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Human activities change coastal ecosystems, but they are also altered by natural causes, such as the relative sea level rise. This work analyzes the influence of changes of the relative sea level at Guaratiba mangrove and Marambaia barrier island, in Sepetiba Bay, Rio de Janeiro State (SE, Brazil), based on photo interpretation. The objective of this study is to analyze the morphodynamics of Marambaia coastal sand barrier, estimating the rate of the shoreline change by mapping the vegetation line position, variations of dune extension and overwash processes. The Marambaia barrier island and Guaratiba mangrove are highly vulnerable to sea level rise. The mangrove is suffering pressure from the relative sea level rising and urbanization. The mangrove migration towards the continent is evident through the analyses of aerial images from 1976 to 2005. If the current erosion process continues in the Marambaia barrier island, a disruption in the central area of the sand bank should occur, which will create a new communication between Sepetiba Bay and the ocean. This break will change the present internal circulation of the bay and modify the ecosystems. Also considering the anthropic pressure, if the Marambaia barrier island breaks, the mangrove area will be reduced or disappear. The sea level rise and the sedimentation rate lowering will result in the migration and marine transgression in Marambaia barrier island and Guaratiba mangrove. EFEITOS DO AUMENTO RELATIVO DO NÍVEL DO MAR NA ILHA BARREIRA DE MARAMBAIA E DO MANGUEZAL DE GUARATIBA: BAÍA DE SEPETIBA (SE BRASIL) ResumoAs atividades humanas alteram os ecossistemas costeiros, mas estes também são alterados por causas naturais, como por exemplo, o aumento relativo do nível do mar. Este trabalho analisa a influência das mudanças relativas do nível do mar no manguezal de Guaratiba e na ilha barreira de Marambaia, na Baía de Sepetiba, localizada no Estado do Rio de Janeiro (SE, Brasil), com base na fotointerpretação. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar a morfodinâmica da barreira costeira de areia de Marambaia, estimando a taxa de variação da linha de costa, mapeando a posição da linha de vegetação, variações da extensão dunar e os processos de overwash. A ilha barreira de Marambaia e o manguezal de Guaratiba são altamente vulneráveis à elevação do nível do mar. O manguezal está sofrendo pressão do aumento relativo do nível do mar e da urbanização. A migração do manguezal para o continente é evidente através da análise de imagens aéreas de 1976 a 2005. Se continuar o processo atual de erosão na ilha barreira de Marambaia, deverá ocorrer uma ruptura na área central do banco de areia, o que dará origem a uma nova comunicação entre a Baía de Sepetiba e a oceano. Essa quebra vai mudar a atual circulação interna da baía e modificar os ecossistemas. Se a ilha barreira de Marambaia se romper, a área de manguezal irá ser reduzida ou desaparecerá. Este efeito é tanto mais provável se for considerada também a pressão antrópica. A elevação do nível do mar e a redução da taxa de sedimentação resultarão na migração e transgressão marinha na barreira de Marambaia e no mangue de Guaratiba. Palavras-chave: Ilha da Barreira. Manguezal. Elevação do nível relativo do mar. Erosão costeira. Galgamento oceânico.

Patient summary documents provide crucial information about a patient, like allergies and adverse reactions, which are necessary for an efficient and safe treatment and offer a quick overview of the patients health status. Automatically generating patient summaries from Electronic Health Records (EHR) reduces the workload of medical personnel. Nevertheless, existing approaches do not take several challenges that occur in live operation into account. Based on a health standard-compliant approach, a system for on-demand generation of patient summaries was implemented and evaluated using real data. This work shows several problems which could be identified. Those problems are not covered sufficiently by current research. Possible approaches to a solution are suggested, which have to be further investigated in future work.

The publication of the HL7-FHIR standard offers new possibilities for integrated applications in healthcare. Although trial implementations have only recently started, the application of FHIR in context of a Personal Health Monitoring solution is worth investigating. Most of the existing telemonitoring solutions in healthcare rely on guidelines defined by the Continua Health Alliance (CHA). This paper compares the requirements of CHA and HL7-FHIR with respect to data traffic between client devices and server side applications. Therefore an existing CHA-compliant telemonitoring solution is extended towards supporting HL7-FHIR. Both approaches were simultaneously evaluated in a live system with 68 participants. The results of the evaluation show that the FHIR approach offers the possibility of reducing data traffic in comparison to the CHA solution.

Thousands of young Europeans have joined the jihad. This essay looks at the reasons why the holy war is so popular among this cohort. While failed integration policies and widespread online media recruitment remain crucial for understanding this popularity, these explanations alone are too simplistic. Personal knowledge of other young fighters and fundamentalist imams, a lack of guidance resulting from the absence of fathers, trauma, and a kind of “outsiderism” akin to the one seen among early Nazi recruits in the 1920s are also similarities found in many of the young volunteers’ biographies.

