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Science and technology parks (STPs) have proliferated in many countries as an innovation policy tool. Several studies have used patent counts to assess their impact on innovation performance rather than the quality of patents, leading to mixed results. The aim of this paper is to explore whether STPs contribute to increasing the quality of patents filed by tenants since patent counts alone do not capture the technological or economic value of the patented inventions. Using a novel database of Spanish patents generated on- and off-park together with firms’ characteristics, we compare the quality of patents filed by firms located inside and outside STPs and find that STPs have a positive effect on the quality of the tenants’ innovative performance. We apply a novel econometric technique to confirm that our results are robust to omitted variable bias and explore possible channels through which STPs produce an effect on patent quality, such as by facilitating collaboration, increasing collaboration with universities, and fostering the internationalisation of inventions.

Historically, sharp contradictions have marked the discussion about the effects of innovation on unemployment. It is easy to see that new industries created a large number of jobs. Autor (2015) argues that, historically, new industries have hired far more people than they have put out of work. Although follow the Schumpeter's (1947) idea of creative destruction jobs frequently associated with process innovation are destroyed, but at the same time, others generally related to product innovation are created (see Vivarelli, 2014). The creative destruction theory also applies to the types of workers. Innovation often negatively affects the demand for unskilled work, but it is complementary with skilled workers, according to Skill-Biased Technology Change (SBTC).Nowadays, robotization generates an intense debate on employment effects. It allows, in conjunction with artificial intelligence, a substantial intensification of the automation process and therefore implies a drastic impact on labor productivity, generating a different effect on overall employment demand (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2017; Arntz, Gregory, & Zierahn, 2017; Dorn, 2015). However, these studies do not take into account the potential positive effects of the introduction of new products, which could generate new markets and stimulate employment again..., Históricamente, las fuertes contradicciones han marcado el debate sobre los efectos de la innovación en el empleo. Es fácil observar que las nuevas industrias crearon un gran número de puestos de trabajo. Autor (2015) argumenta que, históricamente, las nuevas industrias han contratado a mucha más gente de las que se han quedado sin puestos de trabajo. Aunque siguiendo un proceso de destrucción creativa (Schumpeter, 1947), los empleos asociados con la innovación de procesos son destruidos, pero al mismo tiempo, se crean otros generalmente relacionados con la innovación de productos (véase Vivarelli, 2014). La teoría de la destrucción creativa también se aplica a los tipos de trabajadores. La innovación a menudo afecta negativamente a la demanda de trabajo no cualificado, pero es complementaria con los trabajadores cualificados, según Skill-Biased Technology Change (SBTC).Hoy en día, la robotización permite, junto con la inteligencia artificial, una intensificación sustancial del proceso de automatización y, por lo tanto, implica un impacto drástico en la productividad laboral, generando un efecto diferenciado en la demanda general de empleo (Acemoglu &Restrepo, 2017; Arntz, Gregory, & Zierahn, 2017; Dorn, 2015)...

Undergraduate internships have gained popularity among students, universities, governments and firms since the creation of the European Higher Education Area. However, empirical research on the relationship between internships and labour market performance of graduates is still scarce, particularly in Spain. This paper examines whether internships improve job attainment in the short run (first employment after graduation) and in the medium/long term (employment 4 years later). We use the first Spanish University Graduate Job Placement Survey (2014) to estimate linear probability models and probit models. A novel econometric technique is also implemented to evaluate the sensitivity of our findings to omitted variable bias. We disentangle the internship effect on (I) the time it takes to find the first job; (II) the vertical, horizontal and skills matching with the first job; (III) being employed in the medium/long term; (IV) the vertical and horizontal matching with the current employment; and (v) wage quintiles of the current job. Our results show that internship experience facilitates the university-to-work transition for Spanish graduates. Although the effects of internships on being employed do not vanish in the medium/long term, there is weak evidence of positive effects on matching four years after graduation and no effects are found on wages., Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Historically, sharp contradictions have marked the discussion about the effects of innovation on unemployment. It is easy to see that new industries created a large number of jobs. Autor (2015) argues that, historically, new industries have hired far more people than they have put out of work. Although follow the Schumpeter's (1947) idea of creative destruction jobs frequently associated with process innovation are destroyed, but at the same time, others generally related to product innovation are created (see Vivarelli, 2014). The creative destruction theory also applies to the types of workers. Innovation often negatively affects the demand for unskilled work, but it is complementary with skilled workers, according to Skill-Biased Technology Change (SBTC).Nowadays, robotization generates an intense debate on employment effects. It allows, in conjunction with artificial intelligence, a substantial intensification of the automation process and therefore implies a drastic impact on labor productivity, generating a different effect on overall employment demand (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2017; Arntz, Gregory, & Zierahn, 2017; Dorn, 2015). However, these studies do not take into account the potential positive effects of the introduction of new products, which could generate new markets and stimulate employment again...

