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In this work the Brouwer fixed point theorem for a triangle was proved by two methods based on the Sperner Lemma. One of the two proofs of Sperner’s Lemma given in the paper was carried out using the so-called index.

In this work it was proved Matkowski’s fixed point theorem. The consequences of this theorem are also presented.

Background: Approximately 2-5% of women affected by endometriosis are postmenopausal. The disease may simulate various malignancies. A case of endometriosis in a postmenopausal woman, spreading similarly to ovarian cancer, is reported. A broad review of existing literature on postmenopausal endometriosis, endometriosis involving the urinary tract, and the links between endometriosis and cancer are also presented. Case description: A 51-year-old woman was diagnosed with a pelvic mass. She complained of pain in the lower abdomen that began three weeks prior, and had no history of dysmenorrhea, acyclic pelvic pain, or infertility. CT scan revealed a solid and cystic tumor in the region of the right adnexa, infiltrating the surrounding tissues, with possible infiltration of the urinary bladder, as well as soft-tissue lesions of the small intestinal mesentery. Bilateral hydronephrosis and distension of the ureters were also present. A malignant neoplasm of the ovary or the corpus uteri was suspected. Total abdominal hysterectomy and appendectomy were performed. A superficial infiltration of the urinary bladder was also excised. The pathology report revealed endometriotic foci in the tumor and in the bladder infiltration, as well as an endometriotic cyst in the right ovary. Two years postoperatively the patient is disease-free and in good condition. Conclusions: Clinicians should remain conscious of the possibility of endometriosis mimicking advanced ovarian cancer and infiltrating the peritoneum and internal organs of the abdominal cavity, including the urinary tract. Imaging techniques, including CT and MRI, are not always effective in establishing the correct diagnosis preoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate inflammatory/angiogenic cytokines-interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-8, IL-12, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A)-in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis in relation to the occurrence and severity of pelvic adhesions and in control women without pelvic pathology.Design: Case-control study.Setting: University research institution and hospital.Patient(s): Sixty-five women with laparoscopically and histopathologically confirmed endometriosis, including 40 women with pelvic adhesions, and 37 control women without pelvic pathology.Intervention(s): Peritoneal fluid aspirated during routine diagnostic laparoscopic examination.Main Outcome Measure(s): Cytokines evaluated in the peritoneal fluid via specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.Result(s): Endometriosis and the revised American Fertility Society score of this disease were associated with statistically significantly increased levels of peritoneal IL-6 and IL-8 whereas the incidence and score of endometriosis-related pelvic adhesions were negatively associated with increased levels of VEGF-A. Notably, the concentration of VEGF-A predicted adhesion development and severity after adjustment for endometriosis severity. The adhesion score also correlated with increased levels of IL-6; however, after adjustment for endometriosis severity, the effect of this cytokine was no longer statistically significant.Conclusion(s): Increased levels of VEGF-A may be associated with a decreased rate of pelvic adhesion formation in the course of endometriosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background : Hormonal changes during pregnancy have a substantial effect on the swelling of the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity, resulting in rhinitis and Eustachian tube dysfunction. The aim of the study was to assess subjective and objective changes in nasal cavity and Eustachian tube patency in the third trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods : The study group included fifty 18-41 year-old women in the third trimester of pregnancy. The control group consisted of 25 females aged 25 to 31 who were not pregnant. The Eustachian tube and nasal cavity patency examination was carried out using a rhinomanometer, a tympanometer and a SNOT-22 Questionnaire. Results : The SNOT-22 showed that subjective nasal obstruction was assessed as strong or worse by 42% of the study group, which was significantly higher than in the control group and confirmed with rhinomanometry. A total of 68% of the study group reported a subjective ear fullness which correlated with the week of pregnancy. The tympanometry showed that all pregnant women exhibited a type A tympanogram, but tympanometry values decreased at higher weeks of pregnancy, and statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between the study group and the control group in tympanometry for both ears. Conclusions : The results highlight the substantial impact on both subjective and objective measurements of nasal and Eustachian tube patency. Almost every woman in the third trimester of pregnancy experiences nasal obstruction, and nearly 70% struggle with ear fullness. Recognizing and addressing these challenges are pivotal for ensuring the well-being of pregnant individuals and enhancing the quality of antenatal care.

Despite the established safety and efficacy of midurethral slings (MUS), which are the current gold standard treatment for stress urinary incontinence (SUI), the potential for postoperative complications remains a significant concern for both healthcare professionals and patients. Meanwhile, sonography has emerged as a significant diagnostic tool in urogynecology, and one of the applications of this imaging modality may be the evaluation of complications arising from MUS procedures. This review, based on a comprehensive literature search, focuses on the use of pelvic floor ultrasound (US) in the context of MUS complications. It includes analyses of randomized controlled trials, prospective, and retrospective studies, covering preoperative and postoperative investigations, to assess complications such as persistent and recurrent SUI, urinary retention and obstructive voiding, de novo urgency/overactive bladder, vaginal exposure, sling erosion, pain, and hematoma. The review critically examines the existing literature, with a particular focus on recent publications. Despite the variability in findings, it appears that for each of the discussed complications, the application of pelvic floor US can significantly support the diagnostic and therapeutic process. The paper also identifies potential future directions for the development of US applications in diagnosing MUS complications.