A Planície de Jacarepaguá tem sua gênese atribuída a sucessivos eventos regressivos e transgressivos (Martin 1984), somados ao aporte de sedimentos marinhos e fluviais. Através desses processos formaram-se diversas feições ao longo da costa, como a própria planície e seus cordões litorâneos, feições deposicionais e instalação de um sistema laguna-barreira. As planícies caracterizam-se por serem superfícies relativamente planas, baixas, posicionadas rentes ao mar, originando ambientes sensíveis às oscilações do nível do mar. Grande parte da população mundial está localizada em regiões litorâneas, sendo assim, é de suma importância a análise conjunta dos estudos sobre a evolução geológica da Planície de Jacarepaguá durante o Holoceno, realizada por Martin (1984) e das previsões do IPCC para o aumento do nível do mar para o próximo século. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo mapear as possíveis áreas da Planície de Jacarepaguá, que poderão ser atingidas de acordo com as estimativas futuras de elevação do nível do mar, utilizando como metodologia a classificação das feições da área, revisão bibliográfica sobre estudos relacionados a variações do nível do mar, representação da altimetria e das formas de relevo através da construção de um modelo digital, assim como a evolução geológica e o crescimento populacional da região. A partir dos resultados foi possível mapear os bairros atingidos pelo aumento do nível do mar no reverso da barreira e no entorno das lagoas da região, como os bairros do Itanhangá, Recreio dos Bandeirantes e Jacarepaguá, assim como prever impactos como uma possível retrogradação da barreira. Por isso, se faz necessário o estudo dos fenômenos ocorridos no passado para a previsão de impactos e planejamento de ações mitigadoras.

Este trabalho avaliou os impactos que o aumento da concentração atmosférica de CO2 pode provocar no balanço hídrico do Cerrado, utilizando simulações feitas pelo modelo CCM3-IBIS. Foram avaliadas as condições climáticas atuais e um cenário climático futuro através da simulação controle da região e uma simulação com concentração atmosférica de CO2 elevada (cenário pessimista do IPCC). Analisando-se o Balanço Hídrico Climatológico (BHC) do Cerrado destes dois cenários, conclui-se que a deficiência hídrica da simulação com CO2 elevado (59,5 mm) é superior a da simulação controle (47,9 mm). Isto acontece devido ao aumento de temperatura do ar durante o período seco no cenário de CO2 elevado. Entretanto, o excedente hídrico da simulação com CO2 elevado (388,1 mm) também é superior ao da simulação controle (323,4 mm), pois os totais de precipitação foram maiores considerando o CO2 elevado. A deficiência hídrica no Cerrado concentra-se durante os meses de abril a setembro, que correspondem ao período seco da região. O período de excedente hídrico ocorre nos meses de novembro a março. Portanto, o BHC dos dois cenários mostra que o impacto do aumento do CO2 atmosférico varia conforme o total de precipitação da estação considerada. Na estação chuvosa o cenário de mudança climática aumenta o excedente hídrico no solo, porém durante a estação seca, ocorre um aumento de deficiência hídrica.

Multidisciplinary team meetings (MDTMs) are already in use for certain areas in healthcare (e.g. treatment of cancer). Due to the lack of common standards and accessibility for the applied IT systems, their potential is not yet completely exploited.Common requirements for MDTMs shall be identified and aggregated into a process definition to be automated by an application architecture utilizing modern standards in electronic healthcare, e.g. HL7 FHIR.To identify requirements, an extensive literature review as well as semi-structured expert interviews were conducted.Results showed, that interoperability and flexibility in terms of the process are key requirements to be addressed. An architecture blueprint as well as an aggregated process definition were derived from the insights gained. To evaluate the feasibility of identified requirements, methods of explorative prototyping in software engineering were used.MDTMs will become an important part of modern and future healthcare but the need for standardization in terms of interoperability is imminent.

This article describes a local social work project currently operating in the Viennese suburbs of Austria with second-generation migrant teenagers (who come mostly from working class guestworker families of Turkish and Yugoslav origin). This project which applies feminist pedagogy is successfully providing a platform for underprivileged teens to express themselves through Rap music and hip-hop (by enabling access to the Internet and music studios), thereby offering an alternative to violence and drug use. The project promotes equal access opportunities for young women to articulate their adolescent feelings and angst in creative and often remarkable ways. This study raises the importance of feminist perspectives in applied local politics and the effectiveness of art practices as a powerful tool for transforming integration conflicts. Despite national xenophobic policies, some urban, often small-scale alternative integration programs empower immigrant youth through creative projects and the caring relationships that develop between teenagers and their mentors.

