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Probiotic fermented milks are known as high-value functional and sensory food. There is a limited range of fruit-flavoured probiotic fermented milks on the market. However, probiotics with added honey are not commonly found. In addition to sensory attributes, honey, as a natural ingredient, contributes to improving the functional properties of probiotic fermented milks. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the possibilities of producing probiotic fermented milk with added honey and to analyze its chemical, physical and sensory properties. Milk with different fat content was used for probiotic fermented milk production. Probiotic beverage was produced using yogurt starter culture with probiotic strains. Two indigenous types of honey produced in Bosnia and Herzegovina were used, meadow and mountain honey. The raw materials used in the production of honey-flavoured probiotic fermented milk were analyzed. Chemical, physical (dry matter, fat, protein and acids content, pH, viscosity, water activity) and sensory properties of produced beverages were done. Chemical composition of honey-flavoured probiotic fermented milk was (%): dry matter 16.23-18.38; fat 0.90-2.80; protein 2.61-2.77 and acidity 0.750-0.789. pH and water activity ranged from 4.37 and 0.941 to 4.60 and 0.945 resp. Viscosity of samples was between 147 and 370 mPas. A good quality of honey-flavoured probiotic fermented milk was obtained, which was sensory highly rated. The best rated was the one with 2.80% of milk fat and addition of meadow honey.

Hull is the major by-product of soybean processing industry. Generally, it is regarded as „waste“ and used for animal feeding or discarded directly causing resource wastage and environmental pressure. However, soy hull can be a good source of bioactive compounds including isoflavones and other polyphenols, trypsin inhibitors and bioactive peptides. Most of these compounds are associated with antioxidant activity and it is believed that they can contribute to the reduction of oxidative stress, which is associated with the occurrence of a number of degenerative diseases. In this study we investigated in vitro antioxidant properties (ABTS radical scavenging activity, reducing power and iron (II) chelating ability), as well as total phenolic, flavonoid and dihydroxycinnamic acid derivates contents of water and methanol extracts of soybean hulls. For these purpose deffated commercial soy hulls were thermally pre-treated for 10 minutes using steam at 1.3 bars (wet heating) in oven at 120 ºC (dry heat treatment) during the same period. According to the results of this study both, thermal pre-treatment and extraction agent affect in vitro antioxidant potential, total content of phenolic and flavonoid compounds as well as the content of dihydroxycinnamic acid derivates. Water extracts had more than twice higher ABTS radical scavenging activity (4.57-4.91 mgETrolox/g) than the methanol extracts (2.03-2.16 mgETrolox/g), but similar Fe (II) chelating ability. Water extracts are characterized with higher content of total phenols, flavonoids and dihydroxycinnamic acid derivates compared to methanol extracts.

The partial enzymatic hydrolysis is effective and safe method which can be used to improve nutritive, techno-functional and functional properties of soy protein products. This method is affected by numerous factors. The objective of this work was to examine the effect of partial proteolysis on emulsifying and foaming properties of soy protein isolate. Also, the effect of proteolysis on ABTS-radical scavenging activity and iron (III) chelating ability was followed. Spray-dried soy protein isolate was prepared by isoelectric precipitation and modified using three different commercial proteases, Alcalase, Flavourzyme, and Papain. Initial isolate was hydrolyzed for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Proteolysis was followed by the change of degree of hydrolysis (DH) and by native-PAGE, SDS-PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The effect of proteolysis on emulsifying properties was followed using emulsion stability index (ESI) and emulsion activity index (EAI). Also, foaming capacity and stability of foams formed using modified isolates were determined. Emulsifying and foaming properties was measured at pH 3, 5 and 7. Modified isolates were characterized with different DH values which were in the range of 11.75±0.08 (30 min, Papain) - 43.30±0.15 (Alcalase, 90 min). Limited proteolysis differently affected emulsifying properties of soy protein isolate. All modified isolates had improved emulsion stability at all investigated pH value whereas their ability to form emulsion was slightly lower or equal to initial isolate but in the range of commercial isolate used as standard. The highest stability had samples modified 30 min using Flavourzyme (366.94±48.85 min). Contrary, limited hydrolysis improved foaming capacity, but these foams were extremely unstable. The used enzymes differently affected the antioxidant properties of soy isolate. Only Alcalase improved radical scavenging activity of the initial isolate whereas the reducing power of all the investigated hydrolysates w