Pelvic floor disorders (PFDs), such as pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and urinary incontinence (UI), severely affect women's quality of life. Among these, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is the most common, impacting a significant proportion of women. In the US, the lifetime risk of undergoing surgery for UI or POP stands at 20%. Pregnancy-related factors, notably delivery method and UI occurrence during pregnancy, have a potent correlation with PFD onset. The pathophysiology of PFDs during pregnancy is complex, with factors like increased intra-abdominal pressure, changes in bladder neck mobility, and shifts in pelvic floor muscle strength and collagen metabolism playing pivotal roles. PFD risk factors span across pregnancy, labor, and the postnatal phase and include UI or fecal incontinence (FI) during pregnancy, advanced maternal age, elevated BMI, multiple births, instrumental and spontaneous vaginal deliveries, and newborns weighing over 4000 grams. Conversely, Cesarean deliveries are linked with a reduced long-term risk of UI and POP compared to vaginal births. Current prognostic models can predict the likelihood of PFD development based on variables such as delivery method, number of births, and familial history. Preventive measures encompass lifestyle changes like caffeine reduction and weight management, alongside pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) during pregnancy. Thus, expectant mothers are advised to participate in physical activities, prominently including PFMT.

Background: Among pelvic floor disorders (PFDs), overactive bladder is a well-recognized condition affecting mental health. The aim of this study was to assess whether there is a correlation between stress urinary incontinence (SUI), pelvic organ prolapse (POP), and mental health in comparison to control subjects and whether objective or subjective aspects of diseases are responsible for the aforementioned symptoms., Methods: 192 patients with SUI, 271 with symptomatic prolapse (>2 in the POPQ scale), and 199 controls without pelvic floor disorders were included in this study. Patients completed questionnaires assessing levels of depression, anxiety, and insomnia. The 1-h pad test and IIQ-7 questionnaires were collected in SUI. The pelvic organ prolapse quantification scale and the POPDI6, UDI6, and CRADI-8 questionnaires were used in POP patients., Results: Higher scores in psychiatric scales were observed in SUI ( p < 0.05) and POP ( p < 0.05) compared to control. There were no correlations between the objective severity of PFDs and psychological symptoms, while subjective complaints correlated with psychological health. In conclusion, we showed that subjective perceptions of SUI and POP are factors that augment psychiatric symptoms, while objective severity is not correlated with mental status., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that patients with PFDs necessitate multidisciplinary attention, including psychiatric care.

Sexual health is an essential component of women's wellbeing. Women with pelvic organ prolapse (POP) often suffer from sexual dysfunction. The current review focuses on the impact of POP as well as surgical POP repair on sexual function. A variety of techniques are discussed in relation to this issue, including native tissue repair (NTR), transvaginal mesh (TVM) and sacrocolpopexy (SCP). The majority of studies utilise validated questionnaires to assess sexual function in women pre- and post-POP repair and FSFI (Female Sexual Function Index) and PISQ-IR (Pelvic Organ Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire-IUGA revised) are among the most commonly used. According to the available data, surgical management of POP usually results in improved or unchanged scores in sexual function, regardless of the type of procedure used. SCP appears to be the preferred surgical management for women with apical vaginal prolapse that minimises the risk of dyspareunia as compared to vaginal techniques.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder defined as the presence of endometrial-like tissue (glands and stroma) outside the uterus. The etiopathogenesis of endometriosis is still poorly recognized. It is speculated that stage-specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA-1)-positive stem-like glandular epithelial cells may contribute to the development of the disease. The synthesis of SSEA-1 is mediated by fucosyltransferase 4 encoded by the FUT4 gene. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the specific expression of FUT4 mRNA in biopsies of the endometrium from women with and without endometriosis. FUT4 mRNA levels were examined in 49 women with laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis and 28 controls by means of quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The expression of FUT4 mRNA was significantly increased in the endometrium of patients with endometriosis when compared to the controls (p < 0.0001). Expression of FUT4 mRNA in the endometrium was correlated with the severity of endometriosis (rs = 0.5579, p < 0.0001); however, there were no differences in endometrial FUT4 mRNA expression when comparing endometriotic lesions from various locations. The discriminatory ability of FUT4 mRNA expression was evaluated by receiver-operating characteristics (ROC), which showed high statistical significance (AUC = 0.90, p < 0.0001), thus indicating that an increased level of endometrial FUT4 mRNA may serve as a specific marker for endometriosis.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus. The disease is associated with disturbed local and systemic immunity. It has been reported that the proportion of CD4 + CD25 high FOXP3 + Treg cells may be significantly increased in the peritoneal fluid of patients with endometriosis. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate whether the proportions of Treg cells in the peritoneal cavity of patients with endometriosis are related to the chemotactic and stimulatory activity of the local peritoneal milieu. The peritoneal fluid was collected from 13 women with ovarian endometriosis and 12 control women without the disease. T cell populations were analyzed by flow cytometry, cytokines and chemokines were evaluated using the cytometric bead kit, and cell chemotaxis was studied by cell migration assay. We confirmed that the proportions of Treg cells are increased in the peritoneal fluid of women with endometriosis as compared to the control women. Endometriosis was also associated with elevated concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, and TGF-β1/2 as well as CCL20, CXCL8, CXCL9, and CXCL10. We did not reveal any changes in the proportion of peritoneal Th17 cells and concentrations of IL-17A. Peritoneal Treg cells positively correlated with concentrations of TGF-β, IL-10, and CCL20. Endometriotic peritoneal fluid stimulated chemotaxis of both CD4 + and Treg cells. This chemotactic activity positively correlated with concentrations of CCL20. CCL20 stimulated the migration of Treg cells, and the chemotactic activity of the endometriotic peritoneal fluid was inhibited by neutralizing anti-CCL20 antibodies. These results imply that increased proportions of the peritoneal Treg cells in women with endometriosis may result from attraction and activation by local chemokines and cytokines, especially CCL20 and TGF-β. Since Treg cells contribute to the immunopathogenesis of endometriosis, their chemotaxis and activation may be considered as a target for therapeutic intervention.