In recent years, Amazonian deforestation has become a question of global concern. Deforestation in Amazon is a complex phenomenon in nature and has been related to traditional agriculture expansion. In this work, land use, socioeconomic and conservation indicators, combined with statistical analysis, were used to understand forces associated with patterns of deforestation. This approach was applied in Southern Brazilian Pre-Amazon in Mato Grosso State, which represents an extensive rain forest-savanna ecotone, located in the south border of Amazon biome. Based on data from the last two agricultural censuses (1995/1996–2006), we compared agricultural expansion in this area and Mato Grosso state. Results have shown that 85 % of state deforestation was concentrated in Southern Pre-Amazon and was closely related to increase in number of cattle and pasture area. PCA results pointed that population (92 %), number of cattle (86.5 %), pastures (84.2 %) and tractors (78.4 %) were variables with highest positive correlation to deforestation. It showed that GDP contributes to an individual axis and has a low correlation to deforestation (37.8 %). Conservation units and indigenous reserves also contribute to a single axis and were negatively correlated to temporary crops area. Results revealed a significant reduction in production and commercialization of extractive products in the region, revealing that the main, almost only conservation policy in Mato Grosso remains the creation of Special Areas. We suggest that further studies are necessary to screen development alternatives to simple cutting trees down. It is important to diversify strategies for deforestation control, and development aspects must be more seriously considered to reach a sustainable deforestation control policy.

Der Beitrag soll das Spannungsfeld der Potenziale und Risiken des Internets fur turkischstammige Jugendliche in Wien ausloten. Im kontroversiellen Diskurs um die integrativen vs. segregierenden Effekte der Technologiezuwendung und -nutzung stellt sich die Frage, in welcher Weise Internetangebote wie digitale Freundschaftsnetzwerke, Foren, Chats oder Online- Spiele die Integration jugendlicher MigrantInnen in die Mehrheitsgesellschaft begleiten und unterstutzen konnen. Den Erklarungsrahmen bilden dabei die Sozialkapitaltheorie und Netzwerkforschung sowie Theorien sozialer Ungleichheit und Integration. Im Zuge von semistrukturierten Medien-Interviews wurden Medienvorlieben, Nutzungspraxen und soziale Beziehungsstrukturen mit dem Ergebnis erfasst, dass jugendliche turkische Zuwanderer der 2. und 3. Generation in Wien mehrheitlich defizitare Varianten der Internetnutzung zeigen, die hauptsachlich auf visuelle Angebote resp. Bildmedien, Musik und niederschwellige Chat- sowie Netzwerkangebote ausgerichtet sind. Dabei zeigen sich markante Geschlechterunterschiede. Ein Drittel der mannlichen Befragten kann vom Internet resp. Online-Spielen profitieren und alternative soziale Kontakte lukrieren.

This article argues that if the proponents of immigration reform have it their way, the proposed guest worker program will transform American citizenship from an institution based on civic membership to one based on residence rights and socio-economic status. American citizenship, now a relatively accessible option, will become a closed-off status, unattainable for the majority of temporary workers. With this policy, the United States will create a permanently disadvantaged category of guest workers and further reduce the competitiveness of low-skilled minimum wage American workers. The concept of immigration has begun to change from an inclusive notion granting equal rights to immigrants and citizens to a more ambivalent model emphasizing obligations and responsibilities of newcomers while withholding social, political, and legal rights. Guest worker programs with limited residence will accentuate for immigrants that they must pay taxes and benefit the American economy, obey US laws and otherwise contrib...

New antibacterial strategies are required in view of the increasing resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. One promising technique involves the photodynamic inactivation of bacteria. Upon exposure to light, a photosensitizer in bacteria can generate singlet oxygen, which oxidizes proteins or lipids, leading to bacteria death. To elucidate the oxidative processes that occur during killing of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus was incubated with a standard photosensitizer, and the generation and decay of singlet oxygen was detected directly by its luminescence at 1,270 nm. At low bacterial concentrations, the time-resolved luminescence of singlet oxygen showed a decay time of 6 ± 2 μs, which is an intermediate time for singlet oxygen decay in phospholipids of membranes (14 ± 2 μs) and in the surrounding water (3.5 ± 0.5 μs). Obviously, at low bacterial concentrations, singlet oxygen had sufficient access to water outside of S. aureus by diffusion. Thus, singlet oxygen seems to be generated in the outer cell wall areas or in adjacent cytoplasmic membranes of S. aureus . In addition, the detection of singlet oxygen luminescence can be used as a sensor of intracellular oxygen concentration. When singlet oxygen luminescence was measured at higher bacterial concentrations, the decay time increased significantly, up to ≈40 μs, because of oxygen depletion at these concentrations. This observation is an important indicator that oxygen supply is a crucial factor in the efficacy of photodynamic inactivation of bacteria, and will be of particular significance should this approach be used against multiresistant bacteria.

