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In addition to renewable energy sources, large- scale production and utilisation of hydrogen are key prerequisites for the “green” energy system that should be implemented in the EU by 2050. The paper describes the role of hydrogen used as an energy carrier and presents different types of hydrogen with respect to its origin. A review of the EU's regulation relevant for decarbonisation and hydrogen utilisation is given in the paper. The Croatian Hydrogen Strategy until 2050 adopted by the Croatian Parliament on 25 March 2022 is described. Furthermore, the European Hydrogen Backbone, which is of crucial importance for future hydrogen supply in Europe, is elaborated. A complete realisation of the EU's plan of an intensive hydrogen utilisation, with the achieved cost-effectiveness of the renewable hydrogen production, implies that the hydrogen network could become the most relevant gas network in the future.

At the end of the second decade of the 21st century humankind is at the turning point: either it will find effective responses to the global challenge of preventing the rapid climate changes, caused by the sources of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities, or the world, as we know it, will disappear. Following the Paris Agreement from 2015, the need for energy transition implementation became indisputable since it has been confirmed that energy transformations and energy use have a significant impact on the climate. In the context of the transition from traditional fossil fuel-based energy system to the new "green energy of the future" security of energy supply has become a dominant issue (in the context of providing both the undisturbed functioning of all society segments and ensuring future economic development). Considering the high energy value of gas, significant installed power of standard gas plants and possibility for very wide utilisation, the increase in gas consumption, in the first decades of carrying out the long-term energy transition process, should be a part of addressing the risk of rapid climate changes to achieve climate stabilization and create a low carbon economy (for example, replacing lignite with gas can decrease the CO2 emissions even up to 66%). The trends in the global gas market are discussed in the paper. Starting from the long-term trends in the global gas production and consumption, recent situation and relevant forecasts for global primary energy consumption, a natural gas potential to become the leading fuel (as regards consumption) in the world by 2050 is presented. In this context, natural gas will be one of the key geopolitical factors in the upcoming energy transition. Furthermore, the importance of strategic gas projects (for the realization of which a large amount of money will be spent) is emphasized, which undoubtedly leads to the conclusion that the “powerful” countries strongly count on the long-term use of natural gas. This fact confirms the axiom that the domination over geostrategic resources implies a global political power, that is, the geopolitical position of the countries with the large proven reserves of natural gas as well as the largest natural gas exporters will strengthen. Special attention was paid to liquefied natural gas since the expected growth in the trade of liquefied natural gas will have a significant influence on the positioning of gas as a global energy source. Furthermore, this paper discusses the decision of the European Investment Bank (EIB) to suspend financing of projects related to fossil fuels (including gas projects) as of the end of 2021, with possible implications on the security of energy supply due to uncertainty caused by replacing a favourable use of gas with something else which is more expensive and uncertain, having in mind the fact that the security of energy supply depends largely on necessary investments. At the end of the paper there is an overview of new natural gas discoveries in the Eastern Mediterranean, and a description of possible impacts on the Republic of Croatia.

U radu je naglašena uloga vodika kao nositelja energije i prikazani su tipovi vodika s obzirom na podrijetlo. Nadalje, dan je osvrt na Strategiju za vodik za klimatski neutralnu Europu i Odluku o pokretanju postupka izrade Hrvatske strategije za vodik od 2021. do 2050. godine. Opisana je i planirana strateška infrastruktura (engl. European Hydrogen Backbone) koja je ključna za buduću opskrbu vodikom u Europi.

During the last ten years, many sayings of professor Eraldo Banovac have been quoted worldwide. This compilation of sayings comprises various aspects of human activity: from philosophical issues, time, human nature, wisdom, happiness, friendship, knowledge, ideas, problem solving, success, leadership, management, education and exams to a handful of funny remarks. Almost 400 sayings classified per appropriate fields will incite readers to consider important life issues. Observing the complexity of life, professor Banovac gives his original insight on this matter.

Analiza buduće uloge prirodnog plina isprepleće se s proučavanjem opcija (scenarija) globalne energetske budućnosti, pri čemu se energetska politika i mjere ograničavanja globalnog zatopljenja sve više tretiraju integralno. Prirodni plin – vrlo vrijedan energent kontinuirano rastućeg udjela u energetskome miksu – u posljednje se vrijeme učestalo naziva tranzicijskim energentom. Međutim, prirodni plin nadilazi značenje samo tranzicijskog energenta na putu do ostvarenja niskougljične ekonomije i bit će bitan energent u energetskome miksu 21. stoljeća.

