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Ixodes rio D. Apanaskevich & Labruna n. sp. Type-host: Variable antshrike— Thamnophilus caerulescens Vieillot (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae). Other hosts: Rufous-capped antshrike— Thamnophilus ruficapillus Vieillot (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae), white-necked thrush— Turdus albicollis Vieillot (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Type-locality: Brazil: Rio de Janeiro: Serra do Itatiaia, Alto do Itatiaia. Other locality: Brazil: Paraná: Tijucas do Sul. Type-material: Holotype female, from T. caerulescens, Alto do Itatiaia (~ 22°22’S, 44°37’W), Serra do Itatiaia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2.ii.1922, E. G. Holt (EGH); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481794). Paratypes: 6 females. Brazil: Paraná: Tijucas do Sul (~ 25°55’S, 49°11’W): 1 female, from T. albicollis, 2.xi.2000, M. Arzua and A. Bispo, CNC-976; Rio de Janeiro: Serra do Itatiaia, Alto do Itatiaia: 4 females, from T. caerulescens, 2.ii.1922, EGH, USNMENT 00987157; same locality: 1 female, from T. ruficapillus, 10.ii.1922, EGH, USNMENT 00987151. All paratypes with USNMENT numbers are deposited in the USNTC and that with CNC number is in the CNC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes rio n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 13C2F3B1- ABED-49EE-BB33-C956555CF102. Etymology: The species is named after Rio de Janeiro, the state of Brazil, where the holotype and most of the paratypes were collected. Description. Female [Based on 7 specimens; Figs. 28, 29.] Idiosoma (Fig. 28A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in nearly unfed specimen 1.86 (n = 1), maximal width in nearly unfed specimen 1.08 (n = 1), ratio 1.72 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 28B, C) length 1.02–1.14 (1.05 ± 0.05; n = 6), width 0.72–0.80 (0.74 ± 0.03; n = 6), ratio 1.34–1.44 (1.41 ± 0.04; n = 6); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 28B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03–0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 28A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 28A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.06–0.08 (avg. 0.07), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.00–4.50 (avg. 4.00) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 13.49–16.96 (15.18 ± 1.40; n = 6). Venter (Fig. 28F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 28F) medial to posterior margin of coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 28F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 28F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 28F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.05, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 29A) length 0.25–0.29 (0.27 ± 0.02; n = 6), width 0.26–0.30 (0.27 ± 0.02; n = 6), ratio 0.94–1.03 (0.99 ± 0.04; n = 6); subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 29B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.51–0.59 (0.55 ± 0.03; n = 6), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.44–0.49 (0.45 ± 0.02; n = 6), ratio 1.14–1.28 (1.21 ± 0.05; n = 6). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 29B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.18–0.21 (0.20 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio width to length 2.12–2.48 (2.31 ± 0.13; n = 6), subhexagonal: with short and angular lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.01–0.03 (0.02 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 7.50–14.50 (10.00 ± 2.73; n = 6), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.13–0.15 (0.13 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 3.25–3.60 (3.47 ± 0.17; n = 6), clearly distinct, not indented, separated by distance of nearly half of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 29C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.05–0.07 (0.06 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 8.73–11.27 (9.64 ± 0.92; n = 6), narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, slightly recurved inwardly to narrowly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 29C, D). Palpi (Fig. 29B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.28–0.33 (0.30 ± 0.02; n = 6), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.10–0.12 (0.10 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio 2.63–3.06 (2.87 ± 0.16; n = 6), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.14 (n = 6); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.10–0.11 (0.11 ± 0.01; n = 6), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.61–3.19 (2.83 ± 0.19; n = 6); dorsally segment I without mesodorsal spur, with slight transversal ridge at base and small blunt or tapering dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 29C) length 0.32–0.34 (0.33; n = 2), width 0.10 (n = 1), ratio 3.17 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 29F): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, subequal in length, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed posteromedially; external spur on coxa IV same as on other coxae but twice shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, decreasing in size from coxa I to III, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed posteromedially; external spur on coxa I nearly twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 29F) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.65–0.67 (0.66; n = 4); tarsus IV length 0.62–0.63 (0.63; n = 4). Remarks. The descriptions and illustrations of female of I. auritulus in Keirans and Clifford (1978), BarrosBattesti et al. (2003) and Onofrio et al. (2009) were partially or entirely based on specimens of I. rio n. sp. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. rio n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. rio n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. rio n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.41 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.14 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 4.00 (vs shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 15.18 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp., 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); broad gnathosoma: mean ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.21 (vs narrower gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.33 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. zealandicus and 1.34 in I. insulae n. sp.); short angular dorsolateral projections of basis capituli (vs all these species, except for I. brevisetosus n. sp., have basis capituli without angular dorsolateral projections); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); short cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 