-2.09), and protective services (OR = 1.27, 95% CI, 1.05-1.55) industries. Associations with histopathological subtypes included an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma in construction trades (OR = 1.25, 95% CI, 1.06-1.48), adenocarcinoma for professional workers in medicine and health (OR = 1.73, 95% CI, 1.18-2.53), small cell carcinoma in railway (OR = 1.62, 95% CI, 1.06-2.49), and truck transport industries (OR = 1.51, 95% CI, 1.00-2.28), and large cell carcinoma for employment in the primary metal industry (OR = 2.35, 95% CI, 1.11-4.96)., Conclusions: Our results point to excess lung cancer risk for occupations involving exposure to metals, polyaromatic hydrocarbons and asbestos, as well as several new histopathologic-specific associations that merit further investigation.
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- 2009
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13. Low dose ionizing radiation exposure and cardiovascular disease mortality: cohort study based on Canadian national dose registry of radiation workers.
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Zielinski JM, Ashmore PJ, Band PR, Jiang H, Shilnikova NS, Tait VK, and Krewski D
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- Adult, Canada, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Radiation Dosage, Radiation, Ionizing, Risk Assessment, Sex Factors, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Occupational Diseases mortality, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Radiation Injuries mortality, Registries statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objectives: The purpose of our study was to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality in a Canadian cohort of 337 397 individuals (169 256 men and 168 141 women) occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation and included in the National Dose Registry (NDR) of Canada., Material and Methods: Exposure to high doses of ionizing radiation, such as those received during radiotherapy, leads to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The emerging evidence of excess risk of CVDs after exposure to doses well below those previously considered as safe warrants epidemiological studies of populations exposed to low levels of ionizing radiation. In the present study, the cohort consisted of employees at nuclear power stations (nuclear workers) as well as medical, dental and industrial workers. The mean whole body radiation dose was 8.6 mSv for men and 1.2 mSv for women., Results: During the study period (1951-1995), as many as 3 533 deaths from cardiovascular diseases have been identified (3 018 among men and 515 among women). In the cohort, CVD mortality was significantly lower than in the general population of Canada. The cohort showed a significant dose response both among men and women. Risk estimates of CVD mortality in the NDR cohort, when expressed as excess relative risk per unit dose, were higher than those in most other occupational cohorts and higher than in the studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors., Conclusions: The study has demonstrated a strong positive association between radiation dose and the risk of CVD mortality. Caution needs to be exercised when interpreting these results, due to the potential bias introduced by dosimetry uncertainties, the possible record linkage errors, and especially by the lack of adjustment for non-radiation risk factors.
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- 2009
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14. Health outcomes of low-dose ionizing radiation exposure among medical workers: a cohort study of the Canadian national dose registry of radiation workers.
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Zielinski JM, Garner MJ, Band PR, Krewski D, Shilnikova NS, Jiang H, Ashmore PJ, Sont WN, Fair ME, Letourneau EG, and Semenciw R
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- Adult, Canada epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced mortality, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Injuries mortality, Registries, Risk Assessment, Health Personnel, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced epidemiology, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Radiation Injuries epidemiology, Radiation, Ionizing
- Abstract
Background: Medical workers can be exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation from various sources. The potential cancer risks associated with ionizing radiation exposure have been derived from cohort studies of Japanese atomic bomb survivors who had experienced acute, high-level exposure. Since such extrapolations are subject to uncertainty, direct information is needed on the risk associated with chronic low-dose occupational exposure to ionizing radiation., Objectives: To determine the occupational doses of ionizing radiation and examine possible associations with mortality rates and cancer incidence in a cohort of medical workers deriving from the National Dose Registry of Canada (NDR) over the period of 1951-1987., Methods: Standardized mortality and incidence ratios (SMR and SIR, respectively) were ascertained by linking NDR data for a cohort of 67 562 medical workers (23 580 males and 43 982 females) with the data maintained by the Canadian Mortality, and Cancer Incidence databases. Dosimetry information was obtained from the National Dosimetry Services., Results: During the follow-up period, 1309 incident cases of cancer (509 in males, 800 in females) and 1325 deaths (823 in males, 502 in females) were observed. Mortality from cancer and non-cancer causes was generally below expected as compared to the general Canadian population. Thyroid cancer incidence was significantly elevated both among males and females, with a combined SIR of 1.74 and 90% CI: 1.40-2.10., Conclusions: The findings confirm previous reports on an increased risk of the thyroid cancer among medical workers occupationally exposed to ionizing radiation. Over the last 50 years, radiation protection measures have been effective in reducing radiation exposures of medical workers to the current very low levels.
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- 2009
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15. Male bladder cancer risk and occupational exposure according to a job-exposure matrix-a case-control study in British Columbia, Canada.
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Richardson K, Band PR, Astrakianakis G, and Le ND
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- Aged, British Columbia, Case-Control Studies, Construction Materials, Detergents adverse effects, Forestry, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Petroleum adverse effects, Risk Factors, Solvents adverse effects, Vehicle Emissions, Environmental Pollutants, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Registries, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms epidemiology
- Abstract
Objectives: The authors investigated the risk of bladder cancer in association with exposure to over 12 000 occupational chemical agents, complex mixtures, and other substances (hereafter referred to as chemical agents)., Methods: Adult males diagnosed with cancer between 1983 and 1990 in British Columbia, Canada, were surveyed. Detailed occupational histories and confounding information was provided by a self-administered questionnaire. Cancer controls were matched to bladder cancer cases, resulting in 1062 cases and 8057 controls for the analysis. An extensive United-States-based job-exposure matrix was applied to estimate cumulative exposure to occupational chemical agents. Odds ratios for bladder cancer due to exposure to chemical agents were estimated via conditional logistic regression analyses, adjusted for important confounders., Results: A significantly (P<0.05) increased risk was detected for ever exposure to 635 chemical agents, and 341 chemical agents exhibited a significantly increasing dose-response relationship. Adjustment for multiple comparisons resulted in a subset of 29 chemical agents that continued to show significant results. A principal components analysis classified these 29 chemical agents into five independent groups, distinguished mainly by job. Exposures to these chemical agents were largely due to employment in the logging and construction industries and occupations involving motor vehicles. Consistent results were observed for bladder carcinogens reported in the literature., Conclusions: This study suggests that several specific chemical agents were significantly associated with the risk of bladder cancer. The chemical agents were mainly derivatives or combustion products of fossil fuels. The results corroborate important findings from the literature and document a risk for specific chemical agents not previously reported.
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- 2007
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16. A hierarchical approach to coding chemical, biological and pharmaceutical substances.