Endometriosis is a common gynaecological disorder characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. It is associated with chronic pelvic inflammation and autoimmune reactivity manifesting by autoantibody production and abrogated cellular immune responses. Endometriotic peritoneal fluid contains various infiltrating leucocyte populations and a bulk of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. However, the nature and significance of the peritoneal milieu in women with endometriosis still remains obscure. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the immunoregulatory activity of the peritoneal fluid (PF) from women with endometriosis. The peritoneal fluid samples were collected during laparoscopic surgery from 30 women with and without endometriosis. Immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ and TNF) and chemokines (CCL2, CCL5, CXCL8 and CXCL9) were evaluated in PF and culture supernatants generated by unstimulated and CD3/CD28/IL-2-stimulated CD4 + T cells cultured in the presence of PF. The effect of PF on the generation of Treg and Th17 cells in CD4 + T cell cultures, as well as the natural cytotoxic activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells, was also investigated. Concentrations of IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, CXCL8 and CXCL9 were significantly upregulated in the PF from women with endometriosis when compared to control women, whereas concentrations of other cytokines and chemokines were unaffected. The culturing of unstimulated and CD3/CD28/IL-2-stimulated CD4 + T cells in the presence of endometriotic PF resulted in the downregulation of their IL-2, IFN-γ, IL-17A and TNF production as compared to culture medium alone. On the other side, endometriotic PF significantly stimulated the production of IL-4 and IL-10. Endometriotic PF also stimulated the release of CCL2 and CXCL8, whereas the production of CCL5 and CXCL9 was downregulated. Endometriotic PF stimulated the generation of Treg cells and had an inhibitory effect on the generation of Th17 cells in cultures of CD4 + T cells. It also inhibited the NK cell cytotoxic activity of the peripheral blood lymphocytes. These results strongly imply that the PF from patients with endometriosis has immunoregulatory/immunosuppressive activity and shifts the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance toward the Th2 response, which may account for deviation of local and systemic immune responses. However, a similar trend, albeit not a statistically significant one, was also observed in case of PF from women without endometriosis, thus suggesting that peritoneal milieu may in general display some immunoregulatory/immunosuppressive properties. It should be stressed, however, that our present observations were made on a relatively small number of PF samples and further studies are needed to reveal possible mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon.

Endometriosis is a common gynecological disorder characterized by the ectopic growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterine cavity. Etiopathogenesis of endometriosis is poorly understood; it is plausible, however, that the disease may be associated with oxidative stress related to local heme and iron metabolism. Therefore, the aim of the study was to reveal a possible association of endometriosis with a stress-inducible heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1). For this purpose, 228 patients with clinically confirmed endometriosis and 415 control parous women from general Polish population were examined for functional -413A>T (rs2071746) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and ( GT ) n dinucleotide repeat length polymorphism in the promoter of HMOX1 gene. In addition, -413A>T SNP was assessed by the specific TaqMan ® SNP Genotyping Assay, and ( GT ) n polymorphism was determined by PCR product size analysis. We found that endometriosis is associated with an increased frequency of - 413A ( GT ) 31,32 haplotype (OR (95%CI) = 1.27 (1.01-1.60), p = 0.0381) and - 413A ( GT ) 31,32 homozygous genotype [OR (95%CI) = 1.51 (1.06-2.17), p = 0.0238]. These data suggest that endometriosis is associated with functional polymorphism of HMOX1 gene, and this gene may play a part in the pathogenesis of this disorder.

Purpose: Approximately 50% of men reporting to clinics for assisted reproduction have abnormal sperm parameters; we therefore considered whether they differ from fertile males in terms of the frequency of KIR and HLA-C genes, suggesting the involvement of NK cells and some T cells in the inflammatory reaction that can occur in the testes, vas deferens, or epididymis., Method: We tested a total of 1064 men: 445 of them were patients who, together with their female partners, participated in in vitro fertilization (IVF), 298 men whose female partners suffered from recurrent spontaneous abortion. Three hundred twenty-one fertile men constituted the control group. KIRs were genotyped using KIR Ready Gene kits and HLA-C by PCR-SSP methods., Results: We found differences in KIR gene frequencies between men who became fathers via natural conception and men who participated in in vitro fertilization for KIR2DL2 (p/p corr.  = 0.0015/0.035, OR = 1.61), KIR2DL5 gr.2 (p/p corr.  = 0.0023/0.05, OR = 1.64), KIR2DS2 (p/p corr.  = 0.0019/0.044, OR = 1.59), and KIR2DS3 (p/p corr.  = 0.0016/0.037, OR = 1.67). KIRs in Cen AA region were significantly overrepresented in fertile males than in IVF males (p/p corr.  = 0.0076/0.03, OR = 0.67), whereas Cen AB + Cen BB frequency was higher in IVF males than in fertile males (p/p corr.  = 0.0076/0.03, OR = 1.50). We also observed a limited association in KIR-HLA-C combinations., Conclusion: Fertile men differ in profile of KIR genes and KIR-HLA-C combinations from men participating in IVF.

