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To achieve the painless administration of interferon alpha 1b (rhIFNα-1b), a double-layered soluble polymer microneedle (MN) patch loaded with rhIFNα-1b was used to deliver rhIFNα-1b transdermally. The solution containing rhIFNα-1b was concentrated in the MN tips under negative pressure. The MNs punctured the skin and delivered rhIFNα-1b to the epidermis and dermis. The MN tips implanted in the skin dissolved within 30 min and gradually released rhIFNα-1b. The rhIFNα-1b had a significant inhibitory effect on the abnormal proliferation of fibroblasts and excessive deposition of collagen fibers in the scar tissue. The color and thickness of the scar tissue treated using the MN patches loaded with rhIFNα-1b were effectively reduced. The relative expressions of type I collagen (Collagen I), type III collagen (Collagen III), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were significantly downregulated in scar tissues. In summary, the MN patch loaded with rhIFNα-1b provided an effective method for the transdermal delivery of rhIFNα-1b.

The application range of potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals can be expanded by enhancing their surface quality properties. Therefore, a method for controlling the surface-temperature field of various materials was developed to expand the plastic zone to overcome the difficulty in processing KDP crystals. The ductile/brittle transition depth of the KDP crystals was determined using a 38 nm nanoindentation experiment. The nanoscratch experiment revealed the rules of how the transformation depth of the KDP crystals changes with temperatures, and the effect of temperature on the microstructure of the KDP crystals was studied. Finally, KDP crystal surfaces were processed using a UPDFC machine at elevated temperatures. According to our experiments, the surface roughness of the KDP crystal reached 5.275 nm as temperature increased, thus enhancing its surface quality. This method could be applied to other brittle materials.

Iron vanadate (FeVO4) nanorods are used as a carrier to support manganese (Mn) and cerium (Ce) oxides for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of nitrogen oxides (NOx) with NH3 for the first time. Among these developed Ce–Mn/FeVO4 catalysts with different molar ratios of Ce/Mn, the Ce0.2Mn0.2/FeVO4 catalyst exhibits the best de-NOx performance and N2 selectivity, which are higher than 90% in a wide temperature window of 90–420 °C. Through a series of characterization techniques, it is found that the synergistic effect between Ce and Mn enhances the reduction ability and the number of acid sites on the catalyst, which facilitates the adsorption and conversion of flue gas. The introduction of an appropriate ratio of Ce/Mn increases the concentration of Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen (OS) on the catalyst, leading to a “fast SCR reaction” with oxidizing NO to NO2, which significantly improves the low-temperature de-NOx efficiency. In addition, the interaction between the active components (Ce/Mn) and the support (FeVO4) increases the de-NOx performance of Ce0.2Mn0.2/FeVO4 at high temperatures. In the meantime, the Mn4+ + Ce3+ ↔ Mn3+ + Ce4+ reduction electron pair formed between Ce and Mn promotes the transport of electrons, which is also beneficial for the SCR reaction at low temperature. The in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) reveals that the SCR reaction over Ce0.2Mn0.2/FeVO4 catalyst follows both Eley–Rideal (E–R) and Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) reaction mechanisms.

Hyperspectral imaging can obtain considerable flame information, which can improve the prediction accuracy of combustion characteristics. This paper studies the hyperspectral characteristics of methane flames and proposes several prediction models. The experimental results show that the radiation intensity and radiation types of free radicals are related to the equivalent ratio, and the radiation region of free radicals becomes larger with the increase of the Reynolds number. The polynomial regression prediction models include the linear model and quadratic model. It takes C 2 ∗ / C H ∗ as input parameters, and results can be available immediately. The three-dimensional convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) prediction model takes all spectral and spatial information in the flame hyperspectral image as input parameters. By improving the structural parameters of the convolution network, the final prediction errors of the equivalent ratio and Reynolds number are 2.84% and 3.11%, respectively. The method of combining the 3D-CNN model with hyperspectral imaging significantly improves the prediction accuracy, and it can be used to predict other combustion characteristics such as pollutant emissions and combustion efficiency.