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Keefe AR, Bert JL, Grace JR, Makaroff SJ, Lang BJ, and Band PR
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- Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions, Humans, Structure-Activity Relationship, Environmental Pollutants classification, Environmental Pollutants poisoning, Forms and Records Control, Pharmaceutical Preparations classification, Risk Assessment methods
- Abstract
This hierarchical coding system is designed to classify substances into successively subordinate categories on the basis of chemical, physical and biological properties. Although initially developed for occupational cancer epidemiological studies, it is general in nature and can be used for other purposes where a systematic approach is needed to catalogue or analyze large numbers of substances and/or physical properties. The coding system incorporates a multi level approach, where substances can be coded both on the basis of function and composition. On the first level, a three digit code is assigned to each substance to indicate its primary use in the occupational environment (e.g. pesticide, catalyst, adhesive). Substances can then be coded using a ten digit code to indicate structure and composition (e.g. organic molecule, biomolecule, pharmaceutical). Depending on the complexity required, analysis can incorporate the three digit code, ten digit code, or a combination of both. The approach to coding both chemical and biological agents is modeled in part after conventional approaches used by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemists (IUPAC) and the International Union of Biochemists (IUB). Development of the coding system was initiated in the 1980's in response to a need for a system allowing analysis of individual agents as well classes or groups of substances. The project was undertaken as a collaborative venture between the BC Cancer Agency, Cancer Control Research program (then Division of Epidemiology) and the Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering at the University of British Columbia.
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- 2005
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17. Decreases in occupational exposure to ionizing radiation among Canadian dental workers.
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Zielinski JM, Garner MJ, Krewski D, Ashmore JP, Band PR, Fair ME, Jiang H, Letourneau EG, Semenciw R, and Sont WN
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- Adult, Canada epidemiology, Cause of Death, Cohort Studies, Female, Humans, Incidence, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced epidemiology, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced mortality, Radiation Dosage, Dental Staff, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced etiology, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Radiography, Dental adverse effects
- Abstract
Objective: To describe doses of ionizing radiation and their possible associations with mortality rates and cancer incidence among Canadian dental workers., Methods: The National Dose Registry (NDR) of Canada was used to assess occupational dose of ionizing radiation received by dental workers. The NDR cohort includes 42,175 people classified as dental workers. Subjects in the NDR were linked to both the Canadian Mortality Database and the Canadian Cancer Database to ascertain cause of death and cancer incidence, respectively., Results: The cohort consisted of 9,051 male and 33,124 female dental workers. A total of 656 incident cases of cancer and 558 deaths were observed. The standardized mortality ratio associated with all-cause mortality was 0.53 (90% confidence interval [CI] 0.49-0.57). The incidence of cancer among dental workers was lower than that for the Canadian population for all cancers except melanoma of the skin (for melanoma, the standardized incidence ratio was 1.46 [90% CI 1.14-1.85]). Occupational doses of ionizing radiation among dentists and dental workers have decreased markedly since the 1950s., Conclusions: Dental workers receive very low doses of ionizing radiation, and these doses do not appear to be associated with any increase in cancer incidence; the increased incidence of melanoma is more likely related to other risk factors such as exposure to ultraviolet radiation from sunlight.
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- 2005
18. Do work-related breast cancer risks in pre-menopausal women depend on family history?
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Bajdik CD, Fang R, Band PR, Le N, and Gallagher RP
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- Biopsy, Breast Neoplasms etiology, Case-Control Studies, Disease Susceptibility, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Industry classification, Logistic Models, Middle Aged, Occupations classification, Odds Ratio, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors, Smoking, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Occupational Exposure, Premenopause
- Abstract
Our objective was to determine work-related pre-menopausal breast cancer risks that depend on a woman's family history of the disease. In a large case-control study, 318 women with breast cancer and 340 healthy women completed a mailed questionnaire. All of the women were pre-menopausal and controls were matched to cases by age. All risk estimates were adjusted for women's smoking history and whether they reported a prior breast biopsy. There was an odds ratio (OR) of 6.9 (95% confidence interval: 1.5-31.9) for breast cancer among pre-menopausal women with no family history if they ever worked in material processing occupations. Among women with a family history of breast cancer, there was an OR of 6.4 (0.7-55.9) if they ever worked as miscellaneous salesclerks and salespersons of commodities, and an OR of 5.7 (0.6-50.9) if they ever worked in department stores. Despite changes in the OR, none of the estimates were significantly different in women with and without a family history.
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- 2004
19. First analysis of cancer incidence and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada.
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Sont WN, Zielinski JM, Ashmore JP, Jiang H, Krewski D, Fair ME, Band PR, and Létourneau EG
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- Canada epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Female, Health Personnel, Humans, Incidence, Male, Multivariate Analysis, Radiation, Ionizing, Radiometry, Registries, Risk Factors, Sex Distribution, Thyroid Neoplasms epidemiology, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced epidemiology, Occupational Exposure adverse effects
- Abstract
A cohort study was conducted to investigate the relation between cancer incidence and occupational exposure to ionizing radiation. Records containing dose information from 1951 to 1988 for 191,333 persons were extracted from the National Dose Registry of Canada. The records were linked to the Canadian Cancer Data Base, with incidence data from 1969 to 1988. Standardized incidence ratios were calculated using Canadian cancer incidence rates stratified by age, sex, and calendar year. Excess relative risks were obtained from internally based dose-response analyses. The following significant results were found for males and females combined: a deficit in the standardized incidence ratio for all cancers combined; elevated standardized incidence ratios for thyroid cancer and melanoma; and elevated excess relative risks for rectum, leukemia, lung, all cancers combined, all except lung, and all except leukemia. For males, cancers of the colon, pancreas, and testis also showed significantly elevated excess relative risks. The specific cancer types listed above have been implicated in previous studies on occupational exposure to ionizing radiation, except for testis, colon, and melanoma, while the findings on thyroid cancer from previous studies are inconclusive. The thyroid standardized incidence ratios in this study are highly significant, but further investigation is needed to assess the possibility of association with occupational radiation exposure.
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- 2001
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20. Sont et al. Respond to "Studies of Workers Exposed to Low Doses of Radiation"
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Sont WN, Zielinski JM, Ashmore JP, Jiang H, Krewski D, Fair ME, Band PR, and Létourneau EG
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- 2001
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21. Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia. Part II: A population-based case-control study of 1516 Prostatic cancer cases.