The present work determined complete mineral profile of four different types of grains (spelt, soybean, maize, and buckwheat) grown under two growing systems – conventional and organic. The contents of 20 macro-, micro- and trace elements were analysed in the examined grains by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In most samples, nine elements were present in concentrations higher than 10 mg/kg. The remaining elements were present at lower concentrations or in traces or not detected in certain samples. Aluminium and arsenic, as two toxic elements, were detected only in organic buckwheat grains. Based on the obtained results for the mineral contents, a nutritive assessment of the quality of grains of spelt, soybean, maize, and buckwheat were made. Results of nutritional assessment showed that spelt, soybean, and buckwheat grains could potentially be good sources of several minerals for human diet. On the other hand, the presence of some toxic elements, such as cadmium and strontium, should be monitored. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) shown that the mineral composition, to a much greater extent, depended on the botanical origin of grains as compared to the production system.

The present work determined complete mineral profile of four different types of grains (spelt, soybean, maize, and buckwheat) grown under two growing systems – conventional and organic. The contents of 20 macro-, micro and trace elements were analysed in the examined grains by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In most samples, nine elements were present in concentrations higher than 10 mg/kg. The remaining elements were present at lower concentrations or in traces or not detected in certain samples. Aluminium and arsenic, as two toxic elements, were detected only in organic buckwheat grains. Based on the obtained results for the mineral contents, a nutritive assessment of the quality of grains of spelt, soybean, maize, and buckwheat were made. Results of nutritional assessment showed that spelt, soybean, and buckwheat grains could potentially be good sources of several minerals for human diet. On the other hand, the presence of some toxic elements, such as cadmium and strontium, should be monitored. Results of principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) shown that the mineral composition, to a much greater extent, depended on the botanical origin of grains as compared to the production system.

This study deals with the effect of in vitro digestion on the functional potential of traditional Serbian white-brined cheeses. The total antioxidant capacity, reducing power and iron (II) chelating properties as well as angiotensin-converting enyzme-inhibitory (ACE-inhibitory) and antimicrobial activities of traditional Serbian white-brined cheeses before and after in vitro digestion were assayed. The traditional cheeses had different antioxidant properties as well as different ACE-inhibitory activities. In vitro digestion improved the total antioxidant capacity (8.42-58.56 times) and the reducing power (by 17.90-99.30%) of investigated cheeses, whereas their chelating ability was slightly improved or unaffected after digestion. In vitro digestion reduced the ACE-inhibitory potential of water-soluble protein fractions, and digested water-insoluble fractions were the major source of ACE-inhibitory peptides. The digestates did not exhibit any antibacterial potential, whereas they showed moderate antifungal potential toward selected micromycetes. The best antifungal potential had Svrljig ovine cheese and Homolje cow cheese. The results of this study clearly point to a significant functionality of traditional white-brined cheeses.

We investigated the effect of milk type on the proteolysis and total antioxidant capacity (TEAC) of white-brined cheeses prepared from high-heat-treated (90 °C, 10 min) cow’s and goat’s milk, pretreated with chymosin at a low temperature (4 °C). The cheeses produced showed improved antioxidant characteristics and a high content of denatured whey proteins. However, these characteristics depend on the type of milk and the ripening time. Ripened cow’s milk cheese had higher values of WSN/TN (water-soluble nitrogen per total nitrogen content) and TCA-SN/TN (nitrogen soluble in 12% trichloroacetic acid per total nitrogen), but similar PTA-SN/TN (nitrogen soluble in 5% phosphotungstic acid per total nitrogen) values were observed in ripened cheeses. The antioxidant potential of a WSF (water-soluble fraction) was higher in goat’s milk cheese, but higher TEAC (total antioxidant capacity) values of WINF (water-insoluble fraction) were observed in matured cow’s milk cheese. In vitro digestion slightly improved the radical scavenging capacity of WSF, whereas digested WINF had more than twice the capacity of their undigested counterparts. The cheeses prepared in this study could be a good source of antioxidant peptides. Further investigations of their in vitro and in vivo functionality need to be conducted.