Creative and cultural industries are becoming more and more important. Creative and cultural industries present a growing segment of the economy that encompasses a wide range of activities, such as architecture, electronic media, film, publishing, music, art, photography, heritage, advertising, design and computer games. Many countries use creative and cultural industries to stimulate economic development and to strengthen competitiveness. World trade in goods and services in the frame of creative and cultural industries has recorded a steady growth. The highest growth rates of creative and cultural industries were registered in developing countries, as opposed to the transition countries where growth rates were very low. The Croatian Cluster Competitiveness of Creative and Cultural Industries was formed in 2013, based on the initiative of the Ministry of Economy of Croatia. Creative and cultural industries in Croatia were formed according to the principle of the Quadruple Helix model – economy, public administration, academic research institutions and civil society. Creative and cultural industries are based on knowledge, ideas and skills that affect innovation and competitiveness by using new technologies. During the last two decades, restructuring processes in connection with liberalization and privatization took place in the global energy sector, with the implementation of the policy of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, primarily by increasing energy efficiency and the share of renewables in electricity production. Modern energetics is faced with new challenges related to economic, social and environmental impacts on the sustainable quality of life. Nowadays, the principles of creative and cultural industries are used in all industry sectors, including the energy sector – which is of utmost importance for a society. A research to determine the possibility of implementation of the principles of creative and cultural industries in the energy sector is conducted in this paper.

The competitiveness of market participants in the European single electricity market depends on the costs of generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Achieving distributed power generation is an important goal because the generation facilities are located near the final customers, whereby the losses of electricity in the network as well as the need for the capacity of the high voltage network are reduced. The distribution of electricity in the Republic of Croatia is carried out by the HEP Distribution System Operator (HEP ODS) that manages the distribution network and facilities, as opposed to the energy activity of the distribution of natural gas that is carried out by dozens of operators in their distribution areas. Therefore, the amounts of tariff items in the Tariff system for electricity distribution, for certain categories of customers (i.e. tariff models), are unique over the entire territory of Croatia. HEP ODS carries out the distribution of electricity in 21 distribution areas, which differ significantly in size, number of employees, number of customers, network length and the amount of distributed electricity. The indicators essential for the efficiency of the distribution system are analyzed in this paper, based on the modified regionalisation of distribution areas. The aim of this paper is to analyze relevant data for HEP ODS and to compare these data according to the distribution areas, towards the higher efficiency of the system itself.

The consumption and energy costs affect the competitiveness of industrial branches as well as business in general. The implementation of an effective energy policy encourages the economic growth and prevents significant energy poverty. Development of energy systems depends on many factors, among which the energy price and the rate of return on invested funds should be emphasized. Long-term use of real energy prices will result in a reliable supply of energy in the future. The price of energy for households depends significantly on production costs and energy consumption. Households consume energy for heating, cooling, cooking, domestic hot water, lighting and household appliances. In fact, the biggest item is the cost of heating which depends significantly on the climatological conditions and specific habits of consumers. Developed societies tend to use a variety of devices. As a consequence, energy consumption and price increase continuously. Hence, the cost of energy becomes a significant part of the total costs of an average household. The number of people who cannot pay the cost of energy will inevitably increase in the future in line with rising energy bills and energy poverty. The complex energy poverty issues must be studied in depth because there are many countries in which energy poverty is a major social problem. However, in Europe, only the United Kingdom and Ireland have determined the criterion for energy poverty. This research is focused on the energy consumption in households. The energy needs are presented and the energy costs in relation to the available household income are considered. Furthermore, the influence of energy consumption on energy poverty in Eastern and Adriatic Croatia is researched.

A mathematical base relevant for using the Lot Acceptance Sampling Plans (LASPs) to control large lots of different items purchased by companies that have a complex manufacturing structure is elaborated in this paper. The differences between the main types of the LASPs (Dodge-Romig, Philips and MIL-STD 105E) are accentuated. Two different errors relevant for the LASPs are explained: type I error when a lot with acceptable quality is rejected and type II error when a lot with unacceptable quality is accepted.