The data concerning epidemiological determinants of the bladder neck (BN) mobility are scarce. The aim of the study was to determine epidemiological features and identify factors influencing BN position at rest and BN mobility in patients without pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Seven hundred and ninety-six patients that attended two outpatient clinics were enrolled in the study. Position and mobility of the BN were measured with the use of pelvic floor ultrasound. Demographic and functional factors that were hypothesized to influence BN mobility were assessed. Vaginal deliveries (VDs) and age ≥65 were associated with lower BN position at rest. Higher BN mobility was observed in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI). In obese women, higher BN position and lower BN mobility was observed compared to non-obese women, and it was correlated with longer urethras in this group of patients. VDs and their number were associated with increased BN mobility, independently of body mass index (BMI). To conclude, obesity, VDs, and age are factors associated with changes in bladder neck position at rest and its mobility. Higher BMI correlates with restricted BN mobility, and, therefore, the incidence of SUI in obese patients is probably not connected to BN hypermobility.

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) negatively influences sexual functions. However, the available data on sexual activity of patients who underwent midurethral sling (MUS) implantation are inconsistent. Our aim was to evaluate the impact of MUS implantation on sexual functions of women with SUI. We enrolled 171 patients undergoing the MUS procedure. Preoperative examination included the cough test, 1 h pad test and the Prolapse/Urinary Incontinence Sexual Questionnaire, IUGA Revised (PISQ-IR). All patients had the retropubic sling implanted. Follow-up visits were performed 6-12 months after surgery. Objective cure rate was obtained in 90.98% of patients. Coital incontinence was reported by 56% of women before the surgery, and 8.6% afterwards. Among women who gained continence, significant improvement in sexual function was observed in the majority of the domains. In women who were not objectively cured (9.02%), we did not observe improvement in sexual life. All these patients indicated fear of leaking urine during sexual activity as the main cause of avoiding sex, similarly as before operation. To conclude, successful treatment of SUI with MUS significantly improves the quality of sexual life. On the other hand, persistent incontinence appears to be the most probable cause of lack of improvement in the quality of sexual life., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) often co-occurs with stress urinary incontinence. There is no consensus on whether prolapse repair and anti-incontinence surgery should be performed concomitantly or separately, in a two-step manner. The present study evaluated the effects of the tension-free vaginal tape (TVT) procedure in patients who had previously undergone pelvic floor repair (study group), compared to women who underwent TVT insertion only (control group). The study group comprised 84 patients who underwent the TVT procedure but had previously also undergone surgical POP repair. The control group consisted of 250 women in whom the TVT was inserted. The primary objective was to compare the objective cure rate and the secondary objective was to compare the subjective cure rate in both groups. Negative pad test was achieved in over 91% in both groups. Objective and subjective cure rates were compared, as well as complication rates. Significant improvement was observed in the postoperative 1-h pad test in all patients. In all patients, we observed significant improvement in the quality of life, with no differences between the groups. No differences were found in the occurrence of postoperative urinary retention, urgency and frequency of daytime micturition, or vaginal erosion between the groups. The current results demonstrate that the two-step approach to pelvic reconstruction and anti-incontinence surgery is as safe and effective as primary TVT implantation., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases ERAP1 and ERAP2 trim peptides to generate stable antigenic epitopes for their presentation by HLA class I (HLA-I) molecules to T cell receptor. By influencing the peptide repertoire of HLA-I molecules, they affect also the interactions of HLA-I with killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) of natural killer (NK) cells. HLA-C is the only polymorphic HLA-I molecule present on the trophoblast. In this study we investigated the role of ERAP1 and ERAP2 polymorphisms in the context of KIR and HLA-C genes in women suffering from recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) in the Polish population. We used TaqMan genotyping assays for ERAP1 rs27044, rs30187, rs2287987, rs26618, rs2665 and ERAP2 rs2248374; PCR-SSP methods for KIR and HLA-C genotyping. We tested 285 women who experienced recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) and 319 fertile women. We observed a significant association of ERAP1 rs30187TT genotype with RSA (p = 0.02, OR = 1.89, 95%CI = 1.11-3.21), however the most striking association was found in comparison of patients and controls with ERAP1 rs30187TT and KIR Bx genotypes (p = 0.006, p corr.  = 0.036, OR = 2.40, 95%CI = 1.27-4.52). Moreover, this effect was even stronger in HLA-C2 positive patients (p = 0.0031, p corr.  = 0.019, OR = 3.46, 95%CI = 1.48-8.11). Other weaker associations of the remaining tested ERAP single nucleotide polymorphisms with RSA were also presented. In conclusion, ERAP1 rs30187TT genotype itself increased susceptibility to RSA but this effect was much stronger in patients positive for HLA-C2 and KIR Bx genotypes., (Copyright © 2019 American Society for Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Age, obesity and vaginal deliveries (VD) are recognized risk factors for stress urinary incontinence (SUI). According to many authors, the abovementioned risk factors for incontinence also increase the risk of mid-urethral sling (MUS) failure. Our aim was to evaluate the objective and subjective effectiveness of retropubic MUS in 12 months observation, relative to the three potential risk factors of failure: obesity, age and VDs. A prospective observational study including 238 women who underwent retropubic MUS implantation was performed. Patients were divided into subgroups: obese vs non-obese, <65 vs ≥65 years old and no history of VD vs ≥1 VD. Follow-up took place between 6 and 12 months post-surgery. Cough test, 1-hour pad test, pelvic floor ultrasound examination, and Incontinence Impact Questionnaire 7 (IIQ-7) results were assessed pre- and post-operatively. Of the 238 patients, 208 (86.3%) completed a minimum follow-up period of 12 months. Significant improvement in the pad test was observed in all patients (83.2 ± 78.6 g vs 0.7 ± 3.3 g). Negative cough test results were obtained in over 94% of patients. Significant improvement in the IIQ7 results was observed in all patients (74.2 ± 17.7 vs 5.5 ± 13.4). No significant differences in all the analyzed parameters with regard to BMI, age and parity were observed. No combination of risk factors influenced the objective and subjective cure rates. Our study demonstrated that older age, obesity and history of VDs have no impact on objective and subjective sling effectiveness in a short term observation. There is no influence of combined demographic features on the failure risk., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Endometriosis is a disease in which endometriotic tissue occurs outside the uterus. Its pathogenesis is still unknown. The most widespread hypothesis claims that ectopic endometrium appears as a result of retrograde menstruation and its insufficient elimination by immunocytes. Some reports have shown expression of non-classical HLA-G molecules on ectopic endometrium. HLA-G is recognized by KIR2DL4, LILRB1 and LILRB2 receptors on natural killer (NK) and other cells. These receptors are polymorphic, which may affect their activity. In this study we investigated whether HLA-G, KIR2DL4, LILRB1 and LILRB2 polymorphisms may influence susceptibility to endometriosis and disease progression. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR), PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and allelic discrimination methods with TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays for typing of 276 patients with endometriosis and 314 healthy fertile women. The HLA-G rs1632947:GG genotype was associated with protection against the disease and its severe stages; HLA-G rs1233334:CT protected against progression; LILRB1 rs41308748:AA and LILRB2 rs383369:AG predisposed to the disease and its progression. No effect of KIR2DL4 polymorphism was observed. These results support the role of polymorphisms of HLA-G and its receptors LILRB1 and LILRB2 in susceptibility to endometriosis and its progression.