10.00 (vs longer cornua: mean ratio 6.00 in I. auritulus, 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 4.60 in I. insulae n. sp. and 5.87 in I. moralesi n. sp.); narrow porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.47 (vs broader porose areas: mean ratio 2.92 in I. auritulus, 2.97 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.91 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.03 in I. insulae n. sp., 2.83 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.93 in I. zealandicus); auriculae long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 9.64, narrow, directed posteriorly or slightly curved inwardly, with narrowly rounded apex (vs shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 43.38 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly broader, directed slightly outwards, with broadly rounded apex in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); lacking spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally in I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I 2.83 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp.; shorter internal projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.55 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.69 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); indistinct or short dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.), narrower palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.87 (vs broader segments: mean ratio 2.53 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.46 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.41 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp. and 2.42 in I. zealandicus); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively long, narrow, sharp at apex (vs shorter, broader spur with broadly rounded apex in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally smaller species: see description for measurements (vs noticeable larger species: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.; noticeably smaller species: I. contrarius n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. rio n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Brazil (Paraná and Rio de Janeiro States) (Fig. 10E). Females of this species were collected from passeriform birds: the white-necked thrush, T. albicollis (Passeriformes: Turdidae), variable antshrike, T. caerulescens and the rufouscapped antshrike, T. ruficapillus (Passeriformes: Thamnophilidae) during February and November., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 49-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Keirans, J. E. & Clifford, C. M. (1978) The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to adults. Journal of Medical Entomology, Supplement 2, 1 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 15. suppl 2.1","Onofrio, V. C., Barros-Battesti, D. M., Labruna, M. B. & Faccini, J. L. H. (2009) Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil. Systematic Parasitology, 72, 143 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 008 - 9169 - z","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes robbinsi D. Apanaskevich & Edgy n. sp. Type-host: American robin— Turdus migratorius Linnaeus (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Other hosts: Ruffed grouse— Bonasa umbellus (Linnaeus) (Galliformes: Phasianidae), black-headed grosbeak— Pheucticus melanocephalus (Swainson) (Passeriformes: Cardinalidae), dark-eyed junco— Junco hyemalis (Linnaeus), song sparrow— Melospiza melodia (Wilson), Savannah sparrow— Passerculus sandwichensis (Gmelin), sooty fox sparrow— Passerella unalaschensis (Gmelin), golden-crowned sparrow— Zonotrichia atricapilla (Gmelin), white-crowned sparrow— Zonotrichia leucophrys (Forster) (Passeriformes: Emberizidae), purple finch— Haemorhous purpureus (Gmelin) (Passeriformes: Fringillidae), black-capped chickadee— Poecile atricapillus Linnaeus (Passeriformes: Paridae), house sparrow— Passer domesticus (Linnaeus) (Passeriformes: Passeridae), Bewick’s wren— Thryomanes bewickii (Audubon), Pacific wren— Troglodytes pacificus Baird (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae). Type-locality: USA: Oregon: Tillamook County: Netarts. Other localities: Canada: British Columbia: Vancouver Island, Rocky Point, Rocky Point Bird Observatory; USA: Alaska: Alexander Archipelago, Wrangell Island; Juneau, Gold Creek, Salmon Creek; California: Mendocino County, Ten Mile River; Napa County, Mead Ranch; Oregon: Curry County, near Brookings, Goat Island; Tillamook County: Hebo, Tillamook; Washington: Kitsap County: Hansville Road c. 8 km north of junction with Highway 104; Olympic Mountains. Type-material: Holotype female, from T. migratorius, Netarts (~ 45°26’N, 123°56’W), Tillamook County, Oregon, USA, 3.iii.1930, A. Walker (AW) and R. Walker (RW); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 00987201). Paratypes: 10 females. USA: Oregon: Tillamook County, Hebo (~ 45°13’N, 123°51’W): 1 female, from P. domesticus, 25.viii.1932, USNMENT 00987238; Tillamook County, Netarts: 1 female, from P. unalaschensis, 5.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987204; same locality: 1 female, from T. migratorius, 21.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987239; same locality: 1 female, from M. melodia, 16.xi.1930, RW, USNMENT 00987207; same locality: 1 female, from M. melodia, 25.xi.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987218; Tillamook County, Tillamook (~ 45°27’N, 123°50’W): 1 female, from J. hyemalis, 10.xii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987205; same locality: 1 female, from J. hyemalis, 24.ii.1930, AW, USNMENT 00987223; same locality: 1 female, from T. migratorius, 15.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987222; same locality: 1 female, from H. purpureus, 24.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987195; Washington: Kitsap County, Hansville Road c. 8 km north of junction with Highway 104 (~ 47°52’N, 122°32’W): 1 female, from P. atricapillus, 30.ix.2000, H. Kaster, USNMENT 00988219. All paratypes are deposited in the USNTC. Other material: 11 nymphs and 17 larvae. Canada: British Columbia: Vancouver Island, Rock Point (~ 48°19’N, 123°32’W), Rocky Point Bird Observatory: 1 nymph, from T. bewickii, 18.viii.2001, G. Gibson, USNMENT 00988214. USA: Alaska: Alexander Archipelago, Wrangell Island (~ 56°17’N, 132°10’W): 1 nymph, from P. unalaschensis, 22.iv.1946, J. D. Webster, USNMENT 00987221; Juneau, Gold Creek (~ 58°17’N, 134°25’W): 7 larvae, from P. sandwichensis, 10.v.1945, R. B. Williams (RBW), USNMENT 00987209; Juneau, Salmon Creek (~ 58°20’N, 134°24’W): 9 larvae, from Z. atricapilla, 5.v.1953, RBW, USNMENT 00987180; California: Mendocino County, Ten Mile River (~ 39°33’N, 123°46’W): 1 nymph, from Z. leucophrys, 10.v.1959, R. C. Banks, USNMENT 00987197; Napa