El proyecto titulado: Variables implicadas en la actitud e iniciativa emprendedora (II): personalidad, cognición y emoción, es la continuidad de otro presentado en la convocatoria anterior (2016-2017) cuyo objetivo era evaluar variables psicológicas en la actitud emprendedora de los estudiantes universitarios de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM). Este segundo proyecto ha tenido por objetivo principal ampliar la evaluación a otras facultades y áreas de conocimiento de nuestra universidad a fin de obtener el mapa y perfil de la iniciativa emprendedora del universitario UCM.

This paper is the chapter 18 of the Handbook of Game Theory and Industrial Organization (Vo. II). This chapter is devoted to the empirical models of firms’ R&D. This literature is still growing due to the increasing availability of micro-data. Taking this fact into account, the main purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of three important topics covered by the recent literature: the determinants of firms’ R&D investment, the link between R&D, innovation and productivity, and the analysis of the R&D black box. This chapter is presented as an invitation to industrial organization practitioners, both theorists and applied, to cross the bridge (and to change sides) between theory and applications.

La literatura que analiza los determinantes del gasto empresarial en I+D ha destacado que el óptimo privado es inferior al óptimo social debido a la imperfecta apropiabilidad de los resultados de las inversiones en I+D. Ante ello, las ayudas públicas constituyen una solución, especialmente a la hora de invertir en los proyectos “alejados del mercado”, los cuales son más intangibles en comparación con los “cercanos al mercado”. El objetivo es determinar el efecto causal de las subvenciones en los gastos de las corporaciones destinados a I+D, así como en el peso que representa cada componente del esfuerzo innovador. Para ello, utilizamos modelos de regresión con controles y testamos la robustez de los resultados al uso exclusivamente de la variación “within” (al interior de cada empresa en diferentes momentos del tiempo). Obtenemos como principales resultados que la elasticidad de los subsidios sobre los gastos (tanto individual como conjuntamente) es positiva y convexa, así como su no significancia ante la proporción destinada a invertir en investigación o en desarrollo.

The aim of this work is to analyse the heterogeneous effect of Science and Technology Parks (STPs) on firms’ innovation outcomes, contingent on firms’ size and innovation effort. Despite the worldwide diffusion of STPs and the increasing literature aimed at analysing their effect on tenants’ performance, empirical evidence on the heterogeneous effect of STPs’ location on different firms is very scarce. We use information for a representative sample of 39,722 Spanish firms, 653 of them located on 22 of the 25 official Spanish STP. Results show, on the one hand, that firm size is negatively related to an STP location effect and, on the other, that only a small amount of internal innovation effort is required to achieve a very high return from park location. However, firms without innovation efforts do not benefit from a park location. Finally, as internal innovation efforts increase, the park effect reduces, but is still at a high level., Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Depto. de Análisis Económico y Economía Cuantitativa, Fac. de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, TRUE, pub

Los exámenes y pruebas de evaluación tienen un papel destacado dentro de los materiales docentes. Ello es así debido al doble papel que juegan: por una parte, son cruciales para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos adquiridos por los estudiantes; pero también orientan al estudiante sobre cómo preparar las asignaturas. Por tanto los exámenes son una herramienta fundamental en la docencia. Teniendo en mente esta consideración, el objetivo de este proyecto era doble: (a) obtener un análisis objetivo y cualificado de los exámenes y métodos de evaluación utilizados, así como (b) recoger sugerencias que permitan mejorar los procesos de evaluación de las asignaturas consideradas.