NOx emissions are a major environmental problem, and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) is the most effective method to convert NOx in flue gas into harmless N2 and H2O. In this work, a new carrier, CuCeOy microflower assembled from a large number of copper-cerium mixed oxide nanosheets, is firstly developed to load vanadium-tungsten mixed oxides (VWOx) for the SCR of NOx with NH3. The resultant optimal VWOx/CuCeOy catalyst exhibits significantly enhanced low-temperature de-NOx performance with the NOx conversion of 60% at 180 °C, over 90% from 240 °C to 390 °C under the gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 36,000 h−1. The reason can be mainly attributed the fact that the transfer of electrons among Ce, Cu and V ions is very easy to occur via the following equations Ce3++Cu2+ ↔ Ce4++Cu+, V5+ + Cu+ ↔ V4+ + Cu2+, V4+ + Ce4+ ↔ V5+ + Ce3+, which effectively decreases the apparent activation energy (Ea = 16.59 kJ/mol) of NH3-SCR de-NOx reaction. In addition, the enhanced reducibility and a large number of Bronsted acid sites also contribute the low-temperature de-NOx performance. Both Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms are included in the NH3-SCR de-NOx reaction over the VWOx/CuCeOy catalyst.

Recently, Mn-based catalysts doped/modified by rare earth elements for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 are becoming a new research hotspot. In current work, Dy-doped MnFe oxides with the morphology of one-dimensional nanowire are successfully prepared by using electrospinning method for the first time, and the catalytic performances for the NH3-SCR of NOx are investigated in detail. It is found several positive factors are introduced due to the doping of Dy with an appropriate amount, such as the enhanced surface Mn4+ concentration and surface chemical adsorption of oxygen, the increased adsorption capacity for NH3 and NO. Theoretical calculation reveals that the Dy-doping causes the larger depletion of electron density of mainly O atoms on the surface of MnFeDy than that of MnFe case, which energetically favors the adsorption of NH3 and NO molecules. Our results fully confirm that Dy is an effective doped element of Mn-based catalysts for developing SCR catalysts with excellent low-temperature de-NOx performance.

To facilitate the storage and use of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-based microneedles (MNs) in hot seasons and regions, thermally stable MNs loaded with levonorgestrel (LNG) were developed. Due to its good biocompatibility and high glass transition temperature (Tg), Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) was added to the PLGA-based MNs to increase thermal stability. MNs with HPMC exhibited excellent thermal stability at high temperatures. After the MNs has been applied to the skin for 10 min, the backing layer of the MNs was dissolved by contact with the interstitial fluid of skin, which resulted in the separation of the MN tips from the backing layer. The MN tips were implanted intradermally and sustained-release LNG. Biodegradable polymers were used to encapsulate the LNG, providing long-acting contraception. The in vitro release rate of LNG from the MNs reached 72.78%-83.76% within 21 days. In rats, the MNs maintained plasma concentrations of LNG above the human contraceptive level for 8–12 days. In mice, the time required for complete degradation of the MN tips was 12–16 days. MNs have excellent medication adherence due to the advantages of painlessness, minimally invasive, and self-administered. MNs can make long-acting contraceptives more readily available to humans.

Crystal facets usually play an important role in the catalytic activity of inorganic single crystals. In this work, two α-Mn2O3 single crystals with an octahedron (exposed with (1 1 1) facet) and a truncated octahedron (exposed with both (1 1 1) and (0 0 1) facets) were successfully prepared by a simple solvent-thermal reaction, and their catalytic activities were evaluated by the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. The results show that the catalytic performance of the α-Mn2O3 single crystal with a truncated octahedron was enhanced in comparison with the α-Mn2O3 single crystal with an octahedron by the exposure of a small fraction of (0 0 1) facets. This can be attributed to the new active sites created by charge redistribution on the surface of the (0 0 1) facets, which provides more adsorption sites, facilitating the further adsorption and reaction of NH3 and NO molecules, and thereby enhancing the catalytic performance. This work should provide new insight into the understanding of crystal-facet-dependent reactivity and important guides for the design and preparation of SCR catalysts with high activity.

