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IN A ZONE of improved upland pasture some 2 km east of the Cistercian monastery of Strata Florida (Ystrad Fflur), Ceredigion, are the earthwork remains of a 'sheepcote' and four abandoned medieval farms, one probably originating as a monastic sheep-handling station. Documentary evidence and field observation suggest that these farms have preserved their late-medieval forms in a relatively unmodified state. Three were apparently situated along a contemporary ffridd boundary (head dyke) that separated a zone of pasture and perhaps arable land from mountain pasture. We cannot establish the relationship between the 'sheepcote' and the 'farms' through field observation alone, nor do we know the absolute age of the ffridd boundary. Our paper describes and briefly discusses the character and local context of the area defined by the latter. The pattern of land-use is comparable to that in Swaledale (North Yorkshire), an area that has been discussed on the one hand in terms of patterns of townships (hamlets) and their land-use zones, and on the other in terms of monastic enterprise and the identification of 'vaccaries'. In the study of 'monastic landscapes', we risk becoming preoccupied with estate economies and the identification of 'tool-kits', at the expense of dealing with the complexity of relationships between monasteries and local communities. Dans une zone de paturages de montagne entretenus, a environ 2 km a l'est du monastere cistercien de Strata Florida (Ystrad Fflur), dans le Ceredigion, se trouvent les vestiges des terrassements d'une bergerie et de quatre fermes medievales abandonnees, dont l'une etait probablement a l'origine des installations monastiques reservees aux moutons. Les sources documentaires et les observations effectuees sur le terrain indiquent que ces fermes ont pour ainsi dire conserve la forme qu'elles avaient a la fin du Moyen Age. Trois de ces fermes etaient apparemment situees le long d'une limite contemporaine de type ffridd (eloture) separant des paturages, et peut-etre des terres arables, de paturages de montagne. Nous ne pouvons determiner le lien qui existait entre la 'bergerie' et les 'fermes' en nous appuyant uniquement sur l'observation du terrain, et nous ne connaissons pas non plus l'age absolu de la limite ffridd. Dans notre article, nous decrivons et evoquons brievement et le caractere et le contexte local de la zone definie par cette derniere. L'occupation des sols est comparable a celle la vallee de Swaledale (Nord du Yorkshire), zone qui a ete etudiee d'une part sur le plan des configurations de l'habitat (hameaux) et de leurs zones d'occupation des sols, et d'autre part, sur le plan de l'entreprise monastique et de l'identification de vacheries. Dans l'etude des paysages monastiques, nous risquons de nous preoccuper excessivement de l'economie des domaines et de l'identification de 'panoplies d'outils', au detriment de l'etude de la complexite des liens existant entre monasteres et communautes locales. In einer Zone besseren, hoher gelegenen Weidelands etwa 2 km ostlich des Zisterzienserklosters von Florida (Ystrad Fflur), Ceredigion, befinden sich die Erdwerkuberreste eines Schafpferchs und vier verlassener mittelalterlicher Bauernhofe, von denen einer ursprunglich wahrscheinlich eine klosterliche Schafstation war. Schriftliche Beweisstucke und Feldbeobachtungen weisen darauf hin, dass diese Hofe ihre spatmittelalterlichen Formen relativ unverandert erhalten haben. Drei befanden sich anscheinend entlang einer damaligen ffridd Grenze (Hauptwall), die eine Weidezone und moglicherweise Ackerland von den Bergweiden trennte. Wir konnen eine Beziehung zwischen dem Schafpferch und den Bauernhofen durch Feldbeobachtungen allein nicht begrunden und kennen auch das genaue Alter der ffridd-Grenze nicht. Unsere Arbeit beschreibt und erortert den Charakter und den ortlichen Kontext der durch letzteres bestimmten Zone. Die Bodennutzungsmuster sind vergleichbar mit denen in Swaledale (Nord-Yorkshire), einem Gebiet, das einerseits in Bezug auf dorfliche Siedlungsmuster (Weiler) und deren Bodennutzungszonen, und andererseits in Bezug auf klosterliche Betriebe und die Identifizierung von 'Vaccaries' (Kuhweiden/-stallen) behandelt wurde. Bei der Untersuchung klosterlicher Landschaften begehen wir das Risiko, uns zu sehr mit Gutswirtschaften und der Identifizierung von Werkzeugausrustung zu beschaftigen und dabei die Komplexitat der Beziehungen zwischen Klostern und einheimischen Siedlungen zu vernachlassigen. In una zona di migliorato pascolo montano a circa 2 km in direzione est dal monastero cistercense di Strata Florida (Ystrad Fflur), nella regione del Ceredigion, si trovano i resti del terrapieno di un 'ovile' e quattro fattorie medievali abbandonati; una di esse fu probabilmente all'origine una stazione di pastorizia monastica. In base alle prove documentarie e all'osservazione topografica si pensa che queste fattorie abbiano conservato la loro forma tardo medievale relativamente senza modifiche. Tre erano apparentemente situate lungo un contemporaneo ffridd di confine (argine) che separava una zona di pascolo e forse di terra arabile dal pascolo montano. Non e possibile stabilire il rapporto tra 'ovili' e 'fattorie' solo attraverso l'osservazione topografica, ne conosciamo l'eta precisa del confine del ffridd. La nostra relazione descrive ed esamina brevemente il carattere e il contesto locale dell'area definita da quest'ultimo. L'andamento dell'utilizzo della terra e paragonabile a quello della valle di Swaledale (Yorkshire del nord), un'area esaminata da una parte relativamente allo schema delle municipalita (hamlets) e le loro zone di uso della terra, e dall'altra relativamente alle imprese monastiche e all'identificazione di pascoli bovini ('vaccaries'). Studiando i 'paesaggi monastici' si corre il rischio di preoccuparsi delle economie del terreno e dell'identificazione degli 'strumenti' a scapito dell'esame del complessi rapporti tra monasteri e comunita locali.

Aim: Lower gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are poor predictors of colorectal cancer (CRC). The aim of this study was to examine the diagnostic yield of colonoscopy by faecal haemoglobin (f‐Hb) concentration in symptomatic patients assessed in primary care by faecal immunochemical testing (FIT). Method: In three Scottish NHS Boards, FIT kits (HM‐JACKarc, Hitachi Chemical Diagnostics Systems Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan) were used by general practitioners to guide referrals for patients with lower GI symptoms (laboratory data studied for 12 months from December 2015 onwards in Tayside, 18 months from June 2018 onwards in Fife and 5 months from September 2018 onwards in Greater Glasgow and Clyde). Cases of CRC diagnosed at colonoscopy were ascertained from colonoscopy and pathology records. Results: Four thousand eight hundred and forty one symptomatic patients who underwent colonoscopy after FIT submission were included. Of the 2166 patients (44.7%) with f‐Hb <10 µg Hb/g faeces (µg/g), 14 (0.6%) were diagnosed with CRC, with a number needed to scope (NNS) of 155. Of the 2675 patients (55.3%) with f‐Hb ≥10 µg/g, 252 were diagnosed with CRC (9.4%) with a NNS of 11. Of the 705 patients with f‐Hb ≥400 µg/g, 158 (22.4%) were diagnosed with CRC with a NNS of 5. Over half of those diagnosed with CRC with f‐Hb <10 µg/g had coexisting anaemia. Conclusion: Symptomatic patients with f‐Hb ≥10 µg/g should undergo further investigation for CRC, while higher f‐Hb concentrations could be used to triage for urgency during the COVID‐19 recovery phase. Patients with f‐Hb <10 µg/g and without anaemia are very unlikely to be diagnosed with CRC and the majority need no further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]