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Objective: The present research was carried out to observe withdrawal effects of energy drinks, whether thesehistomorphological changes are reversible or not. Study Design: Laboratory based experimental study. Place and Duration of Study: The research was carried out from 1 July to 30 August 2019 at national institute of health Islamabad. Materials and Methods: Total thirty adult male albino rats were divided into 3 groups by simple random sampling, with ten rats in each group. Group I was control group, while energy drink group II received 3.57ml/kg body weight red bull corresponding to one can of energy drink (250ml) in humans orally for eight weeks. Rats in withdrawal group III received energy drink for first four weeks followed by normal diet and water for last four weeks. After eight weeks, rats were sacrificed and their right kidneys were removed. Slides were prepared using hematoxylin eosin and Periodic Acid Schiff Stain, results were analyzed by SPSS. Results: The results showed that use of energy drink for 8 weeks resulted in increase in weight of kidneys along with histological alterations in renal cortex of rat kidneys. Grade 4 (severe) congestion, hemorrhage, loss of brush border and necrosis was observed in energy drink group II. Withdrawal of energy drink in group III resulted in weight of kidneys near to control group along with significant reduction in congestion, hemorrhage,loss of brush border and necrosis grades from grade 4 to grade 3 and 2 with P≤0.05. Conclusion: Caffeinated energy drinks are having damaging effects on kidneys of albino rats and these histological changes caused by caffeinated energy drinks in this duration of study and in low doses corresponding to one can of energy drink (250ml) in humans are reversible.

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the colon, leading to ulcer development, loss of colon function, and bloody diarrhea. The human gut ecosystem consists of almost 2000 different species of bacteria, forming a bioreactor fueled by dietary micronutrients to produce bioreactive compounds, which are absorbed by our body and signal to distant organs. Studies have shown that the Western diet, with fewer short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), can alter the gut microbiome composition and cause the host's epigenetic reprogramming. Additionally, overproduction of H2S from the gut microbiome due to changes in diet patterns can further activate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in UC. This review discusses how the Western diet affects the microbiome's function and alters the host's physiological homeostasis and susceptibility to UC. This article also covers the epidemiology, prognosis, pathophysiology, and current treatment strategies for UC, and how they are linked to colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is designed to examine the effect of sport participation in positive youth development, positive youth experience, life satisfaction and psychological problems. A sample of 100 participants age ranged 13-19 years, was recruited from the schools. In order to examine the impact of sport participation, 50 participants were taken from athlete group and 50 from non-athlete group. They were examined using youth development, youth experience, life satisfaction and psychological problem scales. Results showed difference between athlete and non-athlete groups on the youth development, youth experience, life satisfaction and psychological problems. The findings suggest that sport participations promote positive youth experience, positive youth development, enhance life satisfaction and reduce psychological problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to examine the effect of information on the outgroup perception and in-group bias. It was conducted with Hindu (n=120) and Muslim (n=120) adolescents using pre and post-test design. They were randomly assigned into three groups. They were exposed to a different kind of information (positive, negative and neutral). Results revealed that positive information exposure increased out-group positive perception and negative information exposure increased out-group negative perception in both Hindus and Muslims in comparison to the exposure to neutral information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Living together in culturally plural societies poses numerous challenges for members of ethnocultural groups and for the larger society. An important goal of these societies is to achieve positive intercultural relations among all their peoples. Successful management of these relations depends on many factors including a research‐based understanding of the historical, political, economic, religious and psychological features of the groups that are in contact. The core question is 'how we shall we all live together?' In the project reported in this paper (Mutual Intercultural Relations in Plural Societies; MIRIPS), we seek to provide such research by reviewing three core psychological hypotheses of intercultural relations (multiculturalism, contact and integration) in 21 culturally plural societies. The main goal of the project is to evaluate these hypotheses across societies within the MIRIPS project in order to identify if there are some basic psychological principles that underlie intercultural relations panculturally. If there are, the eventual goal is to employ the findings to propose some policies and programmes that may improve the quality of intercultural relationship globally. An internal meta‐analysis using the MIRIPS project data showed that the empirical findings from these societies generally support the validity of the three hypotheses. Implications for the development of policies and programmes to enhance the quality of intercultural relations are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is conducted to examine whether actual body shape, perceived body shape and gender role identity have any influence on depression symptoms amongst young adults in Indian culture. The age group being examined ranged from 20-25 years, as this is a crucial phase in our culture as people seek both professional and interpersonal settlements. The actual body shape was calculated by using BMI index, the perceived body shape was inferred through Body shape questionnaire, sex role identity was also measured through BEM sex role inventory and for depression. Beck depression inventory was used. A positive correlation was obtained between BMI and Body shape i.e. as the BMI increased the scores on body shape also increased which showed lack of satisfaction, though gender