Manganese-based metal oxides are promising catalysts for the NH3-SCR (selective catalytic reduction) of NOx at low temperatures. However, manganese-based catalysts usually exhibit poor SO2 and H2O tolerance. In order to overcome the fatal shortcoming, non-manganese-based CuyCe1−yW5Ox catalysts (y = 0, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1.0) are synthesized successfully by a standard co-precipitation method, and the catalytic performances of these catalysts are tested by the NH3-SCR of NOx. The results show that there are synergistic effects between Cu and Ce, which affect the CuyCe1−yW5Ox catalysts in many aspects, such as the specific surface area, the surface contents of Ce3+ and Cu2+, the reductive strength and the amount of weak and strong acid sites on the surface. Moreover, the synergistic effects also have an impact on the de-NOx mechanism of CuyCe1−yW5Ox catalysts, and finally decide their catalytic performances. Among all the CuyCe1−yW5Ox catalysts, the Cu0.5Ce0.5W5Ox catalyst shows the best catalytic de-NOx performance and good tolerance to SO2 and H2O poisoning. This work may provide a suggestion for the design of non-manganese-based SCR catalysts with the desired de-NOx performance and good SO2 tolerance by making use of the synergistic effects between different metal oxides.

Gadolinium (Gd) has been used as a dopant to modify MnOx for enhanced catalytic performance and sulfur resistance in the application of the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3 for the first time. The results show that the introduction of Gd with proper amount can effectively restrain the crystallization of MnOx, enhance the specific surface area, increase the concentrations of surface Mn4+ and chemisorbed oxygen species, and enhance the amount and the strength of surface acid sites. The MnGdO-2 catalyst (Gd-modified MnOx with the mole ratio of Gd/Mn = 0.1) exhibits optimal catalytic performance among all prepared catalysts with a 100% NO conversion performance in a wide temperature window from 120 to 330 °C and a 100% N2 selectivity from 150 to 300 °C under a high space velocity of 36,000 h−1. In-situ DRIFT spectra reveal that the Gd doping can promote the NH3 adsorption on the catalyst pre-adsorbed with NOx species, facilitating the reactive NH4+ species taking part in the SCR reaction. More importantly, MnGdO-2 catalyst presents stronger resistance to water vapor or sulfur poisoning in comparison with pure MnOx catalyst, which can be ascribed to these facts that Gd-modification restrains the transformation of MnO2 to Mn2O3 and the generation of MnSO4, impedes the decrease in Lewis acid sites and the increase in Bronsted acid sites, and alleviates the competitive adsorption between the NO and SO2. This work may provide new insights into the effects of rare earth modification on the de-NOx mechanism and the SO2 resistance mechanism of MnOx catalysts.

A series of Sm-modified MnOx-TiO2 (SMT) catalysts are prepared and characterized. The results show that the introduction of Sm can effectively restrain the crystallization process of MnOx and TiO2, enhance the specific surface area, increase the surface concentration of chemisorbed oxygen species and the amount of strong surface acid sites, and reduce the surface concentration of Mn4+. The catalytic performances of the SMT catalysts are evaluated by the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. It is found that SMT-0.3 catalyst (a 0.3 mol rate of Sm/Mn) exhibits a 100% NOx conversion in a wide operating temperature window from 180 to 390 °C, and a 100% N2 selectivity from 120 to 390 °C under a GHSV of 36,000 h−1, which is obviously better than MnOx-TiO2 without Sm addition. In-situ DRIFT spectra reveal that, at low temperature (below 200 °C), absorbed NH3 species can react with gas-phase NO over MnOx-TiO2 catalyst following Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism, while the NH3-SCR of NO over SMT-0.3 follows both E-R and Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanisms. However, at high temperature (above 200 °C), the SCR reaction over MnOx-TiO2 is via “standard SCR” process, but the SCR reaction over SMT-0.3 is through “fast SCR” reaction.

In thin reaction zones regime, frequently localized flame quenching occurs, due to which a portion of reactant would mix with productions before burning. A simplified flame model, which takes accou...

A series of NiyCo1-yMn2Ox microspheres (MSs) (y = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 0.9) were synthesized successfully by a hydrothermal method. Their physicochemical properties of the as-prepared NiyCo1-yMn2Ox MSs were explored by using a series of characterizations, and their catalytic performances were evaluated by the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. It was found that there are the synergetic effects between Ni and Co, which have an important impact on the surface physicochemical properties of NiyCo1-yMn2Ox MSs, such as the roughness of the surface, the stacking molding, the crystal structure, the specific surface area, the concentrations of surface Mn4+, Co3+ and Ni2+, the reducibility, and the proportion of weak acid and strong acid sites, etc, which further affect the reaction mechanism of de-NOx of NiyCo1-yMn2Ox MSs, and finally dominate their catalytic performances for the SCR of NOx with NH3. Among all NiyCo1-yMn2Ox MSs, Ni0.7Co0.3Mn2Ox exhibits the optimal catalytic performance for the SCR of NOx, which is much better than CoMn2Ox and NiMn2Ox. This work may shed light on the deliberately designed Mn-based SCR catalysts with high activity by taking advantage of the synergetic effects between components.