Introduction: Obesity is one of the well-documented risk factors of pelvic floor disorders (PFDs). The PFDs include urinary and fecal incontinence (UI, FI) and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Surgery-induced weight loss improves different kinds of incontinence as well as POP symptoms. However, there is a lack of evidence how bariatric surgery influences pelvic floor anatomy and function in women without previous PFDs and whether it may be concerned as PFD prophylaxis tool., Materials and Methods: The present analysis is a prospective, non-randomized case-control study from January 2014 to September 2017. Participants underwent pelvic floor ultrasound examination with bladder neck position estimation at rest, during levator ani tension, and at Valsalva maneuver before surgery and 12-18 months after. Pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POPQ) > 2 stage and PFD complaints were the exclusion criteria., Results: Fifty-nine patients underwent bariatric surgery (57 sleeve gastrectomy and 2 gastric bypass). Mean BMI decreased from 43.8 ± 5.9 to 29 ± 4.6 kg/m 2 after surgery (p < 0.001). Statistically significant higher position of the bladder neck at rest, during tension, and at Valsalva maneuver (p < 0.05) was shown after surgery. We did not demonstrate differences in bladder neck mobility and bladder neck elevation at tension after weight loss., Conclusions: Bariatric surgery is associated with a betterment of bladder neck position at rest, tension, and Valsalva maneuver in women without PFDs. We postulate that bariatric surgery may be a tool for PFD prevention. It does not improve levator ani function and does not limit bladder neck mobility, which implicates that it has no influence on preexisting pelvic dysfunction.