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Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Threlfall WJ, and Gallagher RP
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- Aged, British Columbia epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Likelihood Functions, Logistic Models, Male, Odds Ratio, Industry statistics & numerical data, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Occupations statistics & numerical data, Prostatic Neoplasms epidemiology
- Abstract
We have, as part of a program aimed at detecting occupational risk factors in British Columbia, collected lifetime occupational histories from 15,643 incident cancer cases, of whom 1519 had a diagnosis of prostate cancer. Occupational risks for this cancer site are examined using this large data set, and the results are presented in this report.
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- 1999
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22. Identification of occupational cancer risks in British Columbia. Part I: Methodology, descriptive results, and analysis of cancer risks, by cigarette smoking categories of 15,463 incident cancer cases.
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Band PR, Spinelli JJ, Threlfall WJ, Fang R, Le ND, and Gallagher RP
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- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, British Columbia epidemiology, Case-Control Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms prevention & control, Occupational Diseases prevention & control, Odds Ratio, Reproducibility of Results, Risk Factors, Smoking adverse effects, Surveys and Questionnaires, Neoplasms epidemiology, Occupational Diseases epidemiology, Occupations statistics & numerical data, Smoking epidemiology
- Abstract
To identify occupational cancer risk factors, lifetime occupational, smoking, and alcohol-consumption histories were collected by means of a self-administered questionnaire from 15,463 male cancer patients aged 20 years and over as ascertained from the British Columbia population-based cancer registry; all cases were histologically confirmed. The study methodology, descriptive results, and cancer risks from cigarette smoking are reported. Assessment of questionnaire validation and reliability showed very high correlations between all variables analysed. Non-response bias, assessed among 221 non-responders and 432 matched controls, revealed no statistically significant differences for smoking status, education, or for 11 usual (longest-held job) occupational groups, except for managerial occupations and for four pooled groups that represented 6.7% of all occupations. Except for pancreatic cancer, a significant relationship was found for all cancer sites known to be strongly associated with cigarette smoking.
- Published
- 1999
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23. Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer mortality in British Columbia, Canada.
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Buxton JA, Gallagher RP, Le ND, Band PR, and Bert JL
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- Adult, Aged, British Columbia epidemiology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Proportional Hazards Models, Risk Factors, Occupational Health, Prostatic Neoplasms mortality
- Abstract
Background: Although prostate cancer is the most common life-threatening cancer among males in North America, relatively little is known about its etiology. We have conducted a proportional mortality study to generate hypotheses concerning occupational risk factors for the disease., Methods: Age standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMR) for prostate cancer were calculated for a total of 216 occupations and 88 industries. Separate calculations were done for all male deaths age 20 and up and for deaths that occurred during men's working lifetime (age 20-65)., Results: Elevated mortality from prostate cancer was seen among business owners and managers (PMR = 110; 95% CI = 101-118), brokers (PMR = 184; 95% CI = 122-266), farmers and farm managers (PMR = 112; 95% CI = 105-120), and school teachers (PMR = 133; 95% CI = 101-174). Evaluation by industry shows elevated prostate cancer mortality in agriculture (PMR = 110; 95% CI = 103-118), financial institutions (PMR = 138, 95% CI = 112-170), and transportation equipment manufacture (PMR = 136; 95% CI = 109-168)., Conclusions: The findings suggest that workers in a number of occupations have elevated risks of prostate cancer including farmers and teachers. More detailed cohort and case-control studies, evaluating specific exposures are required before primary prevention programs in the workplace are feasible.
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- 1999
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24. First analysis of mortality and occupational radiation exposure based on the National Dose Registry of Canada.
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Ashmore JP, Krewski D, Zielinski JM, Jiang H, Semenciw R, and Band PR
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- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Canada epidemiology, Female, Humans, Leukemia, Radiation-Induced mortality, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms, Radiation-Induced mortality, Odds Ratio, Radiation Dosage, Radiation Injuries etiology, Registries, Risk, Sex Distribution, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Radiation Injuries mortality
- Abstract
A cohort mortality study of occupational radiation exposure was conducted using the records of the National Dose Registry of Canada. The cohort consisted of 206,620 individuals monitored for radiation exposure between 1951 and 1983 with mortality follow-up through December 31, 1987. A total of 5,426 deaths were identified by computerized record linkage with the Canadian Mortality Data Base. The standardized mortality ratio for all causes of death was 0.61 for both sexes combined. However, trends of increasing mortality with cumulative exposure to whole body radiation were noted for all causes of death in both males and females. In males, cancer mortality appeared to increase with cumulative exposure to radiation, without any clear relation to specific cancers. Unexplained trends of increasing mortality due to cardiovascular diseases (males and females) and accidents (males only) were also noted. The excess relative risk for both sexes, estimated to be 3.0% per 10 mSv (90% confidence interval 1.1-4.8) for all cancers combined, is within the range of risk estimates previously reported in the literature.
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- 1998
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25. Reducing cervical cancer among First Nations women.
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Clarke HF, Joseph R, Deschamps M, Hislop TG, Band PR, and Atleo R
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- British Columbia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Program Evaluation, Transcultural Nursing methods, Indians, North American, Mass Screening organization & administration, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ethnology, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms prevention & control
- Abstract
First Nations women in British Columbia have a four to six times higher mortality rate from cancer of the cervix than do women in the general population. Their participation in the provincial Cervical Cytology Screening Program (CCSP) is less regular and less frequent than other women in B.C. Likewise, they have more difficulty in obtaining culturally suitable health care services from respectful and consistent professionals. These issues should be of critical concern to nurses, as nurses provide the majority of health services to First Nations people.
- Published
- 1998
26. Cohort mortality study of pulp and paper mill workers in British Columbia, Canada.
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Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Threlfall WJ, Astrakianakis G, Anderson JT, Keefe A, and Krewski D
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- British Columbia epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Feasibility Studies, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases etiology, Sulfites adverse effects, Time Factors, Industry statistics & numerical data, Neoplasms mortality, Occupational Diseases mortality, Occupational Exposure adverse effects, Paper
- Abstract
The authors studied a cohort of 30,157 male pulp and paper workers in British Columbia, Canada. Of these, 20,373 worked in kraft mills only, 5,249 in sulfite mills only, and 4,535 in both kraft and sulfite mills. All workers with at least 1 year of employment on January 1, 1950, or thereafter until December 31, 1992, were studied. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were used to compare the mortality rates of the cohort with those of the Canadian male population. Ninety percent confidence intervals (CIs) for the SMRs were obtained. Cancer risks significantly associated with work duration and time from first employment of 15 years or more were observed: 1) total cohort: pleura (SMR = 3.61, 90% CI 1.42-7.58); kidney (SMR = 1.69, 90% CI 1.13-2.43); brain (SMR = 1.51, 90% CI 1.03-2.16); 2) workers in kraft mills only: kidney (SMR = 1.92, 90% CI 1.04-3.26); 3) workers in sulfite mills only: Hodgkin's disease (SMR = 4.79, 90% CI 1.29-12.37); 4) workers ever employed in both kraft and sulfite mills: esophagus (SMR = 1.91, 90% CI 1.00-3.33). These malignancies have been associated with the following known or suspected carcinogens to which pulp and paper workers may have been exposed: asbestos (pleura), biocides (kidney), formaldehyde (kidney, brain, Hodgkin's disease), hypochlorite (esophagus). A nested case-control study with detailed exposure assessment is under way to help determine whether excess risks for specific cancers reflect exposure among subsets of workers.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Cervical cytology screening. How can we improve rates among First Nations women in urban British Columbia?