The aim of this research was phenolics and protein characterization and antioxidant properties evaluation of skimmed thermally treated goat’s milk powder enriched with different concentration of grape pomace seed extract (SE). The dominant phenolics in SE were phenolic acids, flavan–3-ols and procyanidins. Different electrophoretic techniques together with UHPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed the presence of phenolics-protein interactions in the samples, mainly procyanidins with whey protein/caseins complexes. Addition of SE into thermally treated goat’s milk significantly improved antioxidant properties of goat’s milk such as TAC, FRP, DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging activity. Gallic acid, catechin, and procyanidins mostly contributed to these activities. The schematic representation of phenolics–casein micelles interactions in thermally treated goat’s milk enriched with SE was given. The addition of SE into thermally treated goat’s milk can be a promising strategy in food waste recovery and to enhance the beneficial health effects of goat’s milk-based functional foods.

Phenolic compounds and biopotential (antioxidant, cellular antioxidant and cytotoxic activity) of grape pomace (GP) skin, seed, stem and whole GP originating from indigenous red grape variety Prokupac were evaluated. The UHPLC-Orbitrap MS4 analysis showed the presence of 75 phenolic compounds (57 non-anthocyanins and 18 anthocyanins), among which considerable content of ethyl gallate was observed and malvidin-3-O-hexoside-(8,8)-methylmethyne-(epi)catechin was identified. The stem had significant content of stilbenoids. The GP seed and the whole GP showed the highest antioxidant activity estimated by ABTS•+ DPPH• and H2O2 scavenging assays that were strongly correlated with the presence of flavan-3-ols, phenolic acids and ethyl gallate. The GP skin exerted cellular antioxidant activity on adenocarcinoma cells (EC50 = 56.4 mg TPCs/mL) which was strongly correlated with the presence of flavonols and anthocyanins. These by-products of Prokupac red grape variety are a notable source of phenolic compounds with good antioxidant activity that can be extensively used in food and pharmaceutical industry.

Nutritional properties of inulin-enriched tofu obtained after hydrothermal cooking of soymilk, using chymosin-pepsin rennet and inulin as a functional ingredient, were assessed. This procedure significantly differs from the traditional one. The residual activity (rTIA) of trypsin inhibitors (TIs) and lectins, content of proteins, carbohydrates, fats and their energy values (EV) were suitable for human nutrition. Inulin-enriched tofu was characterised with low rTIA (3.08–5.71%) and TIs content of 3.62–18.99%. Content of Kunitz and Bowman-Birk TIs as well as total TIs content (r = 0.98) in tofu were strongly correlated with tofu protein content. Content of Bowman-Birk polymeric forms (3.11–5.36%) was higher than Bowman-Birk monomeric forms (0.51–2.31%) in inulin-enriched tofu. Low urease activity (0.60–1.78%) indicated that soybean was heated adequately to inactivate TIs. Increasing content of inulin did not increase tofu EV (~18 kJ per g tofu). The proximate composition of inulin-enriched tofu, advantageous rTIA and a very low EV qualifies this product for human nutrition.

The aim of the current study was to determine the content of several primary metabolites: total soluble sugars, starch and lipids, soluble sugars, fatty acids and triacylglycerols profile, and secondary metabolites: total phenolics and flavonoids, in the grains of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar ‘Kaća’. Additionally, grain antioxidant properties were assessed using ABTS•+ scavenging capacity and ferric reducing power (FRP) assays. Soybean was developed and grown in Serbia under two cultivation systems (conventional and organic) during two growing seasons (2016 and 2017). In both growing seasons and cultivation systems, soybean grains were characterised by reduced lipid content (8.16–14.34%) and as an excellent source of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) with 44 equivalent carbon numbers (ECN44) represented the main fraction (30.95–32.79%) followed by ECN46 TAGs (23.27–26.36%). Low total soluble sugars (2.36–11.51%) content was determined. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis revealed a significant prevalence of non-reducing disaccharides (1.41–6.57%) among the individual sugars. Soybean grains were proved as a good source of phenolic (2493.9–4419.5 mg kg-1) and flavonoid (292.7–500.9 mg kg-1) compounds with the dominance of free (extractable) fractions. Strong positive correlations were observed between both cultivation systems and growing seasons indicating no clear differences for the majority of analysed parameters. All examined extracts possessed a significant ability (27.6–38.2%) to neutralize ABTS•+ radicals, while in the case of FRP assay a significant ability for iron ions (Fe3+) reduction was recorded for the samples from the second growing season.