Aims: To determine cohort urethral length, identify epidemiological factors influencing the parameter and to establish the percentage of cases with clinically relevant outsized urethras., Methods: Prospective cohort study conducted in two tertiary clinical centers between 2013 and 2017. Nine hundred and twenty seven consecutive adult, Caucasian females attending outpatients' clinics were included. The urethral length has been measured in pelvic floor ultrasound examination. The exclusion criteria were inadequate bladder filling (<200 mL; >400 mL), previous history of pelvic floor surgery, and no consent., Results: Urethral length varied from 19 to 45 mm. The distribution of the examined parameter was normal. Obese patients had significantly longer urethras as compared to non-obese subjects. Number of vaginal deliveries was connected with shorter urethral length. The limitations of the study are: analysis only of Caucasian patients and subjects without previous pelvic floor surgeries., Conclusions: Differences in urethral length in the female population were demonstrated. Thirty percent of patients have atypical urethras that may be a risk factor for sling surgery failure. We therefore postulate introduction of urethral measurement before the procedure., (© 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Ghrelin has been found to be expressed in the human endometrium. Emerging evidence links ghrelin and its receptor with the reproductive system. Certain associations between ghrelin and angiogenesis have also been established. The aim of this small case-control study was to quantify and compare the expression of mRNA encoding ghrelin, ghrelin receptor (GHS-R), vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF A) and its receptors (VEGFR1-3) in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage compared to parous controls. Correlations between the expression of particular genes were also investigated. Endometrial samples were obtained during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle from 15 women with a history of recurrent miscarriage (first trimester pregnancy loss without a known cause) and 10 healthy parous controls. Ghrelin, GHS-R, VEGF A and VEGFR1-3 mRNA expression was analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR. The expression of mRNA for ghrelin and VEGF A was significantly higher in the study group than the control group. In the control group, the expression of ghrelin mRNA was positively correlated with the expression of VEGF A and VEGFR1 mRNA. In the study group, no such associations were observed. These results show that the expression of mRNA for ghrelin and VEGF A may be increased in the endometrium of women with recurrent miscarriage thus suggesting that ghrelin may play a role in the pathogenesis of recurrent miscarriage., (Copyright © 2017 Society for Biology of Reproduction & the Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences in Olsztyn. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: To ascertain whether a phenomenon of sling migration exists after suburethral sling placement, whether this might be responsible for suboptimal sling location and persistent incontinence, and whether a link exists between sling dislocation or migration and risk factors, such as obesity or age., Methods: The present prospective cohort study was carried out in a group of 244 patients who underwent retropubic sling implantation. Sling location was determined by means of pelvic floor ultrasound, and calculated relative to the individual patient's urethral length measured before the procedure. The sling location was visualized on 1 day, and 1 and 6 months post-surgery. Overweight/obese and elderly patients were analyzed separately to assess the possible influence of those factors on sling location., Results: The mean urethral length in the studied cohort was 28.76 ± 3.67 mm. The mean tape position 1 day post-surgery was 66.18 ± 8.43% of the urethral length, and it did not change 1 and 6 months post-surgery in the whole group. Similar results were obtained in elderly and overweight/obese patients., Conclusions: Suboptimal sling location appears to result from incorrect surgical technique, and should be diagnosed and treated early after the primary surgery. Sling location does not change after mid-term follow up., (© 2017 The Japanese Urological Association.)

Almost 1600 individuals from the Polish population were recruited to this study. Among them 319 were fertile couples, 289 were recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) couples, and 131 were in the group of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) following in vitro fertilization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the MTHFR c.c.677 C>T and c.c.1298 A>C polymorphisms' association with RSA and RIF. We used PCR-RFLP with HinfI (677 C>T) and MboII (1298 A>C) digestion. We observed a protective effect of the female AC genotype (OR = 0.64, p = 0.01) and the C allele (AC+CC genotypes; OR = 0.65, p = 0.009) against RSA. Moreover, 1298 AA/677 CT women were more frequent in RSA (31.14%) and RIF (25.20%) groups in comparison to fertile women (22.88%), although this difference was significant only in the case of RSA (p = 0.022, OR = 1.52). Male combined genotype analysis revealed no association with reproductive failure of their partners. Nevertheless, the female/male combination AA/AC of the 1298 polymorphism was more frequent in RSA couples (p = 0.049, OR = 1.49). However, the significant results became insignificant after Bonferroni correction. In addition, analysis of haplotypes showed significantly higher frequency of the C/C haplotype (1298 C/677 C) in the female control group than in the female RSA group (p = 0.03, OR = 0.77). Moreover, the association between elevated homocysteine (Hcy) level in plasma of RSA and RIF women and MTHFR polymorphisms was investigated but did not reveal significant differences. In conclusion, for clinical practice, it is better to check the homocysteine level in plasma and, if the Hcy level is increased, to recommend patients to take folic acid supplements rather than undergo screening of MTHFR for 1298 A>C and 677 C>T polymorphisms.

Objectives: To evaluate whether the sling position is associated with particular types of complications in patients undergoing suburethral sling placement for stress urinary incontinence., Methods: Data from 100 women diagnosed at the Evangelical Hospital Hagen-Haspe with complications after suburethral sling insertion were analyzed. All patients underwent pelvic floor ultrasound to assess: urethral length, sling location in relation to the urethral length (%) and the sling distance to the longitudinal smooth muscle complex of the urethra (the sling-longitudinal smooth muscle distance)., Results: The shortest median sling-longitudinal smooth muscle distance was observed in patients with recurrent urinary tract infections, urinary retention and overactive bladder: 0.9, 1.1 and 1.75 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). In women with persistent stress urinary incontinence and sling erosion, the sling-longitudinal smooth muscle distance was 3.6 and 4.6 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). Persistent stress urinary incontinence was connected with the position of the sling in relation to the bladder neck - in these patients, the sling was closer to the bladder neck., Conclusions: Sling location plays a pivotal role in the occurrence of certain complications. The sling position in the proximal part of the urethra or between the middle and proximal urethra appears to be connected with a high rate of unsuccessful stress urinary incontinence treatment. A sling-longitudinal smooth muscle distance below 2 mm is often connected with sling complications, such as overactive bladder, urinary retention and recurrent urinary tract infections., (© 2016 The Japanese Urological Association.)

