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Long-term atmospheric CO2 concentration records have suggested a reduction in the positive effect of warming on high-latitude carbon uptake since the 1990s. A variety of mechanisms have been proposed to explain the reduced net carbon sink of northern ecosystems with increased air temperature, including water stress on vegetation and increased respiration over recent decades. However, the lack of consistent long-term carbon flux and in situ soil moisture data has severely limited our ability to identify the mechanisms responsible for the recent reduced carbon sink strength. In this study, we used a record of nearly 100 site-years of eddy covariance data from 11 continuous permafrost tundra sites distributed across the circumpolar Arctic to test the temperature (expressed as growing degree days, GDD) responses of gross primary production (GPP), net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and ecosystem respiration (ER) at different periods of the summer (early, peak, and late summer) including dominant tundra vegetation classes (graminoids and mosses, and shrubs). We further tested GPP, NEE, and ER relationships with soil moisture and vapor pressure deficit to identify potential moisture limitations on plant productivity and net carbon exchange. Our results show a decrease in GPP with rising GDD during the peak summer (July) for both vegetation classes, and a significant relationship between the peak summer GPP and soil moisture after statistically controlling for GDD in a partial correlation analysis. These results suggest that tundra ecosystems might not benefit from increased temperature as much as suggested by several terrestrial biosphere models, if decreased soil moisture limits the peak summer plant productivity, reducing the ability of these ecosystems to sequester carbon during the summer.

Variants within the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR) that are of unknown significance or are categorized as non CF-causing may be observed in persons with CF. These variants are frequently detected in children with inconclusive newborn screen results and, in some cases, may be associated with a benign presentation in early childhood that progresses to a CF phenotype later in life.To analyze data from individuals enrolled in the U.S. CF Foundation patient registry who have received a diagnosis of CF and who have variants found in a population of children with cystic fibrosis screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID).This retrospective review analyzed registry data from individuals with a diagnosis of CF who also harbor one or more variants of interest due to their frequency within a CFSPID population and/or their interpretation as non CF-causing. Three groups were defined by the number of CF-causing (CF-C) variants identified (CF-Cx2, CF-Cx1, and CF-Cx0), which were reported in addition to variant(s) of interest. Multivariate quantile regression modeling of FEV1 outcome generated a disease severity score for each person determined by six selected variables. Median scores were calculated for the three groups.Patients carrying one CF-causing variant and at least one variant of interest (CF-Cx1) had higher median disease severity score compared to CF-Cx2, suggesting milder phonotype (p0.05). However, there was no statistically significant difference in scores between CF-Cx2 and the two other groups combined (CF-Cx1 and CF-Cx0; p=0.33). Analysis revealed that the CF-Cx1 and CF-Cx0 groups, when compared to the CF-Cx2 group, had later median diagnoses (8 years vs. newborn; p0.0001), lower median sweat chloride (48 vs. 94.5 mmol/L, p0.0001), lower prevalence of pancreatic insufficiency (29% vs. 78%; p0.0001), and higher median FEV1% predicted (95% vs. 87%; p=0.0002).Individuals with CF who have specific variants frequently identified in children with CFSPID have a similar range of disease severity scores compared to those who have two CF-causing variants, but a milder phenotype overall. Variants that should be given careful scrutiny due to their high prevalence are: G576A+R668C, T854T, R75Q, F1052V, R1070W, R31C, and L967S.

Objective The objective of this paper is to describe the day-to-day activities, known as practice patterns, of nurse practitioners (NPs) across a four-site academic healthcare network in Ontario, which comprises acute, primary, rehabilitation and complex continuing care. Background Information regarding NP practice patterns is available from other jurisdictions and practice settings, but information specific to large, urban and multi-site organizations is available to a lesser extent. This information can inform and support leaders' decisions about NP roles and responsibilities. Method A cross-sectional online survey was sent to the 125 NPs employed in this healthcare network. Results Respondents (n = 45) were primarily experienced, graduate-prepared NPs, who work with specialized populations and support the education of healthcare professional trainees. The majority of these NPs' activities focused on direct and indirect care, with fewer activities centred on leadership/administration, education, research and personal breaks. Clinical care activities varied among NPs and were contextual to the population and program. Conclusion While direct and indirect care are vital components of NP practice, the overwhelming emphasis on these components indicates that the organization and the healthcare system are losing opportunities to capitalize on advanced nursing practice knowledge and skills in the domains of leadership, research and education.