Considering the European electric power systems there is a yearly increased consumption of electricity everywhere (from 1% to even 4% in some cases). The processes of developing and connecting existing electric power systems are very complex. Preconditions for connecting two UCTE synchronous zones (1st and 2nd Pan-European synchronous zones) in one European electric power system were created in 2000. The UCTE synchronous zones were formed when the outage of the 400 kV overhead line Ernestinovo – Mladost on September 26, 1991 caused the system to separate. The reconnection was carried out on October 10, 2004 following the important decision which was passed by the UCTE Steering Committee at its meeting in early 2002 in Brussels. Static and dynamic analysis with respect to reconnection of electric power systems, such as transit analysis, analysis of capacity flows, short circuits, N-1, dynamic behavior, angle analysis, voltage stabilities, frequency oscillations, changes of capacity flows in a short time period, were outlined in the paper. Special attention is paid to the mathematical base significant for carrying out the analysis of conditions in certain electric power system.

This paper focuses on the new gas pipelines, interconnections, storage facilities and liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification terminals planned in the Republic of Croatia and South East Europe Region. This infrastructure could enable greater natural gas import and secure supply in the region and in the wider EU context. The purpose of the paper is to emphasize the most feasible and contributing infrastructure projects and development concepts out of a series of proposed projects throughout the region in recent years and to assess the resulting state of security of the natural gas supply.

Size and features of European electric power systems, like any other in the world, is subject to changes. The reason is of technical nature – increased work safety, as well as economic – the possibility of electricity trading i.e. increased production optimization. The consumption of electricity is increased every year by 1% to, in some cases, even 4%, which additionally makes the issue of meeting electricity needs more complex. The processes of expanding and connecting electric power systems are very complex and depend on the political, technical and economic environment. Until 1991 UCPTE (from the year 2000 UCTE) had operated in a synchronous manner in accordance with the political environment of that period. Consequent to changes caused by democratic process of the former USSR break-up and the war in the region of former Yugoslavia, two UCTE synchronous zones were created. In the early 2000 preconditions for connecting the aforementioned areas in one common electric power system were created. The UCTE Steering Committee decided in its Brussels meeting in early 2002 to set up an Executive Team with the main goal of organizing and implementing the above mentioned project. The following, as main leaders, were assigned: the Croatian representative, today HEP-TSO and the representative from the Czech Republic, ČEPS-TSO. The reconnection was carried out on October 10, 2004 along with a huge number of preparatory and expert as well as scientific papers and challenges in the total period of five years. The reconnection results are extremely positive and affirmative.

U radu su predočeni tehničko-ekonomski čimbenici od značaja za određivanje pristupa problematici plinskog priključka. Zakon o energiji (NN br. 68/01, 177/04, 76/07 i 152/08) određuje da Hrvatska energetska regulatorna agencija propisuje metodologiju utvrđivanja naknade za priključenje na mrežu i za povećanje priključne snage postojećih proizvođača i kupaca putem Pravilnika. Predmetni Pravilnik treba donijeti u roku od šest mjeseci od dana stupanja na snagu Općih uvjeta za opskrbu prirodnim plinom. Postupak pripreme Pravilnika treba započeti s analizom postojećeg stanja koje obilježava velika diversifikacija u djelatnosti distribucije plina, budući da postoji 38 distributera plina u Republici Hrvatskoj, od kojih mnogi imaju vrlo specifičan način obračuna troškova izgradnje priključka. Potrebno je izvršiti tipizaciju priključaka, uzevši u obzir tlakove u mrežama i kapacitete mjerno-regulacijskih setova. Metodologija obračuna troškova treba biti razvidna za svaki tip priključka i sukladna važećim računovodstvenim standardima.

Uloga regulatornog tijela u uređenju tržišta električne energije i prirodnog plina i otvorenost tih tržišta u RH. Rezultati ostvareni u procesu licenciranja energetskih djelatnosti.