Introduction: Nocturia is defined as the urge to urinate at night when the micturition was directly preceded and followed by sleep. Due to its negative impact on the quality of life of patients, an effective treatment for this disease has become a significant therapeutic challenge. The aim of this article was to explain the main risk factors for the occurrence of nocturia and to present diagnostic and therapeutic schemes in the case of nocturnal polyuria (idiopathic night time polyuria)., Material and Methods: A review of the literature was carried out and the available guidelines of international science societies, which provided the basis for the above recommendations, were analyzed., Results: Detailed medical history should include information concerning: lower urinary tract symptoms (including nocturia), underlying illnesses, urogenital disorders, previous surgeries and medications administered. Keeping a bladder diary is recommended. The physical examination, depending on the patient's gender, should include gynecological examination with pelvic organ prolapse assessment or prostate evaluation. In laboratory tests, a urinalysis may be used, in particular cases a cytological analysis of urine sediment may be carried out. In addition, a possible ultrasound and/or cystoscopy may be conducted. Nocturia therapy should begin with modifying dietary habits, including compliance with the fluid regimen, avoiding alcohol, coffee and tea. Moderate physical exercise is also recommended. The pharmacological treatment of nocturia caused by nocturnal polyuria is based on the use of desmopressin at a daily single dose of 25 µg for women and 50 µg for men. The use of desmopressin allows for the reduction in the number of nocturia episodes, as well as improves the overall quality of life and sleep. Treatment with desmopressin can also be considered as a form of therapy added in people with an overactive bladder or benign prostatic hyperplasia, in which nocturia is a significant clinical problem., Conclusions: Desmopressin is an effective and safe first-line treatment option in pharmacological therapy of nocturia caused by nocturnal polyuria.

The KIR2DL4 receptor and its ligand HLA-G are considered important for fetal-maternal immune tolerance and successful pregnancy. The absence of a particular variant of KIR2DL4 might be a bad prognostic factor for pregnancy outcome. However, it could be compensated by the presence of the respective LILRB1 allele. Therefore, we investigated the KIR2DL4, LILRB1 and HLA-G polymorphisms in 277 couples with spontaneous abortion and 219 control couples by HRM, PCR-SSP and RFLP methods. We found a protective effect of women's heterozygosity in -716 HLA-G (p = 0.0206) and LILRB1 (p = 0.0131) against spontaneous abortion. Surprisingly, we observed more 9A/10A genotypes of KIR2DL4 gene carriers in the group of male partners from the miscarriage group in comparison to the men from the control group (p = 0.0288). Furthermore, there was no association of women's KIR2DL4 polymorphism with susceptibility to spontaneous abortion. Multivariate analysis indicated that women's -716 HLA-G and LILRB1 and men's KIR2DL4 9A/10A are important in terms of the protection or susceptibility to miscarriage, respectively (p = 0.00968). In conclusion, a woman's heterozygosity in HLA-G and LILRB1 might be an advantage for a success of reproduction, but the partner's heterozygosity in 9A/10A KIR2DL4 alleles might not., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Overweight and obesity are becoming a worldwide health problem associated with numerous co-morbidities. National costs of obesity and pelvic flor disorders have been rising since the 1950s across the world. Obesity is thought to have a very strong effect on pelvic floor disorders, and, considering the high prevalence of both problems worldwide, it is of utmost importance to evaluate the association between these pathologies as well as the impact of obesity on treatment efficacy. This review is based on a selection of reports in the literature (PubMed search), including guidelines and Cochrane reviews. Obesity seems to be a well-documented risk factor for lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and is a predictor of exacerbation of stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and overactive bladder (OAB). Weight loss is also associated with improvement or resolution of SUI and OAB. In the case of pelvic organ prolapse (POP), weight loss is associated with improvement in quality of life. Although obesity is associated with POP in general, the exact role of obesity in symptomatic POP remains uncertain. While outcomes of anti-incontinence surgery among obese women are similar to those in non-obese women, postoperative urge incontinence is more likely to occur. It seems that obesity is not a risk factor for postoperative complications or short-term efficacy of POP surgical treatment. Long-term effects are still uncertain. Obesity is a strong risk factor for LUTS, but in most cases it does not affect efficacy of operative treatment. It may be associated with some post-operative complications. Weight loss in many cases allows avoiding surgical intervention.

