Search

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, necessitating lifelong insulin therapy. This study explores the impact of physical activity on glycemic control and overall health in individuals with T1DM. Despite its proven benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, lower HbA1c levels, and reduced insulin requirements, over 60% of T1DM patients do not engage in regular exercise. Different types of physical activities—such as aerobic, anaerobic, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)—affect metabolic responses differently. Aerobic exercises and HIIT have shown significant improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reduced incidence of severe complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. However, exercise-induced hypoglycemia remains a significant risk, especially if exercise follows recent severe hypoglycemic episodes. Proper management strategies include adjusting insulin doses, monitoring glucose levels, and carbohydrate intake. The study highlights the importance of tailored exercise plans and preventive measures to mitigate risks such as nocturnal hypoglycemia and elevated ketones. Ultimately, effective integration of physical activity into diabetes management can lead to enhanced overall health and quality of life for individuals with T1DM.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common disease characterized by inflammation of the nasal mucosa caused by exposure to allergens such as pollen, house dust mites, animal dander, and molds. Symptoms include sneezing, nasal itching, watery discharge, and nasal congestion, often associated with conjunctivitis. AR can significantly reduce patients' quality of life, affecting their ability to perform daily activities and causing sleep disturbances and fatigue. Diagnosis of AR is based on a past medical history, assessment of clinical symptoms, and allergy tests, such as skin tests, and measure of specific class E (IgE) immunoglobulins in blood serum level. Treatment includes allergen avoidance, pharmacotherapy, and allergen immunotherapy. Antihistamines, intranasal glucocorticosteroids, cromones, and anti-leukotriene drugs are the basis of pharmacotherapy, helping to control symptoms and improve a patient's quality of life. Allergen immunotherapy, both subcutaneous and sublingual, is effective in modifying the course of the disease and reducing hypersensitivity to allergens. New therapeutic and diagnostic approaches, such as biomarkers and biologics, are under investigation and may offer more personalized and effective AR treatment in the future. A holistic approach to AR, including patient education and lifestyle modification, is crucial for long-term therapeutic success. The article aims to review current diagnostic and therapeutic methods used in AR.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by a disrupted skin barrier and immune dysregulation. The exact pathophysiology of atopic dermatitis despite extensive research remains complex. It includes genetic disorders, a defect in the epidermal barrier, an altered immune response, and disruption of the skin’s microbial balance. Recent advances in research have provided deeper insights into the molecular mechanisms including the role of filaggrin mutations, Th2 cytokine-mediated inflammation, and the skin microbiome. Understanding the intricate interplay between these components is crucial for developing targeted therapeutic strategies. Aim of the study: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, highlighting recent advances and areas for future research. Material and methods: Comprehensive literature searches were performed across the main electronic databases of PubMed and GoogleScholar using the keywords: “atopic dermatitis”, “eczema pathophysiology”, “skin barrier”. Conclusions: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a complex, chronic inflammatory skin disease with a multifaceted pathophysiology involving genetic, immunological, and environmental factors. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying AD have highlighted the importance of skin barrier dysfunction, immune system dysregulation, and microbial interactions in the disease's progression.

Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are widely used medications known for their effectiveness in reducing gastric acid production and their overall safety profile. Despite being valued for these properties, concerns have been raised regarding potential adverse effects associated with their long-term use. Various studies indicate a higher prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) in patients on prolonged PPI therapy, with symptoms ranging from bloating and diarrhea to malabsorption and nutrient deficiencies. Diagnosing SIBO primarily involves non-invasive breath tests that measure hydrogen and methane levels produced by bacterial fermentation after ingesting a carbohydrate substrate, such as lactulose or glucose. Direct aspiration and culture of small intestinal fluid offer a more definitive diagnosis but are invasive and less commonly performed. Treatment of SIBO focuses on reducing bacterial overgrowth by using antibiotics. This review aims to inform clinicians about the possible risks of PPI therapy and the importance of suspecting SIBO in patients with nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms.

Irritable bowel syndrome is the most common problem of gastrointestinal practice worldwide. It contains group of symptoms that affect the gastrointestinal tract. People with IBS may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, constipation, cramps. It’s still being under discussion whether the irritable bowel is a pathological or a psychological syndrome. People report various symptoms, so they also consult doctors of different medical specializations. For the same reason doctors may have problems with accurate diagnosis of IBS. As evidenced by recent studies, IBS is associated with psychological distress and impaired quality of life. It’s also important from economical and medical care system point of view - they utilize the health care system to a greater degree than patients without this diagnosis. The aim of this review is to provide a comprehensive evidence-based review of the diagnosis, pathogenesis and treatment to guide clinicians diagnosing and treating their patients.