County, Mead Ranch (~ 38°23’N, 122°14’W): 1 nymph, from P. melanocephalus, 25.viii.1970, R. T. Mead, USNMENT 00987224; Oregon: Curry County, near Brookings, Goat Island (~ 42°3’N, 124°19’W): 2 nymphs, from M. melodia, 16.ix.1967, E. Easton (EE), USNMENT 00987210; same locality: 1 nymph, from M. melodia, 22.vi.1968, Clifford, Corwin and EE, USNMENT 00987230; same locality: 1 larva, from M. melodia, 8.ix.1971, EE, USNMENT 01481795; Tillamook County, Tillamook: 1 nymph, from M. melodia, 19.iii.1930, AW and RW, USNMENT 00987237; same locality: 1 nymph, from J. hyemalis, 6.xi.1930, RW and AW, USNMENT 00987213; same locality: 1 nymph, from T. pacificus, 27.ii.1931, AW, USNMENT 00987203; Washington: Olympic Mountains (~ 47°49’N, 123°49’W), Spruce: 1 nymph, from B. umbellus, 20.iv.1933, H. H. Stage, USNMENT 00987150. All specimens are deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes robbinsi n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 0F514D22-818B-4951-B436-FF95A14A2B24. Etymology: The species is named after Richard George Robbins, a United States acarologist and colleague who has contributed much to our knowledge on the systematics, distribution and ecology of ticks, especially those of the Americas, East and Southeast Asia. Description. Female [Based on 11 specimens; Figs. 30, 31.] Idiosoma (Fig. 30A, F) of medium- to largely engorged specimens broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 30B, C) length 1.24–1.36 (1.29 ± 0.05; n = 11), width 1.05–1.26 (1.11 ± 0.06; n = 11), ratio 1.08–1.25 (1.16 ± 0.05; n = 11); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 30B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 30A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 30A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02–0.03 (avg. 0.02) and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.04–0.05 (avg. 0.05), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.83-3.00 (avg. 2.65) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 24.60–30.00 (26.93 ± 1.51; n = 11). Venter (Fig. 30F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 30F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 30F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 30F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 30F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.04, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 31A) length 0.30–0.37 (0.33 ± 0.02; n = 11), width 0.31–0.39 (0.35 ± 0.03; n = 11), ratio 0.88–0.97 (0.92 ± 0.03; n = 11); broadly suboval to subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 31B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.68–0.73 (0.69 ± 0.02; n = 11), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.53–0.60 (0.56 ± 0.03; n = 11), ratio 1.15–1.29 (1.22 ± 0.05; n = 10). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 31B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.23–0.25 (0.24 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio width to length 2.21–2.47 (2.34 ± 0.07; n = 11), subrectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin nearly straight or very slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.03–0.06 (0.04 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.00–8.00 (5.84 ± 1.05; n = 11), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.18–0.21 (0.20 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 2.63–3.03 (2.83 ± 0.12; n = 11), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/3 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 31C, D) pentagonal; auriculae moderately long, length 0.04–0.05 (0.05 ± 0.004; n = 11), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 13.24–16.18 (14.59 ± 1.08; n = 11), broad, nearly as long as wide, directed posteriorly or very slightly posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 31C, D). Palpi (Fig. 31B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.35–0.40 (0.38 ± 0.02; n = 11), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14–0.16 (0.16 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio 2.31–2.52 (2.41 ± 0.07; n = 11), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.14–0.18 (0.17 ± 0.01; n = 11); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.10–0.14 (0.13 ± 0.01; n = 11), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.68–3.43 (3.02 ± 0.25; n = 11); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base, mesodorsal spur indistinct, dorsoapical denticle indistinct, as small blunt projection; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 31C, F) length 0.40–0.43 (0.41; n = 3), width 0.15 (n = 3), ratio 2.67–2.78 (2.71; n = 3); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 31G, H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxae II and III may be with poorly distinct or indistinct internal spur, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, subequal or spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; internal spur on coxae I-III short, decreasing in size from coxa I to III, narrow on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, narrowly rounded at apex, spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially or posteriorly, spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 31G, H) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.86–0.94 (0.90 ± 0.03; n = 9); tarsus IV length 0.75–0.84 (0.80 ± 0.03; n = 9). Nymph [Based on 11 specimens; Figs. 32, 33.] Idiosoma (Fig. 32C): broadly suboval, widest posterior to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 32A) length 612–672 (634 ± 15; n = 11), width 553–621 (583 ± 24; n = 11), ratio 1.00–1.15 (1.09 ± 0.04; n = 11); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 32A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 5–13 (9 ± 2; n = 8), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 32B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 32B) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: 13–18 (16 ± 1; n = 10) and long in area medial to marginal grooves: 34–40 (36 ± 2; n = 10), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.00–2.67 (2.28 ± 0.22; n = 10) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 15.94–19.00 (17.55 ± 0.93; n = 10). Anal groove (Fig. 32C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 32C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 32D) broadly oval; length 136–196 (160 ± 18; n = 11), width 153–196 (171 ± 14; n = 11), ratio 0.84–1.05 (0.94 ± 0.07; n = 11). Gnathosoma (Fig. 33A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 387–417 (402 ± 11; n = 9), width at dorsal cornua apices 272–306 (291 ± 9; n = 11), ratio 1.36–1.40 (1.37 ± 0.01; n = 9). Basis capituli (Fig. 33A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae moderately long: length 21–30 (26 ± 2; n = 11), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 13–20 (16 ± 2; n = 9), triangular, directed slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 33A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 162–187 (175 ± 7; n = 9), width 77–85 (82 ± 4; n = 9), ratio 2.10–2.22 (2.14 ± 0.05; n = 9); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 43–57 (50 ± 5; n = 11), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.98–4.00 (3.42 ± 0.31; n = 9); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 33B) length 179–193 (187 ± 6; n = 6), width 72–85 (79 ± 5; n = 6), ratio 2.24–2.51 (2.37 ± 0.12; n = 6); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 2 or 3 rows, 3/3 for approximately 4–8 rows, 4/4 for 0–3 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 33C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 33C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 434–476 (451 ± 15; n = 10); tarsus IV length 366–400 (385 ± 11; n = 9). Larva [Based on 17 specimens; Figs. 34, 35.] Idiosoma (Fig. 34B): broadly suboval, widest close to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 35A) length 305–365 (328; n = 3), width 375–390 (383; n = 3), ratio 0.81–0.95 (0.86; n = 3); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded or nearly straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions. Setae 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 18 (n = 1); length of Sc 3 15 (n = 2); alloscutum (Fig. 34A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 15–17 pairs; approximately 3–5 pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 22–25 (24; n = 3), length of Cd 2 20–21 (20; n = 3); approximately 11–13 pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 19–22 (20; n = 3). Venter (Fig. 34B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 14–16 pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 20–22 (21; n = 3); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 24–25 (25; n = 3), length of Pa 2 28–30 (29; n = 3); approximately 6–8 pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 18–21 (20; n = 3). Gnathosoma (Fig. 35B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 240– 275 (254; n = 3), width at dorsal cornual apices 164–185 (172; n = 3); ratio 1.43–1.51 (1.48; n = 3). Basis capituli (Fig. 35B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with relatively short, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Post-hypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 35B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 101–105 (103; n = 3), width 48–50 (48; n = 3), ratio 2.10–2.13 (2.12; n = 3); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 23–25 (23; n = 3), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.05–4.67 (4.41; n = 3); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 35C): length 100–103 (101; n = 3), width 50–53 (51; n = 3), ratio 1.95–2.00 (1.97; n = 3); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal portion without denticles short, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for 3 or 4 rows and 3/3 for approximately 4 or 5 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 35E): coxa I with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxae II and III each with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxa III slightly shorter than on coxa II; internal spur on coxa I short, broad, narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; posteromedian angle of coxa II forming slight, broadly rounded projection; no syncoxae; coxae I and III with 3 setae each, coxa II with 2 setae. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 35E). Tarsus I length 238–268 (251; n = 3); tarsus III length 208–245 (230; n = 3). Remarks. Apparently, the male of this species was described in Gregson (1956). Descriptions of the female were partially or entirely based on specimens of I. robbinsi n. sp. in Nuttall (1916), Cooley and Kohls (1945), Gregson (1956), Arthur (1960), Furman and Loomis (1984) and Lindquist et al. (2016). Descriptions of the nymph were seemingly, partially or entirely, based on specimens of I. robbinsi n. sp. in Nuttall (1916), Cooley and Kohls (1945), Gregson (1956), Furman and Loomis (1984) and Lindquist et al. (2016). Descriptions of the larva were seemingly, partially or entirely, based on specimens of I. robbinsi n. sp. in Nuttall (1916), Furman and Loomis (1984), Webb et al. (1990) and Lindquist et al. (2016).

Ixodes guglielmonei D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Rufous-chested plover— Charadrius modestus Lichtenstein (Charadriiformes: Charadriidae). Other hosts: Bar-winged cinclodes— Cinclodes fuscus (Vieillot) (Passeriformes: Furnariidae), striated caracara— Phalcoboenus australis (Gmelin) (Falconiformes: Falconidae). Type-locality: Chile: Antártica Chilena: Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams. Other localities: Argentina: Tierra del Fuego: Isla de los Estados, Bahia Crossley. Type-material: Holotype female, from C. modestus, Puerto Williams (~ 54°55’S, 67°37’W), Isla Navarino, Antártica Chilena, Chile, 24.i.1964, G. E. Watson (GEW); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 00987164). Paratypes: Chile: Antártica Chilena: Isla Navarino (~ 55°4’S, 67°40’W): 1 female and 2 nymphs, from C. fuscus, 19.i.1964, GEW, USNMENT 00987148. All paratypes are deposited in the USNTC. Other material: 1 female, 9 nymphs and 42 larvae. Argentina: Tierra del Fuego: Isla de los Estados, Bahia Crossley (~ 54°47’S, 64°41’W): 1 female and 3 larvae, from P. australis, 26.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987191; same locality: 1 nymph and 33 larvae, from P. australis, 26.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987158; Isla Observatorio (~ 54°38’S, 64°7’W): 6 nymphs and 2 larvae, from P. australis, 17.v.1971, USNMENT 00987163; same locality: 2 nymphs and 4 larvae, from P. australis, 17.v.1971, USNMENT 00987155. All specimens are deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes guglielmonei n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 0F85FCF8-5487-447F-AE84-2A8695748722. Etymology: The species is named after Alberto Alejandro Guglielmone, an Argentinian expert on ticks and colleague who has contributed much to our knowledge on the systematics, distribution and ecology of ticks, particularly those of the Neotropical Region. Description. Female [Based on 3 specimens; Figs. 19, 20.] Idiosoma (Fig. 19A, F) of least of largely engorged females broadly suboval, widest in posterior half. Scutum (Fig. 19B, C) length 1.50–1.64 (1.55; n = 3), width 1.16–1.30 (1.25; n = 3), ratio 1.17–1.31 (1.25; n = 3); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin and give diamond shape to scutum; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; surface varies from smooth or with very slight rugosity (Chilean specimens) to wrinkled on lateral and central fields (Argentinian specimen); setae (Fig. 