Single electrical discharge pulse is the base unit of electrical discharge machining(EDM). Research on the erosion feature of single electrical discharge pulse is of great significance on understanding the process of electrical discharge machining. With the continuous decrease of energy which is output by pulse power, EDM is widely applied in the meso scale manufacturing, the feature size of components is close to the grain size of crystal materials. However, the properties in the grains are different from the grain boundary which will have significant effect on the manufacturing process. In this paper, thermal-properties difference between the grain and grain boundary is analyzed briefly. An experiment of single electrical discharge pulse is carried out on two kinds of stainless steel(1Cr18Ni9) which has the different grain size. The theory analysis and experimental results both indicate that the smaller the grain size, the larger diameter and depth of the electrical pits.

The aim of this study was to prepare dissolving microneedles (DMNs) patches containing tranexamic acid (TA) for the treatment of melasma. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were preferred as matrix materials through the compatibility experiment. In the in vitro permeation study, the transdermal amount of TA was significantly promoted through dissolving microneedles with the cumulative release was 44.43 ± 6.55%. By comparison, the release of TA solution assisted with solid microneedles (SMNs) was merely 11.31 ± 2.30% (p 0.05). Pharmacokinetics study indicated the bioavailability of dissolving microneedles was more than 1.3 times compared with oral administration. In pharmacodynamics investigation, TA dissolving microneedles obviously reduced melanin deposition in the skin of melasma guinea pigs after 8 consecutive administrations. In particular, the combination of tranexamic acid and licorice extract (LIC) dissolving microneedles worked better than tranexamic acid alone. Accelerated stress conditions including high temperature, high humidity, as well as photostability were designed to prove that TA microneedles maintained good pharmaceutical stability. In conclusion, tranexamic acid dissolving microneedles showed reliable quality and remarkable effect. Moreover, the combination of tranexamic acid and licorice extract had a synergistic therapy in melasma.

In this work, a novel porous nanoneedlelike MnOx–FeOx catalyst (MnOx–FeOx nanoneedles) was developed for the first time by rationally heat-treating metal–organic frameworks including MnFe precursor synthesized by hydrothermal method. A counterpart catalyst (MnOx–FeOx nanoparticles) without porous nanoneedle structure was also prepared by a similar procedure for comparison. The two catalysts were systematically characterized by scanning and transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction, ammonia temperature-programmed desorption, and in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (in situ DRIFT), and their catalytic activities were evaluated by selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx by NH3. The results showed that the rationally designed MnOx–FeOx nanoneedles presented outstanding low-temperature NH3-SCR activity (100% NOx conversion in a wide temperature window from 120 to...

A numerical study of the effect of the bearing surface waviness on the performance of aerostatic journal bearings is presented. The finite difference method (FDM) and an iterative procedure are proposed to solve Reynolds equation and derive the air film pressure distribution. The calculated results indicate that the surface waviness can influence the bearing characteristics obviously. The effect of the wave's spatial wavelength on the bearing performance is not in order, whereas the effect of the waviness amplitude is ordinal. With the growth of the circumferential or axial waviness amplitude from 1.0 µm to 3.0 µm, the load capacity, stiffness and mass inflow rate can be decreased, whereas the circumferential or axial friction coefficient can be increased.

A new thulium (Tm) modified Mn/TiO2 catalyst is firstly prepared to remove NO at low temperature, where the TiO2 with relatively high specific surface area (184.3 m2/g) is used as carrier to support the active component MnOx, and Tm is utilized as promoter to modify the MnOx. The developed Tm–Mn/TiO2 catalyst presents significantly improved selective catalytic reduction (SCR) de-NOx performance at low temperature with NH3 as reducing agent. It is found that after an appropriate content of Tm is introduced, the surface concentration of Mn4+, the chemical adsorbed oxygen, the chemisorption of NH3 and NO, and the reducibility of the Tm–Mn/TiO2 catalyst are improved, which are helpful to the enhancement of NH3-SCR de-NOx performance. Moreover, it is discovered that, over Tm–Mn/TiO2 catalyst, an Eley-Rideal (E-R) mechanism occurs in the reaction between adsorbed NH3 species connected by Lewis acid sites and gaseous NO, meanwhile, a Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) mechanism occurs between adsorbed NH3 species and adsorbed NO species, where the E-R mechanism dominates the NH3-SCR de-NOx process.