- Author
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Hislop TG, Clarke HF, Deschamps M, Joseph R, Band PR, Smith J, Le N, and Atleo R
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, British Columbia, Female, Health Services Accessibility standards, Health Services Research, Humans, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, Middle Aged, Program Evaluation, Quality Assurance, Health Care organization & administration, Residence Characteristics, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Indians, North American, Mass Screening organization & administration, Papanicolaou Test, Urban Health Services organization & administration, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms prevention & control, Vaginal Smears psychology, Vaginal Smears statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objective: To determine Pap smear screening rates among urban First Nations women in British Columbia; to identify facilitators and barriers; and to develop, implement, and evaluate specific interventions to improve Pap smear screening in Vancouver., Design: Computer records of band membership lists and the Cervical Cytology Screening Program registry were compared to determine screening rates; personal interviews and community meetings identified facilitators and barriers to urban screening programs. A community advisory committee and the project team collaborated on developing specific interventions., Setting and Participants: Purposive sample of British Columbia First Nations women, focusing on women living in Vancouver., Interventions: Poster, art card, and follow-up pamphlet campaign; articles in First Nations community papers; community meetings; and Pap smear screening clinics for First Nations women., Main Outcome Measures: Pap smear screening rates among BC First Nations women according to residence and reasons for not receiving Pap smears., Results: Pap smear screening rates were substantially lower among First Nations women than among other British Columbia women; older women had even lower rates. No clear differences were found among First Nations women residing on reserves, residing in Vancouver, or residing off reserves elsewhere in British Columbia. Facilitators and barriers to screening were similar among women residing on reserves and in Vancouver. Many First Nations women are greatly affected by health care providers' attitudes, abilities to provide clear information, and abilities to establish trusting relationships., Conclusions: Family physicians are an important source of information and motivation for Pap smear screening among First Nations women.
- Published
- 1996
28. Cohort study of Air Canada pilots: mortality, cancer incidence, and leukemia risk.
- Author
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Band PR, Le ND, Fang R, Deschamps M, Coldman AJ, Gallagher RP, and Moody J
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Air Pollution, Radioactive adverse effects, Canada epidemiology, Cohort Studies, Humans, Incidence, Leukemia epidemiology, Leukemia, Radiation-Induced epidemiology, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms mortality, Neoplasms pathology, Occupational Diseases mortality, Poisson Distribution, Radiation, Ionizing, Risk, Survival Rate, Accidents, Aviation mortality, Aerospace Medicine statistics & numerical data, Cause of Death, Neoplasms epidemiology, Occupational Diseases epidemiology
- Abstract
Despite the special working environment and exposures of airline pilots, data on risk of death and cancer incidence in this occupational group are limited. The authors investigated a cohort of 2,740 Air Canada pilots who contributed 62,449 person-years of observation. All male pilots employed for at least 1 year on and since January 1, 1950, were studied. The cutoff date for outcome information was December 31, 1992. Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were used to compare mortality rates and cancer incidence rates of the cohort with the respective Canadian population rates. Ninety percent confidence intervals of the SMR and SIR were calculated. Statistically significant decreased mortality was observed for all causes (SMR = 0.63, 90% confidence interval (CI) 0.56-0.70), for all cancers (SMR = 0.61, 90% CI 0.48-0.76), and for all noncancer diseases (SMR = 0.53, 90% CI 0.45-0.62). Mortality from aircraft accidents was significantly raised (SMR = 26.57, 90% CI 19.3-35.9). Significantly decreased cancer incidence was observed for all cancers (SIR = 0.71, 90% CI 0.61-0.82), rectal cancer (SIR = 0.42, 90% CI 0.14-0.96), lung cancer (SIR = 0.28, 90% CI 0.16-0.46), and bladder cancer (SIR = 0.36, 90% CI 0.12-0.82). Prostate cancer (SIR = 1.87, 90% CI 1.38-2.49) and acute myeloid leukemia (SIR = 4.72, 90% CI 2.05-9.31) were significantly increased. The preferred relative risk model for radiation-induced nonchronic lymphoid leukemia (Beir V report) was applied to the cohort by using published estimates of in-flight radiation exposures. The estimated relative risk ranged from 1.001 to 1.06 and did not differ significantly from the observed SIR (SIR = 1.88, 90% CI 0.80-3.53). However, the incidence rate of acute myeloid leukemia was significantly increased. Monitoring of in-flight radiation exposure and long-term follow-up of civil aviation crew members is needed to further assess cancer incidence and leukemia risk in this special occupational group.
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Clinical determinants of mammographic dysplasia patterns.
- Author
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Deschamps M, Band PR, Coldman AJ, Hislop TG, and Longley DJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Breast Diseases diagnostic imaging, Female, Humans, Mass Screening, Mastitis diagnostic imaging, Menopause, Middle Aged, Multivariate Analysis, Pain diagnostic imaging, Periodicity, Premenopause, Radiography, Risk, Fibrocystic Breast Disease diagnostic imaging
- Abstract
The association between the clinical manifestations of benign breast disease (BBD) and mammographic patterns was investigated among 1394 women (923 pre-menopausal and 471 post-menopausal) participating to the Canadian National Breast Screening Study in Vancouver, who completed a questionnaire designed to collect detailed information on the symptoms and signs of BBD, hormonal, reproductive and dietary factors. Mastalgia was present in 637 (46%) women and was cyclical in 505 (79%). Breast swelling was noted in 331 women (23%) and mammary dysplasia involving 50% or more of the breast parenchyma in 733 (43%). Mastalgia was highly associated with breast swelling (odds ratios [OR] = 29.9, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 21.3-41.8), particularly when cyclical and characterized by tenderness with pain (OR = 58.4, 95% CI = 39.1-87.0). The relative risk for mammary dysplasia involving 50% or over of the breast parenchyma was significant in pre-menopausal women having breast swelling (OR = 2.96, 95% CI = 1.81-4.83), being highest in women with cyclical mastalgia associated with tenderness and pain (OR = 3.43, 95% CI = 1.49-7.92); similar associations were noted in post-menopausal women. This study indicates that mastalgia is strongly related to breast swelling, especially when tenderness is associated with pain. Furthermore, mastalgia associated with breast swelling is highly related to the presence of mammary dysplasia involving 50% or more of the breast parenchyma in both pre- and post-menopausal women, suggesting that cyclical tenderness and breast swelling may carry an increased breast cancer risk.
