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A large Elaeis guineensis microsatellite development program has been undertaken to generate wide range of (GA)n, (GT)n and (CCG)n Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) markers useful for oil palm genetic mapping, genetic diversity study and variety identification. Comparative results building several microsatellite-enriched libraries demonstrate that an optimised hybridization and capture methodology, using biotin-labelled microsatellite oligoprobes and streptavidin-coated magnetic beads, is the quickest and best adapted procedure to ensure a high enrichment rate with minimal redundancy. A set of 21 SSR loci are evaluated with estimates of the size range and expected heterozygosity in E. guineensis as in the close related E. oleifera as where an optimal transportability of the SSR markers was observed. SSR mendelianation allows oil palm breeders to use SSR markers for genetic mapping and for the of agronomic genes based on both intra- or inter-specific progenies. Multivariate data is show the ability of our developed SSR markers to reveal the genetic diversity structure E. guineensis and E. oleifera natural populations, in accordance with already measured ships and with geographical origins. Very high levels of allelic variability indicate that it will be a powerful tool for variety identification in the Elaeis species.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the genetic diversity, its organization and the genetic relationships within oil palm (Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés, from America, and E. guineensis (Jacq.), from Africa) germplasm using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP). In complement to a previous RFLP study on 241 E. oleifera accessions, 38 E. guineensis accessions were analyzed using the same 37 cDNA probes. These accessions covered a large part of the geographical distribution areas of these species in America and Africa. In addition, AFLP analysis was performed on a sub-set of 40 accessions of E. oleifera and 22 of E. guineensis using three pairs of enzyme/primer combinations. Data were subjected to Factorial Analysis of Correspondence (FAC) and cluster analysis, with parameters of genetic diversity being also studied. Results appeared congruent between RFLP and AFLP. In the E. oleifera, AFLP confirmed the strong structure of genetic diversity revealed by RFLP, according to geographical origin of the studied material, with the identification of the same four distinct genetic groups: Brazil, French Guyana/Surinam, Peru, north of Colombia/Central America. Both markers revealed that genetic divergence between the two species is of the same magnitude as that among provenances of E. oleifera. This finding is in discrepancy with the supposed early tertiary separation of the two species. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética, sua organização e a relação genética no germoplasma de dendê (Elaeis oleifera (Kunth) Cortés, de origem americana, e E. guineensis (Jacq.), africana), pelas técnicas de Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos de Restrição (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism -- RFLP) e Polimorfismo de Comprimento de Fragmentos Amplificados (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism -- AFLP). Em complemento a um estudo prévio de RFLP em 241 acessos de E. oleifera, 38 acessos de E. guineensis foram analisados usando as mesmas 37 sondas de cDNA. Os acessos estudados cobrem uma grande parte da área de distribuição geográfica destas duas espécies nos continentes Americano e Africano, respectivamente. Além disso, análises com marcadores AFLP foram realizadas em uma subamostra com 40 acessos de E. oleifera e 22 de E. guineensis, empregando três combinações de pares enzima/primer. Os dados foram submetidos à análise fatorial de correspondência (AFC) e análise de cluster, sendo também estimados parâmetros de diversidade genética. Os resultados obtidos apresentaram grande coerência entre as duas técnicas utilizadas, RFLP e AFLP. Na espécie E. oleifera, a técnica AFLP confirmou a forte estruturação da diversidade genética revelada pela técnica de RFLP, de acordo com a origem geográfica do material estudado e com a identificação dos mesmos quatro grupos genéticos distintos: Brasil, Guiana Francesa/Suriname, Peru e norte da Colômbia/América Central. Entretanto, ambos os marcadores revelaram que a divergência entre as duas espécies é da mesma magnitude da divergência dentro da espécie americana. Este resultado está em discrepância com uma suposta separação das duas espécies durante a era terciária.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), originated in central and western Africa, is a major diploid monocotyledon grown primarily in Asia. Palm oil is the second largest contribution to the human vegetal oil consumption after soybean. The American E. oleifera wild species, the single one belonging to the same Elaeis genus, is part of inter-specific breeding programmes due to its inter-fertility with E. guineensis. For marker-assited selection, oil palm breeders need molecular tools based on simple techniques adapted for small-sized laboratory units in overseas oil palm research stations. Smith et al. (1997) resumed the potential advantages of reliability, reproductibility, discrimination, standardisation and cost effectiveness of the Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) also called microsatellites. The E. guineensis microsatellite markers, developed by Cirad in collaboration with the Genoscope Centre in Evry, France, are bound to genetic mapping, diversity studies and variety identification. The present study gives a first picture in resolving the potential of E. guineensis SSR makers for genetic studies of E. guineensis and of E. oleifera, but also for any researcher studying different palm taxa.