U radu je prezentirana problematika primjene poticajnih mjera nužnih za realizaciju projekata obnovljivih izvora energije (OIE). Predočeni su temeljni oblici poticajnih mjera za primjenu OIE, tj. fiskalne mjere, zajamčene tarife, sustav natječaja, zeleni certifikati, obvezne kvote i subvencije investicija. Analizirano je stanje u SAD glede poticaja vjetro-sustava, s obzirom da su se kapaciteti instaliranih vjetro-postrojenja bitno povećali zadnjih godina. Razmotreni su: poticajna mjera kreditiranja malih vjetro-sustava, porezna olakšica na bazi proizvedene zelene energije i Nacionalni standard za obnovljivu električnu energiju. Predočeno je i stanje u Europskoj uniji glede poticanja primjene OIE. Dan je poseban osvrt na hrvatski pristup poticanju veće primjene OIE, sa sustavom zajamčenih tarifa, primjenjivim do 12 godina, na temelju pet podzakonskih propisa usvojenih 2007. godine.

Intensive usage of conventional fossil fuels in the past had harmful consequences such as unacceptable atmosphere pollution and global warming. Therefore, environmental protection, well symbolized by the motto "clean energy for the World", becomes a strategic target in many countries worldwide as well as the Republic of Croatia. More intensive usage of clean energy (natural gas, biofuels, ethanol or other kind of energy, especially electricity produced in the renewable sources' facilities) is a prerequisite of the entire Croatian development in the coming years. Nowadays, Croatia is under the negotiation process for joining the EU. Hence, Croatia should implement the EU's new energy policy. The European energy plan targets big carbon cuts, therefore a significant share of biofuels' usage, as a usual form of clean energy, is a consequence of the EU's new energy policy unveiled in January 2007 by the European Commission. The postulates valued in the EU concerning promotion of biofuels and clarification of the related obligations which Croatia as a candidate for the membership has to fulfill are analyzed in the paper. Contents of the regulative accepted in Croatia regarding more intensive usage of biofuels is considered. Special attention is paid to the share of biofuels that should be delivered to the Croatian market, towards fulfilling the national target of 5.75% share of biofuels in total motor fuel consumption by the end of 2010, as it is stated in the Regulation on biofuels quality. The considered biofuels quantity included in the Plan of placing biofuels on the domestic market for 2007 is 20, 000 t/year. That quantity is based on the domestic current and expected production of biofuels (mainly biodiesel which absolute dominates the Croatian market nowadays, because the producers choose to produce it). Furthermore, some incentives for biofuels (such as adequate tax exemption) are suggested in the paper, taking into account accepted praxis and results in the EU for biofuels production and utilization in order to fulfill the national target of biofuels share in total fuel supply.

Promatrano energetski, biodizel predstavlja kvalitetan nadomjestak za konvencionalni dizel jer ima dobre tehničke značajke. Njegovo korištenje može pridonijeti globalnom cilju zaštite okoliša, što međutim ovisi o vrsti sirovine iz koje se proizvodi. U proteklih desetak godina zabilježen je kontinuiran rast proizvodnje tog goriva, a puno je država odredilo poticajne mjere orijentirane prema poljoprivrednim površinama namjenski zasijanim agrokulturama - sirovinama u proizvodnji biodizela - ili direktno prema proizvodnji/potrošnji biodizela. Europska je unija, kao najveći proizvođač biodizela u svijetu, propisala državama članicama obvezu osiguranja minimalnog udjela biogoriva od 5, 75% u ukupnoj potrošnji motornih goriva do kraja 2010. godine.

U radu se krenulo od sadržaja važeće Smjernice 2003/54/EZ, usvojene 2003. godine radi ostvarenja unutarnjeg tržišta električne energije Europske unije i kompatibilnih elektroenergetskih sektora država članica. U toj Smjernici (kao i prethodnoj Smjernici 96/92/EZ) utvrđena su zajednička pravila za unutarnje tržište električne energije EU te su razmotrena sva važna pitanja, uključujući i razdvajanje. Uz kriterije određene Smjernicom 2003/54/EZ koji se odnose na pravno, funkcionalno i računovodstveno razdvajanje, opisano je i vlasničko razdvajanje o čemu još ne postoji suglasje različitih skupina (nacionalnih elektroprivreda, regulatornih tijela, operatora prijenosnih i distribucijskih sustava i dr.). Nadalje, u radu su naznačene mogućnosti i oblici okomite integracije prema pravno razdvojenim energetskim djelatnostima. Naglašeno je kako funkcionalno i vlasničko razdvajanje podupire stvaranje učinkovitog energetskog sektora, s obzirom da se provedbom restrukturiranja i unapređenjem poslovnog upravljanja stvaraju konkurentnija poduzeća. Konačno, dan je usporedni prikaz nacionalnih tržišta električne energije u Europi i prikazano je što je dosad napravljeno glede problematike razdvajanja u Republici Hrvatskoj.