Approximately 2% of adolescents and young adults display symptoms indicating a high risk for psychotic disorders. Apart from a risk of 20-35% of developing a psychotic disorder, these individuals show high rates of persisting mental health problems and functional impairment, even in the absence of a psychotic transition. Treatment in specialized centers can improve outcomes in these patients, but the need to provide timely access to care needs to be balanced against the risks of premature psychiatrization, stigmatization and unnecessary medication treatment. The transcantonal project PsyYoung aims to optimize early detection in young people, while at the same time minimizing unnecessary psychiatrization. This will be achieved through improved networking across the entire care chain and a stepped-care intervention approach.Près de 2 % des adolescents et jeunes adultes présentent des symptômes indiquant un risque élevé de développer une psychose. Outre ce risque se situant entre 20 et 35 %, ces individus présenteront des taux élevés d’autres troubles psychiques et déficits fonctionnels, même en l’absence de transition vers la psychose. Le traitement dans des centres spécialisés peut améliorer l’évolution de ces patients mais les besoins de fournir un accès rapide aux soins doivent être mis en perspective des risques de psychiatrisation prématurée, stigmatisation, et médication inutile. Le projet pluri-cantonal PsyYoung vise à optimiser la détection précoce pour les jeunes, tout en minimisant la psychiatrisation inutile. Ceci sera atteint en améliorant le réseautage de l’ensemble de la chaîne de soins et la mise en œuvre d’un modèle de soins par étapes.

OBJECTIVE To investigate potential clinical differences in high-risk profiles presenting with and without basic symptoms, and additionally investigate the association between basic symptoms and clinical symptoms, functioning, and cognition. METHODS High-risk individuals (n = 133) were stratified into individuals fulfilling ultra-high-risk (UHR) criteria (n = 59) and individuals fulfilling UHR+ basic symptoms criteria (BS) (n = 74). Group differences were assessed on clinical symptoms, real-life functioning, and cognition. Regression analyses were conducted to elucidate on the relationship between BS and clinical symptoms, functioning, neurocognition, and social cognition. RESULTS The group fulfilling both UHR+ BS criteria had significantly more symptoms and lower real-life functioning and quality of life but not more cognitive deficits. BS influenced on attenuated psychotic, depressive, and general symptoms, but only modestly on negative symptoms. No relationship between BS and neuro- and social cognition was established except for an association with emotion recognition processing speed. BS influenced real-life functioning, and this finding was sustained when controlling for the effect of negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that BS contribute highly to the distress and symptom load of clinical high-risk individuals. Longitudinal findings are needed to establish the predictive validity of BS on high-risk individuals' clinical and functional prognosis.

SUMMARYEarly detection and specialised early intervention for people at high risk for psychotic disorders have received growing attention in the past few decades, with the aim of delaying or preventing the outbreak of explicit psychotic symptoms and improving functional outcomes. This article summarises criteria for a diagnosis of high psychosis risk, the implications for such a diagnosis and recommendations for treatment.LEARNING OBJECTIVESAfter reading this article you will be able to: •recognise signs and symptoms indicating increased psychosis risk•understand uses and limitations of screening for high psychosis risk, and interpretation of results•recognise evidence-based treatment options for patients at clinical high risk for psychosis.DECLARATION OF INTERESTC.A. has received non-financial support from Sunovion and Lundbeck in the past 36 months.

Climate change is affecting thermal regimes globally, and organisms relying on their environment to regulate biological processes face unknown consequences. In ectotherms, temperature affects development rates, body condition, and performance. Embryonic stages may be the most vulnerable life history stages, especially for oviparous species already living at the warm edge of their distribution, as embryos cannot relocate during this developmental window. We reared 27 epaulette shark (Hemiscyllium ocellatum) embryos under average summer conditions (27 °C) or temperatures predicted for the middle and end of the twenty-first century with climate change (i.e., 29 and 31 °C) and tracked growth, development, and metabolic costs both in ovo and upon hatch. Rearing sharks at 31 °C impacted embryonic growth, yolk consumption, and metabolic rates. Upon hatch, 31 °C-reared sharks weighed significantly less than their 27 °C-reared counterparts and exhibited reduced metabolic performance. Many important growth and development traits in this species may peak after 27 °C and start to become negatively impacted nearing 31 °C. We hypothesize that 31 °C approximates the pejus temperature (i.e., temperatures at which performance of a trait begin to decline) for this species, which is alarming, given that this temperature range is well within ocean warming scenarios predicted for this species’ distribution over the next century.