Mid urethral sling is the standard in SUI treatment. Nevertheless, the risk of reoperation reaches 9%. There is no consensus as to the best treatment option for complications. A question is raised: what is the optimal way to achieve the best result in patients after primary failure? The aim of the study was to evaluate the outcomes of repeat MUS surgery in patients after excision of the sling with recurrent SUI. We compared its effectiveness with uncomplicated cases treated with TVT. 27 patients who underwent the repeated MUS and 50 consecutive patients after primary TVT were enrolled in the study. After 6 months, we have found that 24 (88.46%) patients from repeat sling group and 48 (96%) patients after primary sling were dry (1-hour pad test, 2 g or less). The difference between groups was not significant. We showed statistically significant improvement of quality of life in both groups. In conclusion, we showed that repeated sling after MUS excision is almost as effective as primary MUS. We postulate that sling excision and repeated MUS may be the best option for persistent SUI and/or complications after MUS procedures. Further multicenter observations are ongoing as to provide results on bigger group of cases., Competing Interests: The authors declare that there are no competing interests regarding the publication of this paper.

Introduction: Sling techniques are the method of choice in stress urinary incontinence management, despite the high rates of complications leading sometimes to the necessity of re-operation, and the tape transection and resection are of the greatest importance. The study was aimed at analyzing the indications, technique and effects of transvaginal tape excision., Material and Methods: A retrospective study including 100 patients who underwent surgical removal of the sub-urethral sling in Evangelisches Krankenhaus Hagen-Haspe was conducted. The analyzed measures were: sling type, onset of symptoms, rates of particular complications, safety and outcome of the operative procedure., Results: Most complications occurred in the first 2 years after surgery. The most common indications for re-operation were: overactive bladder (OAB) (64%), persistent stress urinary incontinence (SUI) (59%), pain (40%), urinary retention (40%), and erosion (29%). Some of the complications co-existed (i.e. vaginal erosion with postoperative pain, infections with urinary retention). During the procedure 1 bladder was injured and 1 patient had a hematoma. In women with OAB, 24-hour frequency decreased from 13.3 to 8.5 (p < 0.001), the mean voiding volume increased from 131.7 to 216.4 ml (p < 0.001), and nocturia increased from 3.28 to 1.19 (p < 0.001). Intensity of urgency decreased from 8.78 to 0.92 in the 10-point visual score (p < 0.001). Pain and urinary retention resolved in 39 out of 40 patients (p < 0.0001). The rate of SUI increased from 59% to 83% (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Sling removal is safe and associated with a minimal rate of complications. Removing the tape causes resolution of most of the complications, but SUI recurs or worsens.

Aim of the Study: Aim of the study was to assess the changes in the subjective perception of quality of life in patients who underwent abdominal cervicosacropexy for pelvic organ prolapse., Material and Methods: Forty patients with diagnosed pelvic organ prolapse (Pelvic Organ Prolapse - Quantification [POPQ] stage IV or IIIC) underwent abdominal supracervical hysterectomy and cervicosacropexy. The questionnaire concerning the quality of life was filled in before and 6 months after the surgery., Results: In all patients, an accurate prolapse correction was achieved. In 42% of patients, stress urinary incontinence (SUI) was diagnosed prior to surgery, while after the surgery in 38.24% (p > 0.05). In 50% of women, symptoms of overactive bladder (OAB) occurred pre-surgery. These symptoms were reported by 17.65% of patients postoperatively (p < 0.05). Urinary retention was observed in 32.36% before and in 2.5% after the surgery (p < 0.05). The average score of the quality of sexual life was 5.75 (SD 2.52, 95% CI: 4.41-7.1) before and increased to 7.93 (SD 1.77, 95% CI: 6.9-8.95) after the procedure (p < 0.05). The mean score of the overall quality of life in relation to POP before and after the procedure was 2.77 (SD 2.39, 95% CI: 1.87-8.64) and 9.03 (SD 1.08, 95% CI: 8.66-9.43), respectively (p < 0.001)., Conclusions: These results show a highly significant improvement of the quality of life in patients who underwent abdominal cervicosacropexy for POP. The change in quality of their sexual life, reduced OAB and urinary retention rates, as well as improvement of the esthetic self-perception may have contributed to this positive effect.

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess patient acceptability and satisfaction with medical treatment (vaginal misoprostol) of non-viable first trimester pregnancy., Material and Methods: A total of 64 women, treated with vaginal misoprostol for non-viable first trimester pregnancy between October 2012 and December 2012 at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Medical University of Warsaw, were included in this questionnaire-based study. Questions pertaining to advantages and disadvantages of misoprostol treatment as compared to potential surgical intervention were used. The respondents also determined whether they would choose medical treatment if they were to decide again. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) was used to assess pain and bleeding intensity., Results: Medical treatment was successful in 57 and surgical treatment was needed in 7 women. Average pain and bleeding intensity were 5.8 and 5.3, respectively. The most common side effects included diarrhea (27%), dizziness (22.2%), nausea (15.9%), and chills (15.6%). The most important advantages of misoprostol therapy were avoidance of the risk of uterine perforation (96.4%) and formation of intrauterine adhesions (74.6%), whereas the most significant disadvantages were prolonged bleeding (21.4%), pain (21.4%), and longer treatment duration (42.9%). Overall, 95.6% of the patients with successful treatment outcome declared they would choose this procedure if they were to decide again, as compared to 85.6% of women with treatment failure (p > 0.05)., Conclusions: Medical treatment with vaginal misoprostol is acceptable and well-tolerated by the vast majority of women with non-viable first trimester pregnancy. Satisfaction is expressed by both, respondents with successful as well as unsuccessful treatment outcome.