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This is the 75th annual report of the British Trust for Ornithology's Ringing Scheme, covering data received and work carried out in 2011. A review of priorities for the Scheme identified the need to increase submission of nest records through the Nest Record Scheme and to extend the network of Retrapping Adults for Survival (RAS) studies. Collection of different demographic parameters from the same site (eg nest records, numbers of breeding pairs, adult survival, etc) can provide a powerful tool to identify reasons for population change. Constant Effort Sites (CES) data showed long-term declines in abundance for four migrants (Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus, Lesser Whitethroat Sylvia curruca, Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus and Reed Warbler Acrocephalus scirpaceus) and three resident species (Willow Tit Poecile montana, Song Thrush Turdus philomelos and Reed Bunting Emberiza schoeniclus). Robin Erithacus rubecula and Reed Bunting had the lowest survival rates since CES began and survival-rate estimates were also significantly below average for Long-tailed Tit Aegithalos caudatus and Wren Troglodytes troglodytes, two small resident species that are particularly vulnerable to cold weather. Abundance of Blue Tit Cyanistes caeruleus, Great Tit Parus major, Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis and Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula recorded by CES increased. Nine of the 16 resident species covered by CES also had higher-than-average productivity, in particular the highest ever recorded for Dunnock Prunella modularis, Chaffinch Fringilla coelebs and Bullfinch. The number of Constant Effort Sites increased in 2011, with a higher percentage of reedbed habitat covered by the scheme, but fewer dry and wet scrub sites. In 2011 the number of RAS projects increased by 34 to 158. Survival trends were generated for 46 species and the use of colour marks has been promoted to increase the resighting probability of trap-shy species such as House Sparrow Passer domesticus and Starling Sturnus vulgaris, and for species with low recapture probability such as seabirds. As in 2010, the total number of birds ringed in 2011 (1,151,665) was the highest ever. It included 540,696 first-year birds, 383,136 adults (birds in their second calendar year or later) and 27,495 unaged birds. All ringing data for 2011 were computerised. In addition, there were 166,061 recaptures of ringed birds at or near the ringing site. The increased numbers of fully grown birds ringed is probably due to three main factors: high survival of some species, as suggested by CES results, combined with high productivity in 2011 and the increasing number of ringers in the Scheme catching higher numbers of birds. In total 20,702 BTO-ringed birds were recovered (found dead or recaptured away from the ringing site) in 2011, the highest ever as a result of the increased number of birds ringed in the past decade, combined with efforts to increase reports of ringed birds by the public, an increasing number of colour-ringing projects and associated resightings, and a change in the way recoveries are processed. Recoveries of 17 BTO- and 13 foreign-ringed birds that have extended our existing knowledge of movements of a species, are unusual movements, or are a new longevity record are also presented. In 2011 40,845 nest records were submitted (over 70% electronically), the highest total since 1998. Of these, 82% originated from England, 9% from Wales and 8% from Scotland, with the remaining 1% divided equally between Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland. Long-term nest productivity trends (1966–2010) were significant for 36 of the 71 species for which sufficient data were available, and seven of these (Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus, Tree Pipit Anthus trivialis, Willow Warbler, Bullfinch, Coal Tit Periparus ater, Treecreeper Certhia familiaris and Chaffinch) showed a significant decline over time. The 2011 breeding season was characterised by an early start compared to the previous five years, possibly due to the warmest April on record. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]