This article examines the entanglement between feelings of stress and discomfort, physiological arousal and urban experiences of persons living with early psychosis. It adopts a biosocial approach, using mixed methods combining ambulatory skin conductance monitoring, mobile interviews and contextual data, collected through GPS and video recordings. The study draws on and strives to cross-fertilize two recent strands of research. The first relates to the use of digital phenotyping in mental health research. The second explores stress and emotional arousal in cities using ambulatory physiological measures. Empirically, the paper is based on fieldwork in Basel, Switzerland, with nine participants recruited within the Basel Early Treatment Service (BEATS), and four controls. We focus on three salient elements in our results: visual perception of moving bodies, spatial transitions and openness and enclosure of the built environment. The analysis shows how these elements elicit physiological responses of arousal and expressed feelings of discomfort. In the concluding section we discuss the methodological implications of these results and suggest the notion of regime of attention as a focus for future biosocial research on urban mental health.

Objective The number of adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased substantially because of medical advances that are extending life expectancy beyond childhood. A historical investigation is timely not only because of this significant demographic shift, but also because stakeholder engagement is increasingly important in shaping research directions. The study questions were: From the perspective of stakeholders, what is known about the medical treatment for the adult CHD cohort in Canada and how has it changed over time? Design/methods We harnessed the use of historical research methods and conducted interviews with 21 key informants in order to articulate a contextualized understanding of the evolution of adult CHD treatment in Canada. The informants recruited were currently or previously located in and/or involved in treatment in seven provinces and two territories across Canada including patients, families, advocates, researchers, and practitioners located in disciplines that included cardiology, cardiovascular surgery, nursing, psychology, dietetics, and kinesiology. Results Alongside findings that highlighted the significant demographic shift, the findings highlight key themes related to temporal shifts in treatment, emergence of organizational structures and use of evidence, comprehensive approaches to care, and future directions. A critical finding that requires immediate attention is the significantly disproportionate resources to the number of adults living with CHD, and as a result, the real risk of premature death for this population. Conclusions The insights provided behoove the community of stakeholders to think creatively on how to draw attention to the inadequacy of resources and the unique and diverse needs of this population.

In the Southern California Bight, the common dolphin Delphinus delphis is the most abundant dolphin species and preys upon small pelagic fish, mesopelagic fish, and cephalopods. Mesopelagic fish and many cephalopods are available throughout the year, and they form deep scattering layers, some of which characteristically undergo strong diel vertical migrations. The extent of vertical migration depends on the degree of sea surface solar and lunar illumination. At their daytime depth, mesopelagic prey are beyond the range of shallow-diving dolphins. Autonomous acoustic recorders were used tomonitor dolphin echolocation at 2 offshore recording locations from 2009 to 2014. Manual and automated classification techniques were used to identify periods of high echolocation activity, indicative of common dolphin foraging. Clear lunar patterns existed in cool months, when echolocation activity was highest during the darkest periods of the night and lunar month, indicating times when dolphins were foraging, possibly on mesopelagic prey. Echolocation was more abundant during warmmonths, but diel and lunar patterns in echolocation were weaker. Generalized additive mixed models show that the observed patterns in echolocation activity are correlated with lunar day and position of the moon in the night sky. Seasonal patterns may represent geographic shifts in common dolphin populations, shoaling scattering layers, or prey switching behavior during the warmmonths, whereby dolphins target small pelagic fish not associated with the deep scattering layers. Overall, dolphin foraging activity declined from 2009 to 2014 during warm months, which may be related to a declining abundance of small pelagic fish.

Dieser Artikel zeigt auf, wie Fachpersonen, die im Erstkontakt mit psychosegefahrdeten Menschen zu tun haben, den klinischen Verlauf und die Prognose konkret verbessern konnen.

Cet article montre comment les professionnels qui ont le premier contact avec les personnes a risque de psychose peuvent ameliorer concretement l’evolution clinique et le pronostic.

An out-of-home care system that is itself in crisis lacks adequate resources to provide the services needed by families and children in distress. Increasingly, these families are composed of people of color, particularly African Americans. Using current child welfare statistics and a review of the literature, this article examines the nature of the crisis in child welfare, and how poverty and an array of social problems, as well as problems specific to the child welfare system, increase the overrepresentation of African American children and families in the out-of-home care system. Implications for child welfare practice and advocacy are also discussed.