Ever since the industrial revolution the social development has been founded on cheaper fossil fuels, neglecting how energy transformations increasingly affect the environment. The consequence has been the atmosphere pollution and global warming. In the beginning of 2007 the European Commission sent the Communication "An Energy police for Europe” to the European Council and the European Parliament. That Communication is an important document in which the Commission considered many energy issues, with the goal of creating economy with high energy efficiency by 2050, with sustainable increase of production from renewable energy sources and development of energy technologies of the future. In the European Union today the electricity production from renewable energy sources ranks third and these sources have a great potential of growth, with clear advantages in the sense of environment protection. Today Croatia cannot produce enough electricity to cover its own needs, so it imports on average 30% of electricity per year. Taking into consideration potentially large possibilities of renewable energy sources, the Croatian approach to the development of the incentive mechanism for greater electricity production from the renewable energy sources is elaborated in the paper. It is estimated that Croatia could increase its electricity production from the renewable energy sources by 532 GWh in the course of the next two years, which would cost 16 million EUR (in order to cover higher costs of such production). Therefore an incentive mechanism needs to be developed and implemented that would ensure that the electricity price of one kWh produced from the renewable energy sources is as low as possible.

Objašnjene su povijesne značajke regulacije javnih usluga, s naglaskom na energetiku. Obrađene su bitne značajke tržišta električne energije, vrste tržišta, regulacija energetskih djelatnosti. Poseban osvrt dan je na aktualno stanje regulacije elektroenergetskih djelatnosti u svijetu i u RH te na problematiku ekonomske regulacije (RPI-X).

U radu su opisana pravila pristupa treće strane plinskim transportnim i distribucijskim sustavima, sukladno regulativi Europske unije. Zatim je razmotrena problematika pristupa treće strane prema hrvatskom energetskom zakonodavstvu. Opisane su mogućnosti izuzeća (derogacije) od pravila pristupa treće strane.

Proces liberalizacije europskog tržišta prirodnog plina temelji se na odredbama direktiva Europskog parlamenta i Vijeća (stara 98/30/EC i nova 2003/55/EC) o zajedničkim pravilima za unutarnje tržište prirodnog plina, donesenih s ciljem stvaranja jedinstvenog otvorenog i konkurentnog tržišta Europske unije. Ulazak novih sudionika na tržište trebao bi rezultirati nižom cijenom prirodnog plina, višom kvalitetom usluge i sigurnosti opskrbe, kao i diversifikacijom dobave. Opće promjene plinskog, a i cjelokupnog energetskog sektora, koje su se odvijale u svim državama članicama EU tijekom zadnjih deset godina, postepeno su zahvatile i Republiku Hrvatsku. Budući da je važan hrvatski cilj ostvariti članstvo u EU, proizlazi da reformu hrvatskog energetskog sektora treba provesti sukladno procesu koji se odvija u EU. U radu se iznose osnovne značajke procesa reforme europskog i hrvatskog plinskog sektora, s naglaskom na proces liberalizacije. Opisani su pravni temelji i kriteriji otvaranja tržišta plina u EU i RH. Nadalje, analiziran je stupanj deklarativne i stvarne otvorenosti pojedinih tržišta prirodnog plina, struktura dobave i ovisnost o uvezenom prirodnom plinu, problem dugoročnih ugovora i destinacijskih klauzula, kao i razvoj plinske infrastrukture i spot tržišta s plinskim čvorištima. Razmotreni su načini formiranja cijene prirodnog plina, te iskustva pojedinih država u pogledu postignutog stupnja liberalizacije i deregulacije tržišta prirodnog plina. Konačno, prikazano je trenutno stanje, kao i mogućnost razvoja tržišta prirodnog plina u RH.