- Published
- 1996
30. Human pharmacokinetic study of immediate-release (codeine phosphate) and sustained-release (codeine Contin) codeine.
- Author
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Band CJ, Band PR, Deschamps M, Besner JG, and Coldman AJ
- Subjects
- Adult, Biological Availability, Chemistry, Pharmaceutical, Codeine administration & dosage, Codeine blood, Cross-Over Studies, Delayed-Action Preparations, Double-Blind Method, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Humans, Male, Codeine pharmacokinetics
- Abstract
The authors compared, in a double-blind, randomized, crossover study in 13 healthy adult volunteers, the single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, relative bioavailability, and side effects of a new oral sustained-release formulation of codeine (SRC) containing 150 mg codeine base, with oral immediate-release codeine phosphate (IRC). Sustained-release codeine was given at a dose of 150 mg every 12 hours for 5 doses; IRC was given at a dose of 60 mg (2 x 30 mg) every 4 hours for the first 3 doses, and 30 mg every 4 hours thereafter for 12 doses. Plasma codeine levels were determined using a sensitive and specific high-performance liquid chromatography method and corrected for dose administered and codeine base equivalent. Mean values for single-dose pharmacokinetic parameters for SRC and IRC, respectively, were: Cmax of 217.8 and 138.8 ng/mL; Tmax of 2.3 and 1.1 hours; AUC0-inf of 1202.3 and 1262.4 ng.mL-1.hour-1; and t1/2el of 2.6 hours for both formulations. Their respective mean steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters were: Cmax of 263.8 and 222.9 ng/mL; Tmax of 3.2 and 1.1 hours; AUC0-12h of 1576.4 and 1379.1 ng.mL-1.hour-1; and t1/2el of 2.8 and 2.3 hours. These results indicate comparable bioavailability between both formulations with SRC providing delayed peak plasma levels. The sustained-release character of SRC can be explained by a delayed absorption, which is not limiting to drug elimination. Sustained-release codeine provides higher plasma codeine levels over a broader time interval and is expected to improve pain management.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Mortality among female registered nurses and school teachers in British Columbia.
- Author
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King AS, Threlfall WJ, Band PR, and Gallagher RP
- Subjects
- Accidents, Traffic mortality, Adult, Aged, Breast Neoplasms mortality, British Columbia epidemiology, Cerebrovascular Disorders mortality, Female, Heart Diseases mortality, Humans, Leukemia mortality, Liver Cirrhosis mortality, Middle Aged, Ovarian Neoplasms mortality, Suicide statistics & numerical data, Nurses, Occupational Diseases mortality, Teaching, Women, Working
- Abstract
The mortality profile of female nurses and teachers in British Columbia (BC) was examined using age-standardized proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) calculated for the period 1950-1984. Lowered overall mortality among nurses was seen for degenerative heart disease and for cerebrovascular accidents. Significantly elevated PMR values were observed for cancer of the breast and ovary in nurses of age 20-65 years. PMRs were significantly elevated for cancer of the pancreas and leukemia among those age 20 years and older. Elevated values were also observed for motor vehicle accidents and suicide among nurses in both age groups. Lower than expected mortality from degenerative heart disease and cerebrovascular accidents was seen in working age teachers (age 20-65 years). However, elevated PMRs were detected for carcinoma of the colon, breast, endometrium, brain, and melanoma. Among those 20 years and over, significantly elevated PMRs were also observed for cancers of the ovary and other digestive organs. Elevated PMRs were found for motor vehicle and aircraft accidents. Mortality from cirrhosis of the liver was lower than anticipated in both teachers and nurses. A number of significant PMRs declined when deaths of "homemakers" were withdrawn from the comparison group used to generate PMR values, suggesting that risk of death from various causes among women working outside the home differ from those seen in women who are predominantly in the home.
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Cervical cancer screening in Canadian Native women. Adequacy of the Papanicolaou smear.
- Author
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Hislop TG, Band PR, Deschamps M, Clarke HF, Smith JM, and Ng VT
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Canada, Female, Humans, Mass Screening standards, Middle Aged, Quality Control, Indians, North American, Papanicolaou Test, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms epidemiology, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms prevention & control, Vaginal Smears standards
- Abstract
Cervical cancer mortality remains high in Canadian Native women in British Columbia. Underutilization of the Provincial Cytology Screening Program by Canadian Native women has been documented. Another potential factor is the quality of specimens obtained. Proportions of unsatisfactory smears and smears lacking endocervical cells, which reflect the sampling technique, were compared between Canadian Native and other British Columbian women. The findings suggest that differences in the quality of cytologic smears do not explain the observed discrepancy in cervical cancer mortality between Canadian Native and non-Native populations.
- Published
- 1994
33. The incidence of cervical cancer among Chinese and Caucasians in British Columbia.
- Author
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Archibald CP, Coldman AJ, Wong FL, Band PR, and Gallagher RP
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, British Columbia epidemiology, China ethnology, Female, Humans, Incidence, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Staging, Random Allocation, Registries, Sensitivity and Specificity, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms pathology, Ethnicity, Mass Screening methods, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ethnology, White People
- Published
- 1993
34. Rate of death from cervical cancer among native Indian women in British Columbia.
- Author
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Band PR, Gallagher RP, Threlfall WJ, Hislop TG, Deschamps M, and Smith J
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, British Columbia epidemiology, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms ethnology, Indians, North American, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms mortality
- Abstract
Objective: To compare the rates of death from cervical cancer among native Indian women and non-native women in British Columbia from 1953 to 1984., Design: Retrospective analysis of data retrieved from the British Columbia Division of Vital Statistics., Main Outcome Measures: Age-standardized death rate and relative rate., Results: The rate of death from cervical cancer was significantly higher among the native women than among the non-native women throughout the study period. No deaths from cervical cancer were recorded in women under 20 years of age. Among those 20 to 64 the relative rate increased from 3.83 in 1953-62 to 6.53 in 1973-84; among those 65 or more it decreased slightly. For the entire study period the relative rate for women 20 to 64 years old was 5.95 and for those 65 or older 2.98., Conclusion: The rate of death from cervical cancer among native women in British Columbia is unacceptably high, probably because the provincial screening program does not reach as many native women as it does non-native women.