19B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04–0.05 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 19A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 19A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, long in center of alloscutum: c. 0.08–0.11 (avg. 0.10) and in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.09–0.12 (avg. 0.10), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.08–1.10 (avg. 1.09) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 12.76–16.45 (15.16; n = 3). Venter (Fig. 19F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 19F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 19F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 19F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 19F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.07, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 20A) length 0.32–0.36 (0.34; n = 3), width 0.34–0.38 (0.36; n = 3), ratio 0.87–0.98 (0.93; n = 3); broadly suboval to subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 20B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.75–0.80 (0.78; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.55–0.65 (0.60; n = 2), ratio 1.23–1.36 (1.30; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 20B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.25–0.28 (0.26; n = 2), ratio width to length 2.20–2.36 (2.28; n = 2), subrectangular: lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly sinuously concave; cornua short, length 0.05–0.06 (0.05; n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.89–5.00 (4.94; n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.19–0.23 (0.21; n = 2), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 2.89–2.93 (2.91; n = 2), clearly distinct, indented, separated by distance of approximately2–3.5times narrower than their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 20C, D) pentagonal; auriculae short, length 0.03 (n = 2), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 26.89–29.41 (28.15; n = 2), broad, nearly as long as wide, diverging to broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 20C, D). Palpi (Fig. 20B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.41–0.45 (0.43; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.19–0.21 (0.20; n = 2), ratio 2.12–2.20 (2.16; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.11 (n = 2); segment I with relatively short internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.09 (n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.58–5.29 (4.94; n = 2); dorsally segment I without distinct mesodorsal spur, with small blunt dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 20C) length 0.44–0.46 (0.45; n = 2), width 0.17–0.18 (0.17; n = 2), ratio 2.57–2.60 (2.59; n = 2); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles very short. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 20F, G): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, subequal in length, moderately narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially (external spur shorter, broader in Argentinian specimen); internal spur on coxae I-III very short, often poorly distinct, broad, broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially or posteriorly; internal spur on coxa I considerably shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 20F, G) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 1.06–1.17 (1.12; n = 3); tarsus IV length 0.94–1.08 (0.99; n = 3). Nymph [Based on 11 specimens; Figs. 21, 22.] Idiosoma (Fig. 21C): broadly suboval, widest close to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 21A) length 672–782 (739 ± 31; n = 11), width 604–697 (652 ± 32; n = 11), ratio 1.04–1.22 (1.13 ± 0.06; n = 11); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 21A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 17–30 (23 ± 4; n = 6), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 21B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 21B) numerous, evenly distributed, long in center of alloscutum: 60–72 (62 ± 5; n = 11) and in area medial to marginal grooves: 68–77 (73 ± 4; n = 11), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.06–1.29 (1.17 ± 0.07; n = 11) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 9.44–11.50 (10.22 ± 0.71; n = 11). Anal groove (Fig. 21C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 21C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 21D) length 145–204 (166 ± 18; n = 10), width 179–217 (191 ± 12; n = 10), ratio 0.80–0.94 (0.87 ± 0.05; n = 10), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 22A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 459–510 (484 ± 15; n = 9), width at dorsal cornua apices 323–366 (343 ± 15; n = 10), ratio 1.35–1.49 (1.42 ± 0.04; n = 9). Basis capituli (Fig. 22A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae relatively short: length 21–26 (24 ± 2; n = 10), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 18–23 (20 ± 2; n = 9), triangular, directed slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 22A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 213–221 (219 ± 4; n = 9), width 102–111 (107 ± 4; n = 9), ratio 1.92–2.17 (2.05 ± 0.10; n = 9); segment I well developed, with relatively short internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 26–30 (28 ± 2; n = 9), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 7.08–8.67 (7.79 ± 0.64; n = 9); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 22B) length 221–253 (242 ± 13; n = 7), width 85–115 (95 ± 10; n = 7), ratio 2.17–2.87 (2.58 ± 2; n = 7); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles very short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 2 or 3 rows, 3/3 for approximately 5–7 rows and 4/4 for approximately 0–2 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 22C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 22C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 553–595 (577 ± 15; n = 11); tarsus IV length 468–544 (506 ± 18; n = 11). Larva [Based on 42 specimens; Figs. 23, 24.] Idiosoma (Fig. 23B): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 24A) length 365–400 (378 ± 16; n = 5), width 425–495 (446 ± 29; n = 5), ratio 0.81–0.87 (0.85 ± 0.02; n = 5); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions; surface of scutum roughly sculptured. Setae: 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 21–26 (23 ± 2; n = 5); length of Sc 3 22–30 (25 ± 3; n = 5); alloscutum (Fig. 23A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 17–19 pairs (usually 19); approximately 4–6 (usually 6) pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 43–50 (47 ± 3; n = 5), length of Cd 2 30–40 (33 ± 4; n = 5); 12–13 (usually 13) pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 32–47 (39 ± 6; n = 5). Venter (Fig. 