U radu su analizirane nadležnosti nacionalnih regulatornih tijela prema Direktivi 2003/55/EZ kojom su utvrđena zajednička pravila za unutarnje tržište prirodnog plina Europske unije. Opisane su temeljne nadležnosti nadležnih nacionalnih regulatornih tijela prema članku 25. i navedene druge nadležnosti koje nisu izričito utvrđene Direktivom, a koje države članice Europske unije mogu prenijeti na regulatorna ili druga nadležna tijela.

U radu je opisan značaj inerkonekcijskih vodova za trgovinu električnom energijom na unutarnjem tržištu električne energije Europske unije i općenito. Dane su definicije prijenosnih kapaciteta na otvorenim tržištima električne energije. Razmotrene su zadaće operatora prijenosnih sustava i regulatornih tijela na tom području. Nadalje, opisana su pravila dodjele i korištenja prekograničnih prijenosnih kapaciteta te upravljanje zagušenjem.

The paper analyses important characteristics of the gas market liberalization process in the EU and the Republic of Croatia. The influence of Directive 98/30/EC initiated the process of liberalizing the internal market in natural gas and the current Directive 2003/55/EC is described. The results of the liberalization process in the EU and Croatia are analyzed. Special attention is paid to questions regarding the market openness level, and new formulas (defined by the author) that are suitable for calculating the theoretical market openness coefficient (Cfth) and real market openness coefficient (Cfrl). Furthermore, the appropriate formulas for calculating different annual gas quantities (Qdlv ; Qsum ; Qnoa) for the Croatian gas market and similar types of gas markets have been developed.

Usporedno s nastojanjima za povećanje sigurnosti i diversifikaciju dobavnih pravaca prirodnog plina stvaranjem jedinstvenog, otvorenog i konkurentnog tržišta u Europi, pojavio se i razvija se fleksibilniji način trgovine plinom - putem spot tržišta ili burzi. Takva se trgovina provodi putem trgovinskih čvorišta plina i predstavlja alternativu ili dopunu dobavi plina putem dugoročnih ugovora. Trenutno u Europi djeluje nekoliko trgovinskih čvorišta plina (NBP, TTF, Zeebrugge, Baumgarten, Lampertheim) od kojih se, zasada, nije formirao centralni, s obzirom da je stvaranje jedinstvenog tržišta još opterećeno mnogim problemima. U radu se opisuju osnovni pojmovi trgovine na čvorištima plina, značajke najvećih čvorišta u Europi, te preduvjeti i prepreke u daljnjem razvoju jedinstvenog europskog tržišta putem plinskih čvorišta.

U radu su opisane novosti u hrvatskom energetskom zakonodavstvu. Opisano je zašto su provedene promjene, odnosno pokrenuta reforma hrvatskog energetskog sektora zadnjih godina. Poseban osvrt dan je na elektroenergetske djelatnosti te potrebnu podzakonsku regulativu. Navedeni su čimbenici bitni za odabir modela i pravila djelovanja tržišta električne energije. Posebno je razmotrena proizvodnja električne energije i opskrba električnom energijom. Naglašeno je kako je provođenje poticajne regulacije elektroenergetskih djelatnosti od strane za to nadležnog regulatornog tijela važno za jačanje efikasnosti tržišta električne energije.

U radu su razmatrani tržišni udjeli u energetskoj djelatnosti distribucije prirodnog plina, prisutni danas u RH. Prikazani su kriteriji za primjenu Hirschman-Herfindahl indeksa i Concentration Ratio indeksa, dviju najpogodnijih metoda za određivanje odnosa među sudionicima na tržištu. Obje metode su primijenjene na skup od 36 distributera plina te je utvrđeno kakva je pogodnost primjene tih metoda kod mreža "zatvorenog tipa" kakva je distribucijska plinska mreža.

This paper deals with the problems concerning the choice of electricity market model in Croatia. At the moment, Croatian electricity market is opened app. 14%. This is obviously too little particularly because the Republic of Croatia has started accession talks with European Union regarding its membership and this membership implies faster opening of the market as well as the most efficient market model. It also gives positive and negative aspects of the regulation because regulation affects liberalization of electricity market very directly, encourages investments in power supply field and prevents monopolistic behavior on the market. The presented scheme includes possible partners in the open power supply field as well as regulatory effect toward the market in the last three years. The paper also analyses the questions concerning the structure and organization of electricity market which are vital for the proper choice of electricity market model.