- Published
- 1992
35. The evaluation of analgesic effects in cancer patients as exemplified by a double-blind, crossover study of immediate-release versus controlled-release morphine.
- Author
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Deschamps M, Band PR, Hislop TG, Rusthoven J, Iscoe N, and Warr D
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Delayed-Action Preparations, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Morphine therapeutic use, Pain diagnosis, Pain etiology, Morphine administration & dosage, Neoplasms physiopathology, Pain drug therapy
- Abstract
We compared the effects of controlled-release and immediate-release morphine preparations in adult patients with moderate-to-severe cancer pain and report methodologic approaches to pain evaluation. The study consisted of a two-phase randomized crossover trial preceded by a titration phase; all phases were conducted under double-blind conditions. To evaluate pain intensity, a visual analogue scale (VAS) and the Present Pain Intensity scale of the McGill Pain Questionnaire were used. Additional morphine solution for breakthrough pain was used as an outcome measure. Pain was evaluated nine times daily, which permitted correlation of pain scores with the pharmacokinetic patterns of the test drugs. Side effects were rated once daily, using a scale from 0 to 3. To assess the relative importance of side effects, a toxicity index was designed based on both the intensity and duration of each side effect. The overall VAS pain scores during treatment with controlled-release and immediate-release morphine were 1.3 (SD = 0.1) and 1.4 (SD = 0.2), respectively. Use of supplemental morphine solution for breakthrough pain expressed as the percentage of the daily dose of the test drug was 5.5% for the controlled-release drug and 10.9% for the immediate-release drug. Differences in pain scores, side effects, and supplemental morphine requirement between the two groups were not significant. We discuss methodologic issues in double-blind clinical trials of analgesics, in particular the validity of "Patient Preference" as an outcome measure and problems related to the titration phase.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Noncontraceptive hormone use and risk of breast cancer.
- Author
-
Yang CP, Daling JR, Band PR, Gallagher RP, White E, and Weiss NS
- Subjects
- Aged, British Columbia, Case-Control Studies, Female, Humans, Menopause, Middle Aged, Progesterone therapeutic use, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Breast Neoplasms etiology, Estrogen Replacement Therapy, Estrogens therapeutic use
- Abstract
All British Columbia (Canada) women under 75 years of age who were diagnosed with breast cancer during 1988-89 were asked to complete a postal questionnaire which included detailed information on menopausal estrogen use. Controls were drawn from the Provincial Voters List, matched by five-year age category to the cases. The present analysis consists of 699 cases and 685 controls who were postmenopausal due to natural causes or to a hysterectomy. There was no overall increase in risk of breast cancer associated with ever-use of unopposed estrogen (odds ratio [OR] = 1.0, 95 percent confidence interval [CI] = 0.8-1.3). For estrogen use of 10 years or longer, the relative risk [RR] was 1.6 (CI = 1.1-2.5). The risk estimate for current users was somewhat elevated (OR = 1.4, CI = 1.0-2.0). Compared with women who never used hormone preparations, women who had used estrogen plus progestogen had an RR of 1.2 (CI = 0.6-2.2). Our results suggest that ever-use of estrogen, with or without progestogen, does not appreciably increase the risk of breast cancer. However, long-term and recent use of unopposed estrogen may be associated with a moderately increased risk.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Participation in the British Columbia Cervical Cytology Screening Programme by Native Indian women.
- Author
-
Hislop TG, Deschamps M, Band PR, Smith JM, and Clarke HF
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, British Columbia, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Indians, North American, Mass Screening statistics & numerical data, Patient Acceptance of Health Care statistics & numerical data, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms prevention & control
- Published
- 1992
38. Efficacy of weekly cisplatin-based chemotherapy in recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer.
- Author
-
Osoba D, Band PR, Goldie JH, Connors JM, Gelmon K, Knowling MA, and Fetherstonhaugh EM
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Cisplatin administration & dosage, Female, Head and Neck Neoplasms mortality, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Metastasis, Survival Rate, Cisplatin therapeutic use, Head and Neck Neoplasms drug therapy, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local drug therapy
- Abstract
After disease recurrence or dissemination, patients who had been treated previously with radiation with or without surgery for cancer of the head and neck were given either cisplatin (16 patients), cisplatin/etoposide (15 patients), or cisplatin/etoposide/5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (19 patients) in an ambulatory care clinic. Intravenous (i.v.) cisplatin 25 mg/m2 was given weekly, while etoposide was given i.v. (80 mg/m2) on day 1 and orally (160 mg/m2) on day 2 of every odd-numbered week. In the three-drug regimen, 5-FU 500 mg/m2 i.v. was given every even-numbered week. Patients in all three groups received daily oral prednisone to decrease myelosuppression and oral co-trimoxazole and ketoconazole to prevent infection. The supportive drugs were given to all groups to keep these variables constant. As expected, myelosuppression did not occur in the cisplatin group, while the rates of severe neutropenia (less than 1.0 x 10(9)/L) in the two- and three-drug groups were 26% and 74%, respectively. The incidence of infection requiring hospitalization was low (2.5%). The response rate (complete plus partial) was lowest in the cisplatin group (6%) and higher in the cisplatin/etoposide (47%) and cisplatin/etoposide/5-FU (53%) groups. Because of the low response rate and the short time to progression (5 weeks) in the cisplatin group, 9 of these 16 patients were treated subsequently with cisplatin/etoposide. Time to progression and response duration were similar in the cisplatin/etoposide and cisplatin/etoposide/5-FU groups--12 and 14 weeks, and 12 and 9 weeks, respectively. Median survival times of the cisplatin and cisplatin/etoposide/5-FU groups were 36 and 34 weeks, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Treatment of recurrent and metastatic head and neck cancer with cisplatin/etoposide/bleomycin.