Background With access to surgical care, >90% of today's infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) will reach adulthood. During childhood, survivors accrue a wealth of health care experience and develop strategies for navigating life with a chronic disease. Methods Seeking to learn from this individualized process, we invited adults with complex CHD to participate in narrative analysis-an established qualitative research method for studying how individuals derive meaning from their personal stories. Audio recordings of 2-4 hour free-form interviews were transcribed and iteratively analyzed to identify common themes and detect similarities or differences in language, viewpoint and interpretation. Recruitment continued until saturation was reached (n = 10). Results While each narrative was unique, CHD had a pervasive effect on the autobiography of all participants. Seven themes were discussed consistently: (1) parental/sibling relationships, (2) physical limitations, (3) embarrassment/denial, (4) memories of pediatric health care, (5) transition to adult care, (6) education and career choices, and (7) relationship and reproductive choices. While some of the recalled experiences were negative, all participants also spoke positively about the effect of CHD on their lives. Conclusions Adults with CHD provide the voices of expert witnesses; illuminating how the pediatric journey influences their identity, choices, personal relationships and adult health care interactions. These narratives could inform and improve the contemporary care of children with heart disease.

INTRODUCTIONPhysical therapist assistant (PTA) education has undergone considerable change in recent years. The number of accredited and developing PTA education programs increased by 34%, from 260 programs in 2007 to a total of 348 programs1,2 in 2012. During the same time frame, the number of developing and accredited PTA programs in for-profit institutions increased almost fourfold2 from 9 (3.5% of all programs) in 2007 to 42 (12% of all programs) in 2012. Disproportional increases in the number of for-profit PTA education providers resulted in a change in overall program demographics.2 Education programs for PTAs traditionally resided in public community and technical colleges. However, approximately 60% of PTA programs being developed in 2014 were housed in for-profit institutions.3 The shift in type of supporting institution parallels a similar growth in proprietary institutions in higher education nationwide.4,5 Previous research in other disciplines has shown that for-profit institutions have lower graduation rates, lower licensure examination pass rates, higher costs, greater reliance on part-time faculty, less favorable employer perceptions, and limited student support services when compared to not-forprofit institutions.4,6-8 It is not clear if the findings from other disciplines are reflective of PTA education because no studies have investigated whether for-profit status impacts PTA program outcomes of graduation rate and licensure exam pass rate.Graduation rate is the "primary, publicly available, uniform metric that describes how well colleges are serving their students," and is a component of academic success.9 A paucity of literature exists regarding factors related to graduation rates in PTA education programs. Therefore, the investigators examined the literature addressing academic success in other health care disciplines. Most studies addressing academic success10-19 have focused on student grade point average (GPA) or clinical performance but have overlooked attrition. Students who did not complete a program were frequently excluded from the data.10-13 Student factors identified as predictors of academic success, graduation rate, or both are grade point average, standardized test scores, entry qualifications, and academic difficulty early in a program.10-19 Program factors shown to influence academic success include facilitation of strong positive relationships with peers, faculty and advisors, involvement in professional associations, participation in campus activities, and integration into the social system of the college or program.20 Institutional factors related to graduation rate have not been clearly identified for any discipline. The Executive Summary of the Senate Committee on Health, Education, Labor and Pensions reported that 63% of students enrolled in an associate degree program in 2008-2009 in a for-profit institution departed without a degree.4 In contrast, an Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS) report of graduation rates for public, private nonprofit, and private for-profit institutions revealed that both categories of private institutions had significantly higher graduation rates than public institutions.21Licensure pass rates are a commonly cited outcome measure in the physical therapy literature. A number of studies have investigated student and program factors as predictors of physical therapist (PT) and PTA licensure examination pass rates.13,22-31 Student factors identified as predictors of licensure examination pass rates include student GPA and standardized test scores.13,21-27 Studies investigating student clinical performance examined different parameters based primarily on scores from a clinical evaluation instrument.22-24,28-30 Results from the studies were inconclusive regarding the relationship between clinical performance and licensure pass rates, and ranged from a weak negative correlation23,29 to a weak positive correlation.22,24,28,30 Among these physical therapy studies, only Desmarias and associates23 investigated student factors and pass rates in PTA education. …

Heart failure is an increasingly common condition in the United States and is associated with high mortality and burden to health care. It is a chronic condition that is characterized by progressive left ventricular enlargement. While medical therapy can slow the progression of left ventricular remodeling, surgical approaches to treatment have been developed to improve the survival and quality of life of heart failure patients. This article reviews the surgical procedures for left ventricular dysfunction and focuses on cardiac support devices as a new therapy for heart failure patients. The nursing care of patients with cardiac support devices will be presented and a case study will highlight practical points to help guide patient care.