role concerns were identical amongst all female in all three categories according to BMI, all rated highly for female traits with means of 5.0, 4.99, and 4.96 respectively. We found a positive correlation between depressive symptoms with increased body image dissatisfaction. These results can be implicated in the high school education system for a better body image formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Values and beliefs are two important product of a culture that guide our behaviour. Values have capacity to shape the general patterns of socially accepted behaviour. Beliefs in terms of social axioms that are generalized beliefs about oneself, the social and physical environment, or the spiritual world, and are in the form of an assertion about the relationship between two entities or concepts. The present study examined the relationship between social axioms and individualistic-collectivistic values in Indian culture. The study was carried out with 86 participants taken from Varanasi City. The participants were examined by using Hindi version of individualistic and collectivistic values scale originally developed by Triandis and Gelfand (1998) and social axioms scale originally developed by Leung, Bond, Carrasquel, Muñoz, Hernández, Murakami, Yamagushi, Bierbrauer & Singles (2002). Results found significant positive relationships between social axioms and individualistic--collectivistic values but some correlations were not found significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study is to assess the relationship of intrinsic, extrinsic religiosity with psychological well-being of adolescents. The religiosity and psychological well-being scales were administered to examine 197 participants, age ranged 14-18 years, taken from government schools of Varanasi City. Finding revealed that intrinsic religiosity is significantly and positively correlated with self acceptance (a domain of psychological well- being) and also with extrinsic religiosity while extrinsic religiosity was not significantly correlated with psychological well-being and its domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Positive negative affect play a vital role in the lives of correctional home inmates. Living in a different environment, away from the real world surely plays havoc with their emotions. Still gathering up enough motivation to stay happy and positive is a very big achievement. Thus, the present study is aimed to assess the relationship between the two kinds of motivational orientations as intrinsic and extrinsic motivation and the level of positive negative affect of the correctional home inmates. The study was carried out with 100 correctional home inmates (50 males and 50 females). The participants were all within the age range of 18-60 years and selected from Correctional Homes in West Bengal. The Global Motivational Scale (GMS) and the Positive Affect Negative Affect Scale (PANAS-X) were used to assess the jail inmates. Results found significant positive correlation of intrinsic motivation with positive affect and a significant negative correlation with negative affect. A significant positive correlation of extrinsic motivation with negative affect was evident. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present scenario, people are the victim of stress and stress related problems which caused the disruption in their life. Yoga widely used across the world as a technique of relief from stress and for improvement in physical and psychological health. Yoga is an ancient Indian practice focusing on breathing and physical exercises, muscle relaxation, meditation and physical workout. People can be able to maintain their physical, mental as well as spiritual well-being through regular yogic practices. Thus, the present study aims at examining the effects of yogic practices on the stress level of middle age people. The study was conducted with 100 male participants aged 35-45 years by using a stress index and introducing them an intervention program. In order to assess the role of yogic practices in relieving stress, participants were divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). Both groups were exposed to pre and post-test. Results of the present study reported significant reduction in the stress level of middle age people as a result of one month intervention program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examined social identity and prejudice of Hindu and Muslim adolescents in the context of their schooling. The study was conducted with 102 Hindu and 106 Muslim boys, aged 14-19 years, drawn from Traditional Urdu (n=52), Traditional Sanskrit (n=50), and Modern (n=106) schools of Varanasi city. The participants were given scales for the assessment of identity and prejudice. The findings revealed that although both the Hindu and Muslim groups displayed fairly strong social identity, the latter group showed a stronger social identity than the former. The social identity of adolescents in traditional schools, particularly of those belonging to Hindu group, was stronger than that of those who attended modern schools. With respect to Prejudice, ANOVA revealed difference between the two school groups to be significant (Traditional>Modern), only in the Hindu group, not in the Muslim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a multiculturalism society, social identity seems to be largely concerned with roots and characteristics of different groups of people such as culture, religion, language, etc. It refers to social self-definition that includes how people conceptualize and evaluate themselves. One offshoot of social identification is prejudice, which is reflected in a low preference and interpersonal attraction among the members of different groups. The present study examined the development of social identity and prejudice in Hindu and Muslim children. The study was conducted with 100 Hindu and 100 Muslim children, aged 3-12 years, using a Model Identification Task (MIT) and a Projective Prejudice Task (PPT). The findings revealed that children of both Hindu and Muslim groups became aware of their own group identity as well as that of others at a very early age. They preferred the member of their own group and expressed negative feeling towards the member of other group. In both the groups, parents or family members appeared to be the main source of knowledge of their social identity. These findings are discussed in the context of current theoretical developments in the field, and their implications for handling the problem of inter group relations are pointed out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]