- Author
-
Osoba D, Band PR, Connors JM, Goldie JH, Knowling MA, and Fetherstonhaugh EM
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Anemia chemically induced, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell drug therapy, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell secondary, Creatinine blood, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mitomycins administration & dosage, Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms drug therapy, Neutropenia chemically induced, Remission Induction, Survival Rate, Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols therapeutic use, Bleomycin administration & dosage, Carcinoma drug therapy, Carcinoma secondary, Cisplatin administration & dosage, Etoposide administration & dosage, Head and Neck Neoplasms drug therapy, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local drug therapy
- Abstract
Cisplatin/etoposide/bleomycin (DEB) was given as an outpatient regimen in a novel weekly schedule to 27 patients with recurrent and/or widely metastatic cancer of the head and neck region. Six of these patients also received mitomycin (DEB/M) when their disease failed to respond after at least three weekly DEB doses. All but three patients had been treated previously with radiotherapy directed to the primary site and regional nodal disease; four had also received chemotherapy with cisplatin or carboplatin. Before treatment with DEB, 19 patients had distant metastases. Of an intended 12 doses per patient, a mean of 8.2 was achieved. Myelosuppression was the major toxicity, with neutropenia in 45% of patients and significant anemia in 26%. The overall response rate to DEB in 27 patients was 59%, increasing to 70% after the addition of mitomycin. There were two complete and 17 partial responses. The median duration of response was 12 weeks and median survival was 6 months, with 20% of patients surviving 1 year. We conclude that the relatively short survival time together with the significant toxicity of the DEB/M regimen does not warrant its routine use in clinical practice. However, this regimen, or one patterned on it, should be evaluated in combination with radiotherapy as the initial treatment for selected patients with previously untreated head and neck cancer.
- Published
- 1992
40. Mortality patterns in female domestic workers.
- Author
-
McDougal L, Band PR, Spinelli JJ, Threlfall WJ, and Gallagher RP
- Subjects
- Accidents, Occupational mortality, Adult, British Columbia epidemiology, Cerebrovascular Disorders mortality, Female, Humans, Pneumonia mortality, Household Work, Mortality
- Abstract
To investigate mortality patterns for domestic workers, proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) were calculated for the 1,382 female domestic workers who died in British Columbia at age 20 years or over between 1950 and 1984. This group experienced fewer deaths than expected from cerebrovascular accidents (PMR = 84) and hypertension (PMR = 39). The proportion of deaths from cirrhosis was higher than expected (PMR = 152). An excess of observed deaths was also noted for all accidents (PMR = 126), accidents due to environmental factors (PMR = 439), and homicide (PMR = 235). Mortality from pneumonia was elevated for domestic workers aged 20 to 65 (PMR = 180). Further studies using more sophisticated epidemiologic methods are necessary to evaluate whether these deaths are a result of occupational exposures or of poor socioeconomic conditions.
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Barriers to cervical cytology screening in native women in British Columbia.
- Author
-
Deschamps M, Band PR, Hislop TG, Clarke HF, Smith JM, and To Yee Ng V
- Subjects
- British Columbia, Compliance, Female, Humans, Indians, North American, Carcinoma, Squamous Cell diagnosis, Uterine Cervical Neoplasms diagnosis, Vaginal Smears statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
The British Columbia (BC) Cervical Cytology Screening Programme (CCSP), implemented since 1955, has resulted in a 75% decrease in both the mortality from and incidence of invasive squamous cervical carcinoma. However, despite this effect, the Native Indian population still present an overall mortality rate four times higher than that of the non-Native population. A demonstration project was initiated in four Native Indian Band communities of BC to determine the reasons underlying these findings. The participation patterns to the CCSP were investigated and revealed that the overall percentage of participation to the CCSP among Native Indian women was 30% lower than that of the non-Native population. Reasons for the under-participation to the CCSP were explored. A total of 36 women, 9 in each of the 4 communities, including current users, ex-users and never users, were interviewed. Reasons for not participating in the CCSP were due mainly to (1) the lack of knowledge about the Pap test and about its importance; (2) feelings of embarrassment and shamefulness; (3) lack of continuity of care due to the high turnover of physicians in the Native communities. Based on the study findings, a pilot CCSP clinic will be implemented in each community. In addition to taking cervical smears, this pilot project will include education sessions, notification about the results of the test, and recall for annual check up.
- Published
- 1992
42. Mortality and cancer incidence in aluminum reduction plant workers.
- Author
-
Spinelli JJ, Band PR, Svirchev LM, and Gallagher RP
- Subjects
- Adult, Cause of Death, Cocarcinogenesis, Cohort Studies, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Smoking adverse effects, Air Pollutants, Occupational adverse effects, Aluminum adverse effects, Coal Tar adverse effects, Electromagnetic Fields, Metallurgy, Neoplasms chemically induced, Neoplasms mortality, Occupational Diseases chemically induced, Occupational Diseases mortality, Occupational Exposure prevention & control, Polycyclic Compounds adverse effects
- Abstract
An historical cohort study was conducted among 4,213 men who worked for 5 or more years at a Soderberg aluminum reduction plant in British Columbia (BC), Canada. Standardized mortality and incidence ratios were used to compare the mortality and cancer incidence of the cohort with that of the BC population and to examine risk by cumulative exposure to coal-tar pitch volatiles (CTPV) and electromagnetic fields. Significantly elevated rates were observed for bladder cancer incidence (standardized incidence ratio [SIR] = 1.69) and brain cancer mortality (standardized mortality ratio = 2.17). The risk of bladder cancer was strongly related to cumulative exposure to CTPV (P less than .01). The risk for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma also increased with increasing exposure (P less than .05), although the overall rate was similar to that of the general population (SIR = 1.06). The lung cancer rate was as expected (SIR = 0.97), but showed a weak association with CTPV exposure that was not statistically significant. No individual cause of death or incident cancer site was related to exposure to electromagnetic fields. Analysis of the joint effect of smoking and CTPV exposure on lung and bladder cancer showed the exposure response relationships to be independent of smoking.
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Brain cancer and exposure to electromagnetic fields.
- Author
-
Gallagher RP, McBride ML, Band PR, Spinelli JJ, Threlfall WJ, and Tamaro S
- Subjects
- Adult, Brain Neoplasms mortality, British Columbia epidemiology, Humans, Male, Occupational Diseases mortality, Risk Factors, Brain Neoplasms etiology, Electromagnetic Fields, Occupational Diseases etiology
- Published
- 1991
44. Lung cancer in metal workers.
- Author
-
Gallagher RP, Salisbury D, Band PR, and Threlfall WJ
- Subjects
- British Columbia epidemiology, Humans, Survival Rate, Lung Neoplasms mortality, Metallurgy, Occupational Diseases mortality
- Published
- 1991
45. Mortality among British Columbia pilots.
- Author
-
Salisbury DA, Band PR, Threlfall WJ, and Gallagher RP
- Subjects
- Accidents, Aviation statistics & numerical data, Adult, Aged, British Columbia epidemiology, Cardiovascular Diseases mortality, Cause of Death, Death Certificates, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasms mortality, Registries, Aerospace Medicine, Occupational Diseases mortality
- Abstract
We studied the mortality experience of all pilots who died in the province of British Columbia between 1950 and 1984, using proportional mortality ratios (PMR) and proportional cancer mortality ratios (PCMR). There were 341 deaths during that time in males whose usual occupation was listed as pilot. The PMR for aircraft accidents was significantly elevated (PMR = 3196, 95% C.I. 2810, 3634), and the PMR for atherosclerotic heart disease was significantly depressed (PMR = 47, 95% C.I. 30, 70). Although based on small numbers of deaths, and not statistically significant, elevated PCMRs were seen for cancers of the colon, brain, and nervous system, as well as for Hodgkin's disease. These findings suggest the need for further epidemiologic studies of commercial airline pilots.
