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Background Both atorvastatin and rifampicin are substrates of OATP1B1 (organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1) encoded by SLCO1B1 gene. Rifampicin is a potent inhibitor of SLCO1B1 (IC50 1.5 umol/l) and SLCO1B1 521T>C functional genetic polymorphism alters the kinetics of atorvastatin in vivo . We hypothesize that rifampicin might influence atorvastatin kinetics in a SLCO1B1 polymorphism dependent manner. Methods Sixteen subjects with known SLCO1B1 genotypes (6 c.521TT, 6 c.521TC and 4 c.521CC) were divided into 2 groups (atorvastatin–placebo group, n = 8; atorvastatin–rifampicin group, n = 8) randomly. In this 2-phase crossover study, atorvastatin (40 mg single-oral dose) pharmacokinetics after co-administration of placebo and rifampicin (600 mg single-oral dose) were measured for up to 48 h by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). In the third phase, rifampicin (450 mg single-oral dose) pharmacokinetics was measured additionally. Results Rifampicin increased atorvastatin plasma concentration in accordance with SLCO1B1 521T>C genotype while the increasing percentage of AUC (0–48) among c.521TT, c.521TC and c.521CC individuals were 833 ± 245% vs 468 ± 233% vs 330 ± 223% ( P = 0.007). However, SLCO1B1 521T>C exerted no impact on rifampicin pharmacokinetics ( P > 0.05). Conclusions These results suggested that rifampicin elevated the plasma concentration of atorvastatin depending on SLCO1B1 genotype and rifampicin pharmacokinetics were not altered by SLCO1B1 genotype.

Background Rosuvastatin, a novel potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, is excreted into bile mediated by breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). Our objective was to determine the association between the most frequent single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the BCRP (421C>A) and the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin. Method Pre-screening of SLCO1B1 521TC and CYP2C9⁎1/⁎3 were performed before this pharmacokinetic study. Fourteen healthy volunteers who are SLCO1B1 521TT and CYP2C9⁎1/⁎1 wild-type homozygotes were selected to participate in this study. Seven were 421CC wild-type of BCRP, the others were carriers with at least one 421C>A mutant allele (five subjects had a genotype of 421CA and two were homozygotes of 421AA). Each was given a single oral dose of 20 mg rosuvastatin. The plasma concentrations of rosuvastatin were measured for up to 72 h by LC-MS. Results The pharmacokinetic parameters of rosuvastatin showed a significantly difference between the two genotyped groups. The AUC(0–72) and AUC(0–∞) of rosuvastatin were lower in the 421CC group than in the 421CA + 421AA group (33.8 ± 11.4 vs. 59.6 ± 22.2 ng·h/ml, P = 0.018; 34.9 ± 11.9 vs. 62.2 ± 23.5 ng·h/ml, P = 0.018), respectively. The Cmax value was higher in the 421CA + 421AA group than that in the 421CC group (9.9 ± 5.4 vs. 5.1 ± 2.4 ng/ml, P = 0.048). The CL/F value was lower in the 421CA + 421AA group than that in the 421CC group (384.7 ± 161.2 vs. 674.0 ± 297.6 l/h, P = 0.043). The T1/2 and Tmax values showed no difference between these groups. Conclusions The BCRP 421C>A polymorphism may play an important role in the pharmacokinetics of rosuvastatin in healthy Chinese males after the exclusion of impact of SLCO1B1 and CYP2C9 genetic polymorphism.

Aims Nateglinide is a meglitinide analogue with antidiabetic action. A recent study showed that SLCO1B1 (which codes the OATP1B1 gene, also known as OATP-C, OATP2) is a major determinant which markedly affects the pharmacokinetics of repaglinide. Our objective was to assess the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SLCO1B1 and the pharmacokinetics of nateglinide. Methods Seventeen healthy volunteers with different SLCO1B1 genotypes (11 with 521TT, four with 521TC and two with 521CC) were enrolled in this study. Each was given a single oral dose of 90 mg nateglinide. Plasma concentrations of nateglinide were measured up to 8 h by HPLC. Results The Cmax and AUC(0,∞) of nateglinide were 83% (P = 0.002) and 82% (P = 0.001) higher in the SLCO1B1521TC subjects (n = 4), and 76% (P = 0.016) and 108% (P = 0.001) higher in the SLCO1B1521CC subjects (n = 2) than in the SLCO1B1521TT subjects (n = 11), respectively. The t1/2 of nateglinide in SLCO1B1521CC subjects was 78% longer than that in 521TT subjects (P = 0.036). The difference in tmax values among the three genotypic groups was not statistically significant. Conclusions Our results suggest that OATP1B1-mediated hepatic uptake of nateglinide may be the prior step for its metabolism and elimination. SLCO1B1521T > C SNP might play an important role in the pharmacokinetics of nateglinide.