Catalytic activity of perovskite oxides as LaMnO3+δ is greatly limited by their low surface area and deficient active site density though they are thought to be one category of desired candidates for noble metal-based catalysts. Here, a robust three dimensional ordered macroporous (3DOM) γ-MnO2/LaMnO3.15 (Mn/3DLM) was in situ fabricated by the strategy of selectively dealloyed surface La cations. Mn/3DLM displayed excellent activity with 90% of chlorobenzene destructed at 207 °C (apparent activation energy of 45.4 kJ/mol), obviously lower than those of γ-MnO2 (244 °C; 51.9 kJ/mol) and bulk LaMnO3.15 (311 °C; 70.2 kJ/mol) owing to large surface area, excellent reducibility, and improved surface active oxygen concentration. Nucleophilic substitution was the main process for active oxygen attacking, while electrophilic substitution mainly contributed to chlorinated byproducts formation. Remarkably, reaction byproducts as phenol, o-dichlorobenzene, trichloroethylene, and bichloroethylene over Mn/3DLM can be efficiently inhibited during the long-term operations via weakened the electrophilic substitution effect.

Herein, a facile method is developed to fabricate the three novel blends consisting of Polyamide-imide/Cyanate ester resins (PAI/CE), Kane Ace MX451/Cyanate ester resins (MX451/CE), and Polyamide-imide/Kane Ace MX451/Cyanate ester resins(PAI/MX451/CE). It was found that the fractured surface of PAI/CE presented an ordered micro-stratified morphology with parallel and regular arrangement. By means of the copolymerization of PAI and CE, the fracture toughness and tensile strength of cyanate are significantly improved. In addition, the PAI modified cyanate ester has the lowest water absorption rate and the lowest total mass loss rate. It is paving a way for designing and manufacturing thermoplastic polymer-based composite for high-performance toughing applications.

Herein, a new photocatalyst (UiOS-Cu-CdS/ZnS, abbreviated as SCu-CZS) with hierarchical structure is well-designed by loading CdS/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) onto Cu (II) decorated thiol-functionalized UiO-66 (UiOS-Cu) metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for water splitting, where CdS and ZnS QDs are evenly distributed on the surface and in the channels of MOF, respectively, and Cu (II) ions are connected with thiol groups. We find that the UiOS-Cu, as an efficient medium for the separation and transfer of charge carriers between CdS and ZnS, successfully transforms the I-type transfer mechanism of charge carriers in CdS/ZnS heterojunction into II-type transfer mechanism, in which the decoration of Cu (II) plays a key role. Due to the decoration of Cu (II), the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of UiOS-Cu is markedly lifted to the position higher than the valence band (VB) of CdS, promoting the smooth transfer of photoinduced holes from the VB of CdS to the HOMO of UiOS-Cu. Thanks to this II-type transfer mechanism, the photogenerated electrons and holes are effectively separated and transferred, significantly improving the photocatalytic H2 evolution performance. The optimized SCu-CZS sample exhibits a high H2 generation rate of 425.5 μmol/h (10 mg of catalyst) with an apparent quantum efficiency of 24.6% at the wavelength of 365 nm in the absence of noble metal co-catalyst. This work indicates that MOF can be used as an efficient transfer medium of charge carriers, promoting photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by transforming the transfer mechanism of photogenerated electrons and holes, which provides a new idea for the construction of MOF-based photocatalysts.