- Published
- 1991
46. A hierarchical coding system for occupational exposure.
- Author
-
Keefe AR, Grace JR, Band PR, Bert JL, Teschke K, Svirchev LM, and Spinelli JJ
- Subjects
- Environmental Exposure, Humans, Risk Factors, Carcinogens classification, Electronic Data Processing, Neoplasms chemically induced, Occupational Diseases chemically induced
- Abstract
A 10-digit hierarchical method for coding occupationally encountered chemicals offering significant advantages over existing chemical coding systems has been developed and tested. With this unique system, substances are categorized and coded according to their composition and physical natures. Consequently, compounds of similar structure may be distinguished, and classes of similar compounds (for example, all halogenated organic compounds, all inorganic sulfates) can be readily retrieved. This novel coding system was developed to assist primarily in the identification of potential carcinogens in occupational studies using job exposure matrices. However, the system has wider applications as it can be employed by industry to facilitate data management and monitoring programs in the workplace.
- Published
- 1991
47. Occupational associations among British Columbia male cancer patients.
- Author
-
Spinelli JJ, Gallagher RP, Band PR, Threlfall WJ, Raynor D, and Schellekens H
- Subjects
- British Columbia, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Odds Ratio, Risk Factors, Neoplasms etiology, Occupational Diseases etiology, Occupational Exposure
- Abstract
In a study of 6,389 male cancer patients diagnosed and treated at the Cancer Control Agency of British Columbia from 1950-1975, several associations were detected between occupation and specific cancers. Elevated risks for lung cancer were seen in miners, metal processors and machinists, while a reduced risk was seen in farmers. Lip cancer excesses were detected in individuals involved in several outdoor occupations, and melanoma excesses were seen for three groups of predominantly indoor workers. These results confirm previous findings in the literature, whereas the following associations have not been previously reported. Fishermen were found to have an excess of Hodgkin's Disease (RR = 3.0, 95% C.I. = 1.4,6.5), engineers are at an elevated risk of cancer of the pancreas (RR = 4.2, C.I. = 1.8,9.9), and forestry workers have an elevated risk of bladder cancer (RR = 1.7, C.I. = 1.1,2.6). Further studies will be needed to replicate the new associations detected here.
- Published
- 1990
48. Mortality and cancer incidence in a cohort of commercial airline pilots.
- Author
-
Band PR, Spinelli JJ, Ng VT, Moody J, and Gallagher RP
- Subjects
- Canada, Cause of Death, Cohort Studies, Humans, Male, Neoplasms mortality, Risk Factors, Aerospace Medicine, Neoplasms epidemiology
- Abstract
We undertook a cohort study of all male pilots employed since January 1, 1950, by CP Air, now Canadian Airlines International. A total of 913 eligible pilots--630 active and 283 no longer employed--contributing 18,060 person-years of observation, were identified through company records. As of October 31, 1988, current status was obtained on 891 (97.6%). Standardized mortality ratio (SMR) and standardized incidence ratio (SIR) were used to compare, respectively, the mortality and cancer incidence of the cohort with that of the British Columbia population. Statistical significance of the SMR and SIR by comparison with the Poisson distribution (p less than 0.05 one-sided) and 90% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Excess deaths were observed for aircraft accidents (No. = 23; SMR = 21.29; p less than 0.001; CI 14.60, 30.20), brain cancer (No. = 4; SMR = 4.17, p = 0.017; CI 1.40, 9.50) and rectal cancer (No. = 3; SMR = 4.35; p = 0.033; CI 1.20, 11.20). Excess cancer incidence was noted for non-melanoma skin cancer (No. = 26; SIR = 1.59; p = 0.017; CI 1.10, 2.20), brain cancer (No. = 4; SIR = 3.45; p = 0.030; CI 1.20, 7.90) and Hodgkin's Disease (No. = 3; SIR = 4.54; p = 0.030; CI 1.20, 11.70). These findings, suggesting an excess risk for certain cancers in commercial airline pilots, are based on small numbers and need to be confirmed in larger cohort studies.
- Published
- 1990
49. Diet and histologic types of benign breast disease defined by subsequent risk of breast cancer.
- Author
-
Hislop TG, Band PR, Deschamps M, Ng V, Coldman AJ, Worth AJ, and Labo T
- Subjects
- Breast Neoplasms epidemiology, Breast Neoplasms etiology, British Columbia, Case-Control Studies, Dietary Fats adverse effects, Female, Humans, Odds Ratio, Precancerous Conditions epidemiology, Precancerous Conditions etiology, Risk Factors, Surveys and Questionnaires, Vitamin A, Breast Neoplasms pathology, Feeding Behavior, Precancerous Conditions pathology
- Abstract
The authors investigated the relation between diet and histologic types of benign breast disease defined by subsequent risk of breast cancer in a case-control study of volunteers who entered the Vancouver Center of the Canadian National Breast Screening Study between 1983 and 1985. Proliferative benign breast disease (n = 124) was inversely associated with vitamin A supplementation (vitamin A user vs. nonuser, odds ratio (OR) = 0.5) and frequent green vegetable consumption (frequent vs. rare consumption, OR = 0.3), whereas severe atypias and borderline carcinoma in situ (n = 32) were directly associated with frequent meat fats consumption (frequent vs. rare consumption, OR = 3.2) with no association with vitamin A or vegetable consumption. No dietary relations were found for histologic types of benign breast disease at no increased risk for subsequent breast cancer (n = 274). The implications of these findings in relation to the etiology of breast cancer are discussed.
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Retinoids and breast cancer.
- Author
-
Band PR, Coldman AJ, and Deschamps M
- Subjects
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Breast Neoplasms epidemiology, Breast Neoplasms prevention & control, Cell Differentiation drug effects, Clinical Trials as Topic, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Breast Neoplasms drug therapy, Retinoids therapeutic use
- Published
- 1990
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