U radu je analizirano otvaranje tržišta plina. Dana je ocjena postignutih rezultata. Poseban osvrt dan je na razliku između pojmova 'stvarna otvorenost tržišta' i 'deklarativna otvorenost tržišta'. Nadalje, naglašen je značaj problematike koncentracije i konkurentnosti na tržištu plina. Prikazani su kriteriji za primjenu Hirschman-Herfindahl indeksa (HHI).

Područje obnovljivih izvora energije koje danas zbog ekološke osviještenosti postaje vrlo atraktivno, iako s relativno malim udjelom u ukupnoj proizvodnji električne energije, trebalo bi obuhvatiti djelovanjem nadležnog regulatornog tijela. Međutim, hrvatskim energetskim zakonodavstvom nisu detaljno razrađene zadaće hrvatskog regulatornog tijela - Hrvatske energetske regulatorne agencije (HERA) u svezi s obnovljivim izvorima energije. To znači da je uloga Agencije na tom području dana više implicitno, pa je stoga potrebno provesti analizu radi određivanja regulatornih nadležnosti.

U radu je naglašena važnost odabira pravilnog pristupa regulaciji distribucije plina, kao bitnoj reguliranoj energetskoj djelatnosti, koju danas u Republici Hrvatskoj obavlja 39 distributera na temelju ishođenih dozvola za obavljanje te djelatnosti. Dan je osvrt na izvršen proces licenciranja, s opisom problema koji su uočeni kod energetske djelatnosti distribucije plina. Unutar regulatornog okvira, prikazani su elementi od značaja za regulatorni nadzor nad održavanjem propisanih uvjeta od strane distributera plina, što je vrlo važno za kontinuirano i pouzdano obavljanje djelatnosti. Nadalje, u radu su prikazane značajke (pravne, tehničke i ekonomske) u svezi uređenja cijena, što se postiže kroz tarifne sustave za dobavu, skladištenje, transport i distribuciju prirodnog plina, za koje metodologije donosi regulatorno tijelo, a što ima veliki značaj za buduće poslovanje i razvoj plinskog gospodarstva.

U radu su opisana načela razdvajanja plinskih djelatnosti (engleski termin: unbundling) koja su određena EU Direktivom 2003/55/EZ. Razmotreni su kriteriji za razdvajanje energetskih djelatnosti distribucije prirodnog plina i opskrbe prirodnim plinom.

U članku su opisani pravno-institucionalni okviri koji se odnose na korištenje obnovljivih izvora energije, stanje i značajke bitne za širu primjenu tih izvora, te uloga regulatornog tijela s osvrtom na analitički prikaz nadležnosti Hrvatske energetske regulatorne agencije. Opisan je mogući pristup regulatornog djelovanja u hrvatskom energetskom sektoru na tom području, kao i mehanizam potpore obnovljivim izvorima energije.

U ovom su radu opisana načela razdvajanja energetskih djelatnosti prijenosa i distribucije električne energije, bazirano na odredbama Direktive 2003/54/EZ. Razmotreni su kriteriji bitni za razdvajanje tih djelatnosti od energetskih djelatnosti proizvodnje električne energije, opskrbe električnom energijom i drugih ne-energetskih djelatnosti.

U radu je objašnjeno što obuhvaćaju pojmovi - javna usluga i obveza javne usluge. Podcrtan je značaj obavljanja određenih energetskih djelatnosti pod obvezom javne usluge. Poseban osvrt dan je na regulaciju javnih usluga, za što su nadležna nacionalna regulatorna tijela. Opisani su principi koji se postižu dosljednom primjenom obveze javne usluge, djelatnost regulatornih tijela te provođenje obveze javne usluge u energetici EU.

In the case of the Republic of Croatia is important to stress the importance of outlining a national plan of the support to the promotion of electricity generated from the renewable energy sources - above all with the aim to get closer to the outlined objectives of the European Union regarding the usage volume of renewable energy sources by the year 2010. The Republic of Croatia should determine the minimal share of renewable energy sources for the period between the year 2005 and 2010 along with the way to gather means for fulfilling this minimal share, including the increase in the electricity bills for consumers. This paper analysis the role, specific tasks and jurisdiction of the Croatian Energy Regulatory Council with specific reference to the renewable energy sources. The paper also outlines the legislative framework, together with the current situation and the future perspectives for the development of renewable energy sources in the Republic of Croatia. Furthermore, it also provides a review of possible regulatory activities of the Croatian Energy Regulatory Council in future, and the contents of the Register of the Renewable Energy Sources Projects.