Genetic diversity in the genus #Elaeis# was evaluated by the restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP TM) techniques, on a set of accessions from #E. oleifera# (241 accessions), #E. guineensis# (39 accessions), and #Barcella odora# (three accessions), representing the geographical areas of distribution for the genus. RFLPs were detected by hybridizing 13 nuclear and four mitochondrial probes onto blots of total DNA extracted from individuals and digested by one of the following restriction enzymes: EcoRI, BglII, SstI, or EcoRV. AFLP was performed on a subset of the same individuals using only one primer combination. Factorial analysis of correspondences and cluster analysis of the polymorphic fragments, scored as dominant markers, revealed, independently for the nuclear and the cytoplasmic markers, a striking specific and geographical structuring. Moreover, an interesting feature is that the AFLP gave the same results as the nuclear RFLP in terms of genetic diversity analysis. This study reveals a strong structuring inside #E. oleifera#, according to the geographical origin, and also a slight intraregional structure within the Brazilian-Amazonian origins of the material studied.

We applied AFLP to analyze the extent and structure of the molecular diversity among the following genera: - Elaeis (Oil palm). The domesticated species, with major present economic importance, originated in Africa but all the wild relatives are from tropical America. AFLP and RFLP analysis were compared. - Astrocaryum. A major palm genera in the Amazon bassin. Three species are emerging with potential economic value. Morphological systematic is well advanced but the limits of species are controversial. Most species represent good ecological markers. Distributed in most of the neotropical area. - Manihot (Cassava). A most difficult genus in systematic. Many species are found in most of the neotropics. A major challenge in the utilization and the conservation of the genetic resources of a major staple crop. Air dried leaves (heat or silica gel) or small pieces of regular herbarium specimens were generally used to simplify the collection of representative material from most of tropical South America (Astrocaryum, Manihot). Existing collections were sampled for Elaeis. AFLP analysis were contracted to the commercial laboratory Linkage Genetics (Salt Lake City, Utah). Multivariate analysis was used to evidence species relationships and boundaries. Contrasted examples of the results will be presented. While established systematic based on morphology is generally confirmed, new insights in the genera structure were also obtained and hidden structures evidenced. The genus Manihot shows a huge diversity but species boundaries are most difficult to define. The "window" given by AFLP on molecular polymorphism is well adapted to the study of infra-specific and infra-generic diversity. (Texte intégral)

L'utilisation de différents plans de croisement pour l'amélioration du palmier à huile a été évaluée en analysant 2 essais en top cross, 1 essai en plan hiérarchique et un autre en paires indépendantes. Quelques paramètres génétiques ont été estimés dans les deux populations étudiées, Deli et La Mé. La population Deli est représentée par le DA10D et la population La Mé est représentée par le LM2T et on constate que la variabilité est plus importante du côté LM2T que du côté DA10D. Les résultats confirment aussi la bonne reproduction d'un croisement par l'utilisation de l'autofécondation de ses parents, méthode adoptée par le CIRAD-CP pour la production de semences. L'association de deux essais issus de plans de croisements de type top cross permet de bien estimer les variances additives des deux parents. Ce sont ces variances qui présentent le plus d'intérêt dans le programme d'amélioration d'une espèce.

Les maladies du palmier à huile caractérisées par la pourriture de la flèche et du coeur sont connues depuis 1967 en Amérique, sans aucune information sur les agents responsables. Elaeis oleifera et ses hybrides avec Elaeis guineensis montrent une tolérance à cette maladie et de ce fait représentent la meilleure solution pour résoudre ce problème. Le programme de recherche sur la résistance, utilisant les hybrides F1 et F2 et le rétrocroisement est présenté

Quarante-six populations de E. oleifera prospectées dans le Bassin amazonien ont été examinées pour leur polymorphisme à 14 locus enzymatiques. Bien que la diversité génétique soit peu importante globalement, il est possible de différencier les populations de Caracaraï, au Nord, de toutes les autres dont la structure génétique se relie étroitement au réseau hydrogéographique du fleuve Amazone. Les différenciations enzymatique et phénotypique sont comparées chez E. oleifera et discutées par rapport à celles mises en évidence chez E. guineensis entre les origines Ouest et Centrafricaines