To determine the frequencies of CYP3A4 alleles (CYP3A4*4,*5 and *6) in Chinese hyperlipidemic patients and to observe the impact of CYP3A4*4 (Ile118Val) genetic polymorphism on the lipid-lowering effects of simvastatin and on the activity of CYP3A4.From hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients, 211 unrelated hyperlipidemic patients were recruited for genotyping. CYP3A4 genotypes were determined by means of polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Of the non-hospitalized hyperlipidemic patients, 8 with CYP3A4*1/*1 and 8 with CYP3A4*1/*4 genotypes were selected to be treated with 20 mg simvastatin daily for 4 weeks. Serum triglycerides (TG), cholesterol (CHO) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were determined using an automated analyzer (Hitachi 747, Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany). CYP3A4 activity was determined by the ratio of 6-hydroxycortisol to free cortisol (6-OHC/FC) in the morning spot urine with a high-throughput liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.Of 211 subjects, 14 (allele frequency 3.32%) were heterozygous for CYP3A4*4 (Ile118Val). Nevertheless, no subjects with a CYP3A4*5 or CYP3A4*6 allele or homozygous for CYP3A4*4 were identified. The ratio of 6beta-OHC/FC was 9.9 +/- 13.7 and 56.6 +/- 35.7 in subjects with the Ile118Val variant (n = 8) and in CYP3A4 wild-type subjects (n = 8), respectively (P = 0.0039). After oral intake of simvastatin 20 mg daily for 4 weeks, the change of serum lipids in CYP3A4*1/*1 and CYP3A4*1/*4 groups showed a significant difference, with a mean decrease in triglycerides and total cholesterol of 38.1 +/- 7.6% versus 25.1 +/- 8.3% (P = 0.034) and of 35.8 +/- 9.6% versus 22.0 +/-20.4% (P = 0.0015) (means +/- SD), respectively. We found no statistically significant difference in the reductions of LDL between subjects carrying the *1 and *4 genotypes (29.0 +/- 7.4% versus 36.8 +/- 8.8%, P = 0.0721).The allele frequency of CYP3A4*4 was 3.32% among the hyperlipidemic patients from the Chinese mainland. CYP3A4*4 was an allelic variant related to a functional decrease of CYP3A4 activity, and *4 expression seemed to increase the lipid-lowering effects of simvastatin.

Summary 1. The 5-HT2A receptor belongs to the G-protein superfamily. It plays an important role in vascular regulation. 2. Previous reports in the UK have indicated that there is an association of the T102C genetic polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor with hypertension, but no studies have been made on the T102C genetic polymorphism in Chinese hypertensive patients. In the present study, we investigated the T102C genetic polymorphism of 5-HT2A receptors in Chinese hypertensive patients to determine whether there is an association of this polymorphism with hypertension in Chinese. 3. The present study was conducted on 198 hypertensive patients and 164 healthy controls. Polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism was used to identify the T102C genetic polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor. 4. In the present study, the C allele frequency of the 5-HT2A receptor genetic polymorphism was 0.343 in hypertensive patients, which was not significantly different to that in healthy controls (0.393; χ2 = 1.922; P = 0.166; odds ratio = 0.807, 95% confidence interval 0.596–1.093). In addition, no gender differences were observed. 5. In conclusion, to our knowledge, this is the first report on the T102C genetic polymorphism of the 5-HT2A receptor in Chinese hypertensive patients. We find that no correlation exists between the T102C genetic polymorphism and hypertension, which affords useful information on the pathogenesis of hypertension in the Chinese population.