This study deals with fatty acid profiles and mineral contents of traditional Serbian white cheeses in brine. Study covered four Serbian traditional white brined cheeses: Zlatar cheese, Sjenica cheese, Svrljig cheese and Homolje cheese prepared from raw cow and ovine milk. Fatty acid profiles of traditional cheeses were qualitatively and quantitatively different. The content of saturated fatty acids was in the range of 65.97 %-76.61 % (cow cheeses) and 69.68 %-74.52 % (ovine cheeses). Unsaturated fatty acids range of cow and ovine cheeses was 23.39 %-34.03 % and 25.48 %-30.08 %, respectively. Depending on the type of cheese, the ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids was 1.66 %-11.03 %. The lowest content of saturated fatty acids was observed in Sjenica cow cheeses. Thus, this type of traditional cheeses had the most favorable health indices including atherogenicity index (1.89), thrombogenicity index (1.37) and desirable fatty acid ratio (46.34 %). Mineral content of traditional cheeses was also different. The ratio Ca:P was in the range of 0.70-1.33. The highest level of Ca, P, K, Mg, Zn, Cu and Cr was detected in Sjenica cheeses prepared from cow milk. The absence of Cd was observed in all cheeses.

The aim of this study was to determine fatty acid and soluble sugar profiles of the grape seed flour originated from non-fermented dried pomace of international and autochthonous grape varieties in order to estimate their potential nutritional value. The grape seed flours were obtained from the grapes harvested in technological maturity. It has been shown that grape seed flours contained significant quantities of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), especially linoleic fatty acids, whose content ranged from 61.15 - 83.47 %. Oleic acid mostly contributed to the content of monounsaturated fatty acids, while the stearic acid was the most abundant saturated fatty acid (SFA). Among polyunsaturated fatty acids, mainly ω-6 FAs, were the most represented. The tested grape seed flours had the high UFA/SFA ratio (3.63-11.09), low atherogenicity (0.04-0.13) and thrombogenicity (0.16-0.47) indices. Fifteen different sugars were found in analysed samples with the total concentration ranging from 40588 to 91319 mg/kg seed with fructose and glucose as the most abundant. Principal component analysis based on the content of FAs and soluble sugars revealed unique composition of the seed flour of Prokupac variety. These findings indicate that the tested grape seed flours is a good source of nutritionally valuable FAs and sugars that can play an important role in the formulation of a new functional food products.

Pollen (floral or bee-collected) can be used as a good source of different nutrients including several important biogenic elements (minerals). The aim of this study was to determine content of selected biogenic elements (phosphorous, potassium, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc) in monofloral bee-collected pollen originated from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) plants grown in Serbia and to estimate its nutritional value regarding to elements content. In that purpose ICP-OES analytical method was applied. According to obtained results the examined pollen sample contains above mentioned elements in following quantities: P – 3523.98 mg/kg; K – 2869.13 mg/kg; S – 1951.74 mg/kg; Ca – 1919.20 mg/kg; Mg – 654.36 mg/kg; Fe –83.55 mg/kg; Zn – 45.92 mg/kg of dry weight. Based on recommended daily intakes for iron, phosphorus and zinc application of pollen, as food or food ingredient, will cover meaningful part of human needs for these three important elements.

The aim of the paper was to produce a functional product and to determine the physico - chemical, microbiological and sensory properties of probiotic beverages produced from different mixtures of cow’s milk and soy milk. The ratios of cow’s milk and soy milk were 100:0%, 25:75%, 50:50%, 75:25% and 0:100%. The samples were fermented with probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus (La5) with the addition of yogurt culture. The fermentation of samples was performed at +43 °C until coagulation and pH value of 4.6. Characteristics of the obtained beverages were monitored during storage at 1st, 7th, 14th and 21st day of storage at +4 °C. Produced probiotic beverages were observed and change in active acidity, titration acidity, change in the number od probiotic bacteria, and sensory properties and acceptability of products were tracked. After fermentation, the number of lactobacilli in the samples produced gradually decreased during 21 days, but was still above the probiotic minimum (CFU 106 mL−1) so the samples had probiotic properties. Samples of fermented beverages got the best score of their sensory properties on the seventh day of preservation. The sensory properties of the samples were mainly influenced by the type and ratio of the used milk. Mixing cow’s milk with soy milk significantly improved the sensory properties of the product. The acceptance test showed good acceptance of fermented beverages samples by potential consumers, apart from the sample that was 100% soy milk.