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The pulping industry generates vast amounts of bark and wastewater treatment sludges, which are combined and stored in stacks, often in the open air, prior to combustion for energy. The effects of incorporating sludge into bark on heating value and storage-related environmental impacts were investigated in laboratory and outdoors. Biological degradation was found to be higher in treatments containing 25% sludge (B75S25) and 50% sludge (B50S50) in comparison with pure bark (B100). Mean monthly dry mass loss was 2.1% (B100), 3.3% (B75S25), and 3.7% (B50S50) in the laboratory and 2.7, 4.2, and 4.8%, respectively, outdoors. Addition of sludge maintained degradation activity at low temperatures (+ 3 °C). Co-storage of sludge and bark led to loss of energy, mainly due to increased loss of biomass and increased moisture, which governed the heating value. Cumulative methane emissions were higher from the sludge-containing treatments than from pure bark, but emissions of nitrogen-containing gases (N2O and NH3) were negligible throughout. Sludge addition roughly halved the cumulative chemical oxygen demand (COD) of leachate and minimized its concentration of phosphate-P. However, larger amounts of inorganic elements were released from the sludge-containing treatments. Overall, these results indicate that finding alternative uses for the sludge fraction would be beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The utilization of natural raw materials has been practiced for centuries. Of raw materials, wood and its bark have outstanding significance because of their special chemical components and unusual structure. Annual bark production is estimated to be between 300 and 400 million m³. The bark of different tree species has been used extensively in or in conjunction with modern technologies. This article presents a comprehensive summary of these methods of utilization and their results. The diversity of bark utilization derives from the variety of the bark of different species and from the possibilities encoded in the material. Following the anatomic summary, the protective role of the bark is discussed, highlighting its physical-chemical properties and the different methods of medical, energetic, and industrial utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]