Objective Cognitive–perceptive ‘basic symptoms’ are used complementary to ultra-high-risk criteria in order to predict onset of psychosis in the pre-psychotic phase. The aim was to investigate the prevalence of a broad selection of ‘basic symptoms’ in a representative general adolescent population sample (GPS; N = 96) and to compare it with adolescents first admitted for early onset psychosis (EOP; N = 87) or non-psychotic psychiatric disorders (NP; N = 137). Methods Subjects were assessed with the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS). Prevalence of at least one ‘basic symptom’ and mean numbers were compared across the three groups. Logistic regression was used to predict group membership by BSABS subscales; risk ratios were calculated to identify ‘basic symptoms’ which best discriminated between groups. Results The prevalence of at least any one ‘basic symptom’ was 30.2% in GPS compared to 81% in NP and 96.5% in EOP. Correct classification of EOP when compared to GPS was high (94.0%) and lower when compared to NP (78.6%). Cognitive symptoms discriminated best between EOP and NP. Conclusion Alike other prodromal- and psychotic-like experiences, ‘basic symptoms’ are prevalent in the general adolescent population, yet at a lower rate compared to EOP and NP. The usage of ‘at least one basic symptom’ as a screening criterion for youth at risk of developing a psychotic disorder is not recommended in the general population or in unselected psychiatrically ill adolescents. However, particularly cognitive ‘basic symptoms’ may be a valuable criteria to be included in future ‘at risk’ studies in adolescents.

Background. Case series of ingestion in preschool children may include patients without significant exposure if the substance is not measured. Methods. In order to evaluate the unproven ingestion bias, we conducted, between January 2000 and June 2004, a retrospective analysis of a poison control center-based series of children

thesis of ‘male disadvantage or underachievement’ in education, nonetheless, beyond school males have the competitive advantage in terms of wider social, economic and political outcomes. Any analysis which seeks to understand the educational realities of males and females is therefore misleading unless it takes into account the socioeconomic value of certification to either sex and the inverse relationship between educational outputs and social outcomes that favours males rather than females. Data related to both quantitative and qualitative dimensions of the educational experience at all levels that are addressed in subsequent sections of this paper point to clear gender differentials in a number of areas related to governance of the system, access, curriculum-related matters and performance; all of which need to be addressed through a precise, evidence-based policy that would promote greater gender parity and equity.

To systematically review and summarize studies on the accuracy of ECG and tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) concentration as prognostic indicators of the risk of seizures, ventricular arrhythmia (VA) or death in patients with TCA overdose.Articles were identified with MedLine and Cochrane register of controlled clinical trials searches and review of medical toxicology textbooks. Quality of the included studies was assessed. Pooled estimates of sensitivity, specificity, likelihood ratios and Summary Receiver Operating Characteristics (SROC) curves were generated.A total of 18 studies were included in the analysis. The pooled sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of the QRS for predicting seizures were 0.69 [95% CI 0.57-0.78] and 0.69 [95% CI 0.58-0.78] as compared to 0.75 [95% CI 0.61-0.85] and 0.72 [95% CI 0.61-0.81] for the TCA concentration. The Se and Sp of the QRS to predict VA were 0.79 [95% CI 0.58-0.91] and 0.46 [95% CI 0.35-0.59] compared to 0.78 [95% CI 0.56-0.90] and 0.57 [95% CI 0.46-0.67] for the TCA concentration. The Se and Sp of the QRS to predict death were 0.81 [95% CI 0.54-0.94] and 0.62 [95% CI 0.55-0.68] compared to 0.76 [95% CI 0.49-0.91] and 0.60 [95% CI 0.47-0.72] for the TCA concentration. Very few studies evaluated the accuracy of QTc, T 40 ms axis and the R/S ratio.Overall, the studies suggested that the ECG and TCA concentration have similar but relatively poor performance for predicting complications, such as seizures, VA or death, associated with TCA overdose.