Adiponectin is an adipokine secreted by differentiated adipocytes. Clinical studies suggest a negative correlation between oxidative stress and adiponectin levels in patients with metabolic syndrome or cardiovascular disease. Natural compounds that can prevent oxidative stress mediated inhibition of adiponectin may be potentially therapeutic. Boldine, an aporphine alkaloid abundant in the medicinal plant Peumus boldus, is a powerful antioxidant. The current study demonstrates the effects of boldine on the expression of adiponectin and its regulators, CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-alpha (C/EBPalpha) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma, in 3T3-L1 cells. Differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to either hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) (100 microM) or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) (1 ng/mL) for 24 hours in the presence or absence of increasing concentrations of boldine (5-100 microM). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that both the oxidants decreased the mRNA levels of adiponectin, PPARgamma, and C/EBPalpha to half of the control levels. Boldine, at all concentrations, counteracted the inhibitory effect of H(2)O(2) or TNFalpha and increased the expression of adiponectin and its regulators. The effect of boldine on adiponectin expression was biphasic, with the lower concentrations (5-25 microM) having a larger inductive effect compared to higher concentrations (50-100 microM). Boldine treatment alone in the absence of H(2)O(2) or TNFalpha was also able to induce adiponectin at the inductive phase of adipogenesis. Peroxisome proliferator response element-luciferase promoter transactivity analysis showed that boldine interacts with the PPAR response element and could potentially modulate PPAR responsive genes. Our results indicate that boldine is able to modulate the expression of adiponectin and its regulators in 3T3-L1 cells and has the potential to be beneficial in obesity-related cardiovascular disease.

To investigate the association of CYP2C9*3 and *6 with hyperlipidaemia in Chinese.Four hundred and seventy-six Chinese participated in the study, including 211 uncomplicated hyperlipidaemic patients and 265 healthy controls. PCR-RFLP was used to identify CYP2C9*3 and *6.CYP2C9*6 was not detected in this study. The allelic frequency of CYP2C9*3 was 0.039 (95% CI 0.022, 0.056). A nonsignificant difference existed in CYP2C9*3 frequencies between males and females (P = 0.605, OR = 1.194, 95% CI 0.610, 2.336), patients and controls (P = 0.063, OR = 0.506, 95% CI 0.244, 1.049) in the total population. However, in the female group, CYP2C9*3 frequency in patients with hyperlipidaemia was significantly lower than that in controls (P0.0001, OR = 0.062, 95% CI 0.008, 0.476).The association of CYP2C9*3 with hyperlipidaemia was specific for females in this Chinese population.