Regulirani pristup prijenosnoj i distribucijskoj mreži jedan je od prioriteta u provođenju EU Direktive 2003/54/EZ. Kako bi se moglo udovoljiti zahtjevima ove Direktive reforma elektroenergetskog sektora u Republici Hrvatskoj mora se provesti dubinski te mora obuhvatiti niz segmenata. U članku je dan prikaz segmenta reforme koje je nužno provesti kao preduvjet za mogućnost uvođenja poticajne regulacije u prijenosu električne energije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nadalje, dana je poveznica između pojedinih elemenata poticajne regulacije i koraka u reformi elektroenergetskog sektora.

In accordance with electric power sector deregulation in the Republic of Croatia, package of Energy laws that regulate energy activities regulation implementation was accepted. This paper outlines the characteristics of deregulation of the Croatian electricity market, with a special emphasis on the two possible regulatory orientations with respect to the electricity market ; the role of the regulatory body is quantification of service parameters to insure electricity quality, and the principles of modern energy activities regulation approach. The paper emphasizes the importance of enactment of Tariff structure for services in electric power activities provided as public services. The new tariff structure classifies customers into classes, a developed structure of electricity prices and five tariff models, depending on the particular customer class. The regulatory approach, i.e. how to determine the fees for the use of transmission and distribution networks, and the suitable formula for determination of the annual revenue in the distribution of electricity are described as well.

U radu su opisane opće značajke obnovljivih izvora energije. Naznačena je uloga portfolio standarda za obnovljive izvore pod kojim treba obavljati trgovanje zelenim certifikatima (što uključuje obvezu proizvodnje iz obnovljivih izvora energije). Naglašen je značaj implementacije učinkovitog mehanizma potpore obnovljivim izvorima energije, unutar djelovanja nadležnog regulatornog tijela. Opisani su poslovi u svezi Registra projekata obnovljivih izvora energije.

U radu su prikazani udjeli obnovljivih izvora i obveze zemalja EU te su dane karakteristike elektroenergetskih sustava nekih novih članica EU (Cipar, Estonija, Latvija, Litva, Mađarska), s obzirom da se 1. svibnja 2004. godine deset novih članica pridružilo EU. Naglašena je potreba veće primjene biogoriva. Opisan je mogući pristup za buduće regulatorno postupanje u hrvatskom energetskom sektoru na tom području te mehanizam potpore obnovljivim izvorima energije. Nadalje, opisana je uloga regulatornog tijela, s posebnim osvrtom na analitički prikaz nadležnosti Hrvatske energetske regulatorne agencije - HERA. Razmotrena su i određena pitanja od važnosti za RH u pridruživanju EU.

Regulirani pristup prijenosnoj i distribucijskoj mreži jedan je od prioriteta u provođenju EU Direktive 2003/54/EZ. Kako bi se moglo udovoljiti zahtjevima ove Direktive reforma elektroenergetskog sektora u Republici Hrvatskoj mora se provesti dubinski te mora obuhvatiti niz segmenata. U članku je dan prikaz segmenta reforme koje je nužno provesti kao preduvjet za mogućnost uvođenja poticajne regulacije u prijenosu električne energije u Republici Hrvatskoj. Nadalje, dana je poveznica između pojedinih elemenata poticajne regulacije i koraka u reformi elektroenergetskog sektora.

Directive 2003/54/EC emphasized the importance of introduction of regulated third party access as a prerequisite for introducing fully functioning electricity market. This provision relates both to transmission and distribution of electricity. In addition it gives regulatory authorities powers to set or at least approve terms for networks’ access, including a methodology for setting transmission and distribution tariffs. Croatia as a candidate country for the EU membership has to adopt respective EU directives’ provisions through its national legislation. This article gives the state of the art of distribution activity in Croatia in respect to the energy market reform. In addition it deals with different methods of economic regulation, emphasizing the possibility of applying Performance Based Regulation in distribution of electricity in Croatia with the reference to the quality of supply mechanism.