Hybrid air journal bearings are of great importance in the precision engineering. Despite much progress, the influence of the aerostatic effect and the aerodynamic effect on the bearings is still not clear. Numerical calculation is a useful technique to evaluate bearing performance. Many theoretical problems related to Reynolds equation have been figured out by numerical simulation. The present study analyzes the effects of rotational speed—that is, the bearing speed number—on the performance of hybrid bearings. The behaviors of the pure aerostatic bearing and the pure aerodynamic bearing are investigated for comparison. The second-order finite difference method (FDM) and an iterative procedure are proposed to solve the Reynolds equation and derive the air film pressure distribution. The bearing characteristics such as load capacity, stiffness, friction coefficient, attitude angle, and mass inflow rate are taken into consideration. The research reveals the very dependence of the hybrid bearing's p...

As a member of the ternary metal oxide family, nickel cobaltite is considered as a promising electrode material. This is due to its high theoretical capacity, low diffusional resistance to protons, ease of electrolyte penetration, superior ionic/electronic conductivity and higher electrochemical activity compared to single metallic oxides such as NiO or Co3O4. However, NiCo2O4's relatively low electrical conductivity and its tendency to pulverize due to the volume changes experienced during the charge–discharge process remain a pressing issue to be solved. Here we demonstrate a simple co-precipitation and calcination routine to graft ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets onto highly-ordered mesoporous carbon CMK-3 to form a new mesoporous-nanosheet structure which can accommodate stresses induced by volume changes and provide favourable conducting paths. The material exhibits a high specific surface area and excellent electrochemical performance, which can be ascribed to the ultrathin NiCo2O4 nanosheets and the interconnected conductive network of the mesoporous matrix. The nanosheets and the inner channels of CMK-3 are more beneficial to the diffusion of Li+ while the interconnected conductive network favours fast electron conduction.

A low-pressure narrow channel method (LPNCM) was proposed in this paper to study the fire initiation of wire insulation in microgravity. The detailed principles for parameter choices of LPNCM were discussed. Based on this method, a weakly buoyant environmental setup was established and the effects of overloaded current on the fire initiation of wire insulation were investigated systematically. Results show that if the ambient pressure was reduced to a proper range, the method could effectively investigate the flammability of wire insulation in the weakly buoyancy environment by increasing the narrow channel height. It can overcome the shortages in the conventional narrow channel method by decreasing the pressure to a proper extent. The observed fire initiation characteristics of wire insulation using LPNCM are similar with those conducted in microgravity. Thus, the presented method provides a new tool to conduct experiments of thermally thick fuels at normal gravity to simulate the fire initiation in microgravity.

To enhance the optical performance of the optics used in inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the edges of the large-sized KDP crystal need to be removed to form chamfered faces with high surface quality (RMS

This research aims to enhance the SO2 tolerance of manganese oxide (MnOx) catalysts for low-temperature selective catalytic reduction (SCR) de-NOx. Based on the deactivation mechanism of MnOx, we target at the promotion of the byproduct (NH4HSO4) decomposition and the inhibition of the byproduct (MnSO4) formation. To achieve this target, thermogravimetric (TG) and temperature programmed desorption of SO2 (SO2-TPD) are performed upon as many as 21 kinds of single metal oxides to explore the potentially effective chemical composition as the additive of MnOx catalysts. The TG result indicates that Al2O3 can remarkably decrease the thermal stability of NH4HSO4. In addition, the SO2-TPD analysis reveals that the formed species after SO2 adsorption are weakly adsorbed on Al2O3. Thus, Al2O3 is selected to mix with MnOx to optimize its SO2 tolerance. Further experimental results demonstrate that the proper introduction of Al2O3 can effectively enhance the low-temperature SCR de-NOx activity and the SO2 tolerance of MnOx. It is revealed that the introduction of Al2O3 into MnOx can not only facilitate the decomposition of NH4HSO4 but also lead to reduced thermal stability of the adsorbed SO2 species to some extent. As compared to the pristine MnOx, the slight introduction of Al2O3 as the additive is beneficial to the low-temperature SCR de-NOx activity and SO2 tolerance of MnOx.