Several academic observers and policy analysts insist that Europe has become a breeding ground for jihadists. 1 According to these arguments, Muslim migrant communities in France, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Belgium, and the Netherlands have become recruiting grounds for Muslim terrorists. 2 As Rohan Gunaratna, a leading authority on Islamic terrorism, argues, “Every major terrorist act in the West in the past decade, with the exception of Oklahoma City, utilized immigrants or immigrant communities.” 3 Other authors argue that the emergence of European-grown mujahideen — holy warriors — threatens the national security of Europe and the United States. It is clear that local and national influences appear to play a far greater role in the radicalization of populations than previously assumed. In other words, many Muslim communities are turning inward and rejecting European institutions and traditions.

Prior studies as well as medical imaging data are crucial for a radiologist to diagnose a patient. In this paper the radiological workflow is analyzed from a patient's perspective in order to gain knowledge on how possible existing prefetching strategies still can be applied in connection with a standardized distributed health information system conforming to architectures defined by IHE and ELGA. As a result an adaption to such architectures is proposed and further evaluated in a testing environment. Although the approach presented works in terms of prefetching relevant prior studies together with medical imaging data, additional research has to be carried out on how to apply intelligent search strategies in order to narrow retrieved results concerning their possible utilization for a specific diagnosis.

Several reports on the course and progression of HIV infection with regard to the mode of transmission have yielded different results. Since comparative studies of homosexuals and intravenous drug abusers are rare, we wanted to determine the course of HIV infection and survival in an HIV-seropositive patient cohort in a retrospective study at a single tertiary care referral centre. Two hundred and ninety-six HIV patients infected by one of the three predominant modes of HIV transmission (male homosexual contact, n = 193; injecting drug use, n = 64; or heterosexual contact, n = 39) were analysed. Using multivariate Cox regression analysis the overall survival did not depend on the patient's risk group. However, with regard to antiretroviral therapy, monotherapy was shown to shorten patients' lives, whereas only triple-therapy led to prolonged survival, when treatment usage was incorporated as a time-updated covariate. The course of HIV disease in a cohort study outside of clinical trials seems not to depend on the mode of transmission.

During their settlement in Vienna and New York City, Bosnian refugees experienced class and ethnic conflicts. While the integration mechanisms of the two host societies differed substantially, Bosnian men and women have developed quite different networks. Bosnian women in the Vienna sample developed often lasting relationships with natives or other non-refugees that eventually led to permanent jobs and rather substantial networks. They integrated particularly into wider majority societal circles. However, even though women in Vienna developed substantial networks, clashes based on different social classes often resulted in conflicts in the women's work environment. Bosnian women and men in New York City only rarely established similar networks with US residents and other long-term residents. Their integration occurred more along ethnic boundaries. Bosnian men in Vienna and the Bosnian refugee population in general in New York City integrated predominantly into the newly formed Bosnian communities in those locales.

Bosnian refugee women adapted more quickly than their male partners to their host environments in Vienna and New York City because of their self-understanding and their traditional roles and social positions in the former Yugoslavia. Refugee women's integration into host societies has to be understood through their specific historical experiences. Bosnian women in exile today continue to be influenced by traditional role models that were prevalent in the former Yugoslavia's 20th-century patriarchal society. Family, rather than self-fulfillment through wage labor and emancipation, is the center of life for Bosnian women. In their new environment, Bosnian refugee women are pushed into the labor market and work in low-skill and low-paying jobs. Their participation in the labor market, however, is not increasing their emancipation in part because they maintain their traditional understanding of zena (women) in the patriarchal culture. While Bosnian women's participation in low-skill labor appeared to be individual families’ decisions more in New York City than in Vienna, in the latter almost all Bosnian refugee women in my sample began to work in the black labor market because of restrictive employment policies. In contrast to men, women were relatively nonselective and willing to take any available job. Men, it seems, did not adapt as quickly as women to restrictions in the labor market and their loss of social status in both host societies. Despite their efforts, middle-class families in New York City and Vienna experienced substantial downward mobility in their new settings. Women's economic and social downward mobility in (re)settlement, however, did not significantly change the self-understanding of Bosnian women. Their families’ future and advancements socially and economically, rather than the women's own independence and emancipation remained the most important aspect of their being.