The human beta(1)-adrenergic receptor, an important therapeutic target in cardiovascular diseases, has 2 common functional polymorphisms (Ser49Gly and Gly389Arg). Our study aimed to confirm that beta(1)-adrenergic receptor polymorphisms affect the blood pressure response to metoprolol monotherapy in the Chinese population with hypertension.beta(1)-Adrenergic receptor genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism assay for 223 patients with essential hypertension. Sixty-one patients with certain beta(1)-adrenergic receptor diplotypes, 18 for 49Ser389Arg/49Ser389Arg, 15 for 49Ser389Arg/49Gly389Arg, 19 for 49Ser389Gly/49Gly389Arg, and 9 for 49Ser389Gly/49Ser389Gly, were selected from those 61 for measurement of the antihypertensive effect of metoprolol. Patients were given 25 mg metoprolol every 12 hours for 4 weeks. Heart rate and blood pressure were measured weekly for the duration of metoprolol therapy.The descent of systolic blood pressure after metoprolol administration was significantly different among genotype groups (10.4% +/- 4.0%, 2.8% +/- 4.7%, and 1.1% +/- 1.5% for Arg389Arg, Gly389Arg, and Gly389Gly patients, respectively; P.001). We also found a similar difference in changes of diastolic blood pressure (6.1% +/- 4.3%, 2.2% +/- 4.2%, and 0.9% +/- 4.0%, respectively; P.001) and mean arterial pressure (8.1% +/- 3.5%, 2.5% +/- 3.0%, and 1.0% +/- 2.5%, respectively; P.001) for Arg389Arg, Gly389Arg, and Gly389Gly patients. Ser49Gly variance exhibited a smaller contribution to the antihypertensive effect of metoprolol. Systolic blood pressure decreased significantly in Ser49 homozygous patients compared with Ser49Gly patients (8.4% +/- 3.2% versus 5.3% +/- 5.2%, P = .047). There was a highly significant relationship between diplotype and blood pressure during treatment. Systolic blood pressure significantly decreased in 49Ser389Arg/49Ser389Arg (12.0% +/- 3.8%, P.001) and 49Ser389Arg/49Gly389Arg (8.4% +/- 5.5%, P.001) patients, with the decrease in the former being more pronounced (P = .023). We also found a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (6.5% +/- 4.7% versus 5.7% +/- 3.2%, respectively; both P.001) and mean arterial pressure (8.8% +/- 3.2% versus 6.9% +/- 3.7%, respectively; both P.001) in 49Ser389Arg/49Ser389Arg and 49Ser389Arg/49Gly389Arg patients. However, blood pressure did not change significantly in 49Ser389Gly/49Gly389Arg and 49Ser389Gly/49Ser389Gly patients (all P.05).beta(1)-Adrenergic receptor polymorphism was associated with different blood pressure responses to metoprolol therapy in patients with essential hypertension. 49Ser389Arg/49Ser389Arg and 49Ser389Arg/49Gly389Arg patients were good responders to metoprolol therapy; 49Ser389Arg/49Ser389Arg patients had a larger systolic blood pressure reduction than 49Ser389Arg/49Gly389Arg patients did. 49Ser389Gly/49Gly389Arg and 49Ser389Gly/49Ser389Gly patients were nonresponders to metoprolol antihypertensive therapy.

Background: Cytochromes P450 (CYP) 2C9 are polymorphic enzymes which catalyze a wide spectrum of drugs. It is also responsible for the metabolism of arachidonic acid into EETs. EETs are known to be a vasoactive substance and play an important role in a hypertensive episode. Whether the genetic polymorphism of CYP2C9 will affect the vasoactive effect and consequently affect hypertension formation is still unknown. We investigated the association of CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*6 with hypertension. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-nine hypertension patients and 265 healthy controls participated in our study. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to identify CYP2C9*2, CYP2C9*3 and CYP2C9*6. Results: CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*6 were not detected in our study. The allelic frequency of CYP2C9*3 was 0.015 in hypertension patients in our study. In healthy controls, the allelic frequency of CYP2C9*3 was 0.049. Significant difference existed in CYP2C9*3 frequency between hypertension patients and healthy controls (0.015 for hypertension patients vs. 0.049 for healthy controls; χ2=9.728, P

The study was designed to define the contribution of cytochrome p450 2C19 (CYP2C19) and cytochrome p450 3A4 (CYP3A4) to citalopram N-demethylation and to evaluate the relationship between the disposition of citalopram and CYP2C19 genotype. A single oral 40-mg dose of citalopram was administered to eight extensive metabolizers and five poor metabolizers recruited from 77 healthy Chinese volunteers whose genotypes and phenotypes were predetermined. The plasma concentrations of citalopram and desmethylcitalopram were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. It was found that the genotype of CYP2C19 had a significant effect on the N-demethylation of citalopram. Poor metabolizers with m1 mutation had higher area under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC0--> infinity ) values than did extensive metabolizers. Terminal elimination half-life (t1/2) values of citalopram in poor metabolizers were significantly higher than the values in extensive metabolizers who were either homozygous or heterozygous with CYP2C19*1. The oral clearance (CLoral) of citalopram in poor metabolizers was significantly lower than that of extensive metabolizers. The AUC0--> infinity and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of desmethylcitalopram in poor metabolizers were significantly lower than the values of extensive metabolizers. The results show that CYP3A4 is not the major enzyme in the N-demethylation of citalopram among extensive metabolizers. The polymorphism of CYP2C19 plays an important role in the N- demethylation of citalopram in vivo. The extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers of CYP2C19 had significant difference in disposition of citalopram in vivo.