A new MnCoCeOx microflower is rationally designed by a series of elaborate steps for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NOx with NH3. The MnCoOx microflower is firstly synthesized by the self-assembly of Mn-Co mixed oxide nanosheets, and then CeO2 nanoparticles are in-situ grown on the surface of Mn-Co mixed oxide nanosheets by dipping MnCoOx microflower in Ce(NO3)3 solution followed by a heat-treatment. The resultant MnCoCeOx microflower presents significantly enhanced low-temperature catalytic performance and SO2 tolerance. It is revealed that the attached CeO2 plays several important roles in the improvement of low-temperature de-NOx performance, such as decreasing the apparent activation energy, increasing the ratios of Ce3+/Cen+, Mn4+/Mnn+ and Oα/(Oα + Oβ), enhancing the oxidation ability of MnCoOx at low temperatures. Moreover, by preventing MnCoOx from being vulcanized into metal sulfate species, CeO2 plays an important role in enhancing the resistance to SO2 poisoning. The in-situ DRIFTS results disclose that the NH3 coordinated on Lewis acid sites, NH4+ bound to Bronsted acid sites, the NO2 and bidentate nitrates linked on metal oxides are the major reactive species on MnCoCeOx catalyst, which occur SCR de-NOx reaction following both Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms.

Fabric defect detection plays an important role in controlling the quality of textile production. In this article, a novel fabric defect detection algorithm is proposed based on a multi-scale convolutional neural network and low-rank decomposition model. First, multi-scale convolutional neural network, which can extract the multi-scale deep feature of the image using multiple nonlinear transformations, is adopted to improve the characterization ability of fabric images with complex textures. The effective feature extraction makes the background lie in a low-rank subspace, and a sparse defect deviates from the low-rank subspace. Then, the low-rank decomposition model is constructed to decompose the feature matrix into the low-rank part (background) and the sparse part (salient defect). Finally, the saliency maps generated by the sparse matrix are segmented based on an improved optimal threshold to locate the fabric defect regions. Experimental results indicate that the feature extracted by the multi-scale convolutional neural network is more suitable for characterizing the fabric texture than the traditional hand-crafted feature extraction methods, such as histogram of oriented gradient, local binary pattern, and Gabor. The adopted low-rank decomposition model can effectively separate the defects from the background. Moreover, the proposed method is superior to state-of-the-art methods in terms of its adaptability and detection efficiency.

In order to effectively detect the defects for fabric image with complex texture, this paper proposed a novel detection algorithm based on an end-to-end convolutional neural network. First, the proposal regions are generated by RPN (regional proposal Network). Then, Fast Region-based Convolutional Network method (Fast R-CNN) is adopted to determine whether the proposal regions extracted by RPN is a defect or not. Finally, Soft-NMS (non-maximum suppression) and data augmentation strategies are utilized to improve the detection precision. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can locate the fabric defect region with higher accuracy compared with the state-of- art, and has better adaptability to all kinds of the fabric image.

Fabric defect detection plays an important role in improving the quality of fabric product. In this paper, a novel fabric defect detection method based on visual saliency using deep feature and low-rank recovery was proposed. First, unsupervised training is carried out by the initial network parameters based on MNIST large datasets. The supervised fine-tuning of fabric image library based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is implemented, and then more accurate deep neural network model is generated. Second, the fabric images are uniformly divided into the image block with the same size, then we extract their multi-layer deep features using the trained deep network. Thereafter, all the extracted features are concentrated into a feature matrix. Third, low-rank matrix recovery is adopted to divide the feature matrix into the low-rank matrix which indicates the background and the sparse matrix which indicates the salient defect. In the end, the iterative optimal threshold segmentation algorithm is utilized to segment the saliency maps generated by the sparse matrix to locate the fabric defect area. Experimental results demonstrate that the feature extracted by CNN is more suitable for characterizing the fabric texture than the traditional LBP, HOG and other hand-crafted features extraction method, and the proposed method can accurately detect the defect regions of various fabric defects, even for the image with complex texture.

KDP is a common type of optics that is extremely difficult to polish by the conventional route. MRF is a local polishing technology based on material removal via shearing with minimal normal load and sub-surface damage. In contrast to traditional emendation on an abrasive, the MPEG soft coating is designed and prepared to modify the CIP surface to achieve a hardness matched with that of KDP because CIP inevitably takes part in the material removal during finishing. Morphology and infrared spectra are explored to prove the existence of homogeneous coating, and the improvement of MPEG for the polishing quality is validated by the analysis of roughness, turning grooves, and stress. The synthesized MPEG-coated CIP (MPEG-CIP) is chemically and physically compatible with KDP, which can be removed after cleaning. Our research exhibits the promising prospects of MPEG-CIP in KDP MRF.

In this work, a novel porous nanoneedlelike MnO