An easily replicable method is presented for measuring the inculcation of social work values. The method was developed to assess the meaning of discordant student answers to a final examination question about the affect-loaded, race-sensitive matter of affirmative action policy. The method's objectivity was established in two ways. First, students do answer questions containing affect-loaded content in a way that corresponds to their own understanding and beliefs rather than by reference to the perceived value orientation of their instructor. Second, faculty and doctoral student raters render judgment about expressed affect on the basis of objective content cues rather than their own sensitivities. The utility and possible use of the method are discussed.

OBJECTIVE We reviewed evidence suggesting teratogenic risk associated with the use of antidotes in the acute management of poisoned pregnant women. METHODS Medline, Toxline, and DART/ETIC searches; references of retrieved articles, pertinent databases and textbooks were also searched. RESULTS There are case reports or case series of women who received antidotes for poisoning during (*) or after (+) the period of organogenesis who showed no fetal adverse effects. Some antidotes, however, have no teratogenic risk: atropine (cohort/surveillance studies)+, calcium (oral supplement: cohort study)+ and pyridoxine (Bendectin studies). Also, ethanol+, methylene blue (intra-amniotic injection but not oral) and penicillamine* can be considered teratogens but their risks in the treatment of poisonings are unknown. There is no epidemiologic study evaluating the risk of the following antidotes during pregnancy: N-acetylcysteine*+, BAL (dimercaprol)+, black widow spider antivenin+, calcium EDTA+, crotalidae antivenin, crotalidae polyvalent immune FAB, cyanide antidote kit (amyl and sodium nitrate, sodium thiosulfate), deferoxamine*+, digoxin immune FAB+, DMSA+, flumazenil+, fomepizole, methylene blue (IV), naloxone, physostigmine, pralidoxime+, protamine+; and parenteral pharmacologic doses of calcium+, folinic acid*, glucagon+, hydroxycobalamin, phytonadione (vitamin K), and pyridoxine. CONCLUSIONS Despite the limited evidence supporting the risk of antidote use during pregnancy, antidotes should be used when there is a clear maternal indication to decrease the morbidity or mortality associated with poisoning. The only exception may be penicillamine, which is a teratogen. Better antidotes exist for most poisonings that penicillamine could potentially treat. At this time, there is no known fetal indication for all antidotes. Reporting the use of an antidote during pregnancy should be encouraged, especially if used during the critical period of organogenesis. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 67:133–140, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Through a study of field tasks performed by MSW foundation students, the authors show an empirical relationship to the Gener-alist model of practice. Secondarily, the paper explores whether practice under managed care should be used to inform curriculum or whether standards embedded in curriculum should be used to influence current practice. Implications for student learning in field and classroom are discussed.

Summary This paper reports the findings of a study that was undertaken to (1) identify differences in social participation patterns among racial/ethnic and gender groups, (2) examine the association between physical dysfunction and church and club attendance, and (3) explore opportunities for social work interventions that improve the quality of life of older Americans. The study was based on a national sample representative of the 39 million Americans age 60 and over. The data indicate that those who attended both church and club meetings had the lowest levels of physical dysfunction; those who attended one but not the other had intermediate levels of dysfunction, and those who did not attend church and also did not attend club meetings had the highest dysfunction levels. These findings suggest that physical limitations reduce participation in social activities at church and in clubs, which may limit access to social support for older persons that could benefit the most from it. Social workers should see...

Two studies using Peter Glick and Susan Fiske's Ambivalent Sexism Inventory examined sexist men's attitudes toward women. The authors hypothesized that ambivalent sexist (as compared with nonsexist) men would habitually classify women into polarized subgroups (those they put on a "pedestal" and those they place in the "gutter"). Study 1 revealed that ambivalent sexism predicted greater polarization in men's evaluations of spontaneously generated female subtypes. Study 2 demonstrated that the negative component of sexist ambivalence (hostile sexism) predicted less favorable evaluations of women in a nontraditional role (career women), whereas the subjectively positive component of sexist ambivalence (benevolent sexism) predicted favorable feelings toward women in a traditional role (homemakers). Implications for the nature of sexist ambivalence (and other forms of ambivalent prejudice) are discussed.

BACKGROUND:: With the rising number of prescriptions for methylphenidate has come an increase in preschool younger siblings being exposed to the risk of ingesting methylphenidate. Furthermore, the symptoms of methylphenidate ingestion in preschool children have not been previously defined. METHODS:: Over a 3-year period we enrolled and followed by telephone children aged