23B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 15–19 pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 38–45 (42 ± 3; n = 5); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 42–52 (47 ± 4; n = 5), length of Pa 2 37–49 (42 ± 5; n = 5); approximately 7–11 pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 22–30 (27 ± 4; n = 5). Gnathosoma (Fig. 24B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 278–308 (291 ± 11; n = 5), width at dorsal cornual apices 180–200 (190 ± 8; n = 5); ratio 1.47–1.58 (1.53 ± 0.05; n = 5). Basis capituli (Fig. 24B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with relatively short, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Post-hypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 24B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 118–128 (122 ± 5; n = 5), width 55–60 (57 ± 2; n = 5), ratio 2.04–2.27 (2.14 ± 0.08; n = 5); segment I well developed, with relatively short internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 15–18 (17 ± 1; n = 5), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 6.71–8.33 (7.29 ± 0.66; n = 5); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 24C): length 120–133 (125 ± 5; n = 5), width 58–75 (64 ± 7; n = 5), ratio 1.78–2.13 (1.97 ± 0.14; n = 5); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal portion without denticles very short, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for usually 4 rows and 3/3 for usually 4 or 5 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 24E): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-III nearly subequal; internal spur on coxa I short to moderately long, broad, narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, slightly shorter than external spur; internal spur on coxa II short, broadly triangular; internal spur on coxa III poorly distinct, very short, ridge-like; no syncoxae; coxa I with 3 setae, coxa II with 2 setae, coxa III usually with 3 setae. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 24E). Tarsus I length 310–335 (326 ± 9; n = 5); tarsus III length 290–333 (311 ± 17; n = 5). Remarks. The description and illustrations of the nymph of I. auritulus in Durden and Keirans (1996) is partially based on specimens of I. guglielmonei n. sp. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. guglielmonei n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. guglielmonei n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. guglielmonei n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the broad scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.25 (vs narrower scutum: mean ratio 1.44 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.45 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp., 1.41 in I. rio n. sp. and 1.37 in I. zealandicus); long setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 1.09 (vs shorter setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp., 4.00 in I. rio n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.99 in I. tinamou n. sp.); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 15.16 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly sinuously concave (vs slightly convex in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.); long cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 4.94 (vs shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp., 10.00 in I. rio n. sp., 9.01 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 2.91 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and 3.47 in I. rio n. sp.); auriculae short: mean ratio gnathosoma length dorsally to length of auriculae 28.15, broad, directed posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex (vs longer auriculae: mean ratio gnathosoma length dorsally to length of auriculae 9.74 in I. auritulus, 8.97 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 8.61 in I. contrarius n. sp., 8.97 in I. insulae n. sp., 11.33 in I. moralesi n. sp., 9.64 in I. rio n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; shorter auriculae: mean ratio gnathosoma length dorsally to length of auriculae 43.38 in I. tinamou n. sp.; auriculae distin, Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 33-42, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Durden, L. A. & Keirans, J. E. (1996) Nymphs of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical / veterinary importance. Thomas Say Publication in Entomology Monographs 9. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland, 95 pp.","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes auritulus Neumann, 1904 Synonyms: Ixodes thoracicus Neumann, 1899 nec Koch, 1844; Ixodes auritulus auritulus Neumann, 1904 sensu Kohls & Clifford, 1966. Type-host: Unidentified bird. Other hosts: Thorn-tailed rayadito— Aphrastura spinicauda (Gmelin) (Passeriformes: Furnariidae), grass wren— Cistothorus platensis (Latham) (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae), Austral thrush— Turdus falcklandii Quoy & Gaimard (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Type-locality: Chile: Magallanes Province: Punta Arenas. Other localities: Chile: Antártica Chilena Province: Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams; Magallanes Province: Fuerte Bulnes. Type-material: 4 syntype females, Punta Arenas (~ 53°8’S, 70°55’W), Magallanes Province, Chile, Lebrun; deposited in the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France (3 females: No. 2474–83) and École Nationale de Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France (1 female), according to Arthur (1960), who mentioned that these four specimens were badly mutilated. We were not able to confirm the existence of these specimens. Other material: Two females, 24 nymphs and 35 larvae. Chile: Antártica Chilena Province: Isla Navarino (~ 55°4’S, 67°40’W): 1 female, from T. falcklandii, 19.i.1964, G. E. Watson (GEW), USNMENT 00987234; Isla Navarino, Puerto Williams (~ 54°55’S, 67°37’W): 1 nymph and 3 larvae, from T. falcklandii, 2.ii.1964, GEW, USNMENT 00987156; same locality: 1 nymph and 2 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 2.ii.1964, GEW, USNMENT 00987173; Magallanes Province: Fuerte Bulnes (~ 53°36’S, 70°55’W): 2 nymphs and 7 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987185; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987175; same locality: 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987194; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987193; same locality: 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987183; same locality: 2 nymphs and 2 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987160; same locality: 2 nymphs, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987182; same locality: 2 nymphs and 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987171; same locality: 1 nymph and 7 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987190; same locality: 1 larva, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987179; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987145; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987170; same locality: 1 nymph and 3 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987178; same locality: 2 nymphs and 4 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987146; same locality: 4 nymphs and 3 larvae, from A. spinicauda, 17.