The goal of this study is to analyze three operational models of an extraction plant of palm oil, palm kernel oil and biodiesel, respectively, together with palm oil production by family agriculture looking forward the exclusive supply of raw material to the industry through a partnership established by the National Program of Family Agriculture ('Programa Nacional da Agricultura Familiar'). The project consists in the construction of a large-scale production plant financed with public and private investments applied in the construction of an industrial complex and in the funding of the implementation of cultivation of palm oil by the farmers. Four scenarios were constructed, in which were evaluated economic performance indicators of the financial assessment of the productive arrangement and the agricultural industry. These scenarios aim the investment decision making through the use of classic economic indicators to assess the viability of palm oil as a raw material for the plant’s industrial complex. Among the indicators used in the work we can cite as main NPV (Net Present Value) and IRR (Internal Rate of Return), and as secondary indicators, used as support for the analyzes, indicators such as Discounted Payback, MIRR (Modified Internal Rate of Return) among others. Besides social indicators like potential of income generation for the farmers families, with the main objective of creating monetary value, generate employments, income and payment of public investor’s resources applied. The implementation of palm oil culture is based on the Agroecological Zoning of the Palm and will be implemented in areas degraded by grazing to ensure sustainability to contribute to the environmental recovery through carbon sequestration, and to reduce the pressure on native forests. Consequently, the project is expected to contribute to prevent the advance of deforestation in the Legal Amazon region. In order to do so, visits were carried out to palm oil plantation and to Biopalma plant. Also visits were carried out to Western Embrapa, located in the city of Manaus, and Embrapa located in the city of Campinas. An economic analysis model, based on the implementation of a Biodiesel large scale production plant, located in the State of Pará, was proposed. Among its limitations, the study could classify its complexity and broadness; the inexistence of available large-scale plant projects fully implemented and operating with the use of technology and intensive capital; and also the inability to conduct this research in a broad spectrum without considerably larger number of organizations involved. As result, the economic indicators show that there is analyzed viability of the project in three of the four scenarios constructed, demonstrating that the equity investor public, private and family farmers will be paid using interest rates, terms, conditions of capital markets. The goal is to attract investments for the production of biodiesel, implementation of agricultural enterprises, industrial, employment and income generation for Family Farming in the supply chain of palm oil. O objetivo deste estudo é analisar três modelos de operação de uma usina de extração de óleo de palma, de óleo de palmiste, e de biodiesel, respectivamente, em conjunto com a produção de dendê pela agricultura familiar, visando o fornecimento exclusivo de matéria-prima para a indústria através da parceria com Programa Nacional da Agricultura Familiar. O projeto consiste na construção de uma usina de grande porte, a partir de investimentos de fontes públicas e privadas voltados à construção do complexo industrial e ao financiamento da implantação do cultivo de dendê pelos agricultores. Foram construídos quatro cenários, onde foram analisados os indicadores de performance econômico-financeira de avaliação do arranjo produtivo da indústria e da parte agrícola. Esses cenários visam a tomada de decisões de investimentos, através da utilização dos indicadores econômico-financeiros clássicos para avaliação da viabilidade do dendê como matéria-prima para o complexo industrial da usina. Entre os indicadores utilizados neste trabalho podemos citar como principais: o VPL (Valor Presente Líquido) e a TIR (Taxa Interna de Retorno), e indicadores secundários utilizados como suporte para as análises, tais como Payback Descontado, TIRM (Taxa Interna de Retorno Modificada), dentre outros. Além de indicadores sociais, como geração de renda para as famílias de agricultores, com o objetivo principal de criar valor monetário, gerar emprego e renda e pagar os recursos dos investidores púbicos. A implantação do dendezal está fundamentada no Zoneamento Agroecológico do dendê e será executada em áreas degradas por pastagens para garantir a sustentabilidade, contribuir para a recuperação ambiental através do sequestro de carbono e diminuir a pressão sobre as florestas nativas. Consequentemente, espera-se que o projeto contribua para evitar o avanço do desmatamento na região da Amazônia legal. Para tanto, foram realizadas visitas às plantações de dendê e à usina da Biopalma. Também foram realizadas visitas à Embrapa Ocidental na cidade de Manaus e Embrapa na Cidade de Campinas. Foi proposto um modelo de análise econômica financeira baseado em implantação de uma usina de grande porte para a produção de Biodiesel no Estado do Pará. O estudo apresentou, dentre suas limitações, o fato de ser complexo e amplo. A inexistência de projetos de usina grande envergadura totalmente implantados e funcionando com emprego de tecnologia e capital intensivo, como também a impossibilidade de se realizar esta pesquisa de amplo espectro sem um número consideravelmente maior de organizações envolvidas. Como resultado, os indicadores economicos analisados mostram que há viabilidade do projeto em três dos quatro cenários construídos, demonstrando que o capital dos investidores públicos, privados e do agricultor familiar serão remunerados utilizando às taxas de juros, prazos, condições do mercado de capitais. O objetivo é atrair investimentos para a produção de biodiesel, implantação de empreendimentos agrícolas, indústriais, geração emprego e renda para Agricultura Familiar na cadeia produtiva do dendê.