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987186; Punta Arenas: 1 female and 1 nymph, from C. platensis, 16.i.1940, C. C. Sanborn, FMNH 4463077; same locality: 1 nymph, from A. spinicauda, 15.iv.1971, USNMENT 00987165. All specimens with USNMENT numbers are deposited in the USNTC, and the specimens with a FMNH number are deposited in the FMNH. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin auritus meaning “having ears” and suffix - ulus meaning “small” apparently referring to palpal segment I having a distinct anterior projection. Description. Female [Based on 2 specimens; Figs. 4, 5.] Idiosoma (Fig. 4A, F) of largely engorged females broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 4B, C) length 1.16–1.22 (1.19; n = 2), width 1.00 (n = 2), ratio 1.16–1.22 (1.19; n = 2); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then slightly converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 4B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 4A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 4A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.03 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.09, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.14–3.67 (avg. 3.40) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 12.55–13.20 (12.88; n = 2). Venter (Fig. 4F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 4F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 4F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 4F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 4F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.06, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 5A) length 0.29–0.32 (0.31; n = 2), width 0.31 (n = 2), ratio 0.94–1.06 (1.00; n = 2); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 5B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.64–0.69 (0.66; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.53 (n = 2), ratio 1.21–1.29 (1.25; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 5B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.23 (n = 2), ratio width to length 2.33–2.36 (2.35; n = 2), subrectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.04 (n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 6.00 (n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.18–0.19 (0.18; n = 2), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 2.83–3.00 (2.92; n = 2), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 5C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.07 (n = 2), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 9.38–10.11 (9.74; n = 2), moderately narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with moderately broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 5C, D). Palpi (Fig. 5B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.34–0.36 (0.35; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14 (n = 2), ratio 2.45–2.64 (2.55; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.14 (n = 2); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.12 (n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.81–3.05 (2.93; n = 2); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base and small tapering dorsoapical denticle, mesodorsal spur indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 5C) length 0.37 (n = 1), width 0.14 (n = 1), ratio 2.59 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 5F–H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than those on coxae II-IV; external spur on coxae II-IV subequal in length; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, narrowly rounded at apex; internal spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially; internal spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 5F–H) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.71–0.83 (0.77; n = 2); tarsus IV length 0.65 (n = 2). Nymph [Based on 24 specimens; Figs. 6, 7.] Idiosoma (Fig. 6C): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 6A) length 561–672 (621 ± 26; n = 24), width 451–553 (496 ± 26; n = 24), ratio 1.15–1.38 (1.25 ± 0.06; n = 24); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 6A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 9–13 (10 ± 1; n = 15), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 6B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 6B) numerous, evenly distributed, long in center of alloscutum: 24–34 (26 ± 2; n = 24) and in area medial to marginal grooves: 68–85 (74 ± 6; n = 24), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.25–3.33 (2.83 ± 0.24; n = 24) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 7.50–9.50 (8.40 ± 0.63; n = 24). Anal groove (Fig. 6C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 6C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 6D) length 128–170 (146 ± 11; n = 24), width 145–179 (159 ± 10; n = 24), ratio 0.83–1.00 (0.92 ± 0.04; n = 24), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 7A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 357–400 (377 ± 11; n = 21), width at dorsal cornua apices 255–281 (266 ± 9; n = 22), ratio 1.36–1.50 (1.42 ± 0.04; n = 21). Basis capituli (Fig. 7A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae long: length 30–34 (34 ± 1; n = 22), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 10.50–12.29 (11.17 ± 0.41; n = 21), triangular, directed posteriorly or slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 7A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 162–179 (171 ± 6; n = 21), width 68–77 (72 ± 4; n = 21), ratio 2.22–2.50 (2.37 ± 0.10; n = 21); segment I well developed, with relatively long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 43–55 (46 ± 4; n = 21), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.09–4.20 (3.70 ± 0.30; n = 21); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 7B) length 153–186 (175 ± 8; n = 14), width 51–68 (62 ± 5; n = 14), ratio 2.62–3.44 (2.82 ± 0.22; n = 14); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 3 rows and 3/3 for approximately 4–6 rows and 4/4 for 1–4 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 7C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal or very slightly decreasing in size from coxa I to coxa IV; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 7C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 374–434 (406 ± 15; n = 24); tarsus IV length 315–366 (334 ± 12; n = 24). Larva [Based on 35 specimens; Figs. 8, 9.] Idiosoma (Fig. 8B): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 9A) length 315–375 (349 ± 17; n = 9), width 345–400 (370 ± 17; n = 9), ratio 0.83–1.00 (0.95 ± 0.05; n = 9); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded or nearly straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions. Setae 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 23–28 (25 ± 2; n = 9); length of Sc 3 24–28 (26 ± 1; n = 9); alloscutum (Fig. 8A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 14–18 pairs; approximately 4–6 pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 28–36 (33 ± 3; n = 9), length of Cd 2 26–34 (31 ± 3; n = 9); approximately 10–13 pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 35–43 (38 ± 3; n = 9). Venter (Fig. 8B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 14–18 pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 29–38 (33 ± 3; n = 9); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 31–41 (37 ± 3; n = 9), length of Pa 2 39–51 (46 ± 5; n = 9); approximately 6–10 pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 26–34 (29 ± 3; n = 9). Gnathosoma (Fig. 9B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 230–253 (241 ± 8; n = 8), width at dorsal cornual apices 158–190 (173 ± 11; n = 9); ratio 1.30–1.53 (1.38 ± 0.07; n = 8). Basis capituli (Fig. 9B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with moderately long, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Post-hypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 9B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 103–110 (107 ± 3; n = 9), width 43–53 (48 ± 3; n = 9), ratio 2.00–2.47 (2.22 ± 0.15; n = 9); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 28–35 (31 ± 3; n = 9), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.07–3.82 (3.50 ± 0.30; n = 9); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 9C): length 98–105 (101 ± 3; n = 8), width 45–53 (46 ± 3; n = 8), ratio 2.00–2.28 (2.19 ± 0.09; n = 8); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal portion without denticles short, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for approximately 3 or 4 rows and 3/3 for approximately 4–6 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 9E): coxa I with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxae II and III each with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-III nearly subequal and usually decreasing slightly in size from coxa I to coxa III; internal spur on coxae I moderately long, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, usually slightly shorter than external spur; posteromedian angle of coxa II forming slight, broadly rounded projection; no syncoxae; coxae I and III with 3 setae each, coxa II with 2 setae. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 9E). Tarsus I length 230–248 (237 ± 7; n = 9); tarsus III length 205–221 (214 ± 5; n = 9). Remarks. Neumann (1899) based his description on 4 females collected at Punta Arenas, Magallanes Province, Chile. According to Arthur (1960) three of those females are in the collection of the Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris, France and one female is at École Nationale de Vétérinaire, Toulouse, France. Unfortunately, we were unable to confirm if any of these specimens currently exist. The association of the I. auritulus female specimens we studied with the type specimens was made by analysis of the description of the latter in Arthur (1960). All the available characters as well as most of the morphometrics taken from the Arthur’s illustrations unambiguously confirmed our identification of I. auritulus. We conclude that the male of I. auritulus is undescribed. Previous descriptions of males refer either to other species (Dumbleton 1953, 1961; Gregson 1956; Arthur 1960; Wilson 1967) or to undetermined species of the I. auritulus complex (Kohls & Clifford 1966; Keirans & Clifford 1978; Furman & Loomis 1984; Onofrio et al. 2009; Lindquist et al. 2016; Nava et al. 2017). Whether any of the latter descriptions refer to true I. auritulus is yet to be determined, if possible, at all. The female of I. auritulus was described in Neumann (1899, 1904, 1911), Nuttall and Warburton (1911) and Arthur (1960). Illustrations of the female in Wilson (1967) are based on Arthur (1960) and hence Wilson’s description, is at least, partially based on I. auritulus. All other previous descriptions of females either refer entirely or partially to other species (Nuttall 1916; Cooley & Kohls 1945; Dumbleton 1953, 1961; Gregson 1956; Roberts 1970; Keirans & Clifford 1978; Furman & Loomis 1984; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003; Onofrio et al. 2009; Lindquist et al. 2016; Bermúdez et al. 2018) or to undetermined species of the I. auritulus complex (Ault 1943; Nava et al. 2017). The description of the nymph of I. auritulus in Durden and Keirans (1996) was partially based on specimens of true I. auritulus and those of I. guglielmonei n. sp. All other previous descriptions of nymphs either refer entirely or partially to other species (Nuttall 1916; Cooley & Kohls 1945; Dumbleton 1953; Gregson 1956; Arthur 1960; Roberts 1970; Furman & Loomis 1984; Lindquist et al. 2016) or to undetermined species of the I. auritulus complex (Aragão 1938; Ault 1943; Wilson 1967; Nava et al. 2017). Apparently, most of the larval description in Webb et al. (1990) was based on true I. auritulus specimens, and partially on I. robbinsi n. sp. All other previous descriptions of larvae either refer entirely or partially to other species (Nuttall 1916; Dumbleton 1953; Furman & Loomis 1984; Lindquist et al. 2016) o, Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 8-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Neumann, L. G. (1904) Notes sur les ixodides. II. Archives de Parasitologie, 8, 444 - 464.","Neumann, G. (1899) Revision de la famille des ixodides. Memoires de la Societe Zoologique de France, 12, 107 - 294.","Kohls, G. M. & Clifford, C. M. (1966) Three new species of Ixodes from Mexico and description of the male of I. auritulus auritulus Neumann, I. conepati Cooley and Kohls, and I. lasallei Mendez and Ortiz (Acarina: Ixodidae). Journal of Parasitology, 52, 810 - 820. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 3276462","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Dumbleton, L. J. (1953) The ticks (Ixodoidea) of the New Zealand subregion. Cape Expedition Series Bulletin, 14, 5 - 35.","Dumbleton, L. J. (1961) The ticks (Acarina: Ixodoidea) of sea birds in New Zealand waters. New Zealand Journal of Science, 4, 760 - 769.","Gregson, J. D. (1956) The Ixodoidea of Canada. Canada Department Agriculture, Science Service, Entomological Division Publication 930. Canada Department Agriculture, Science Service, Entomological Division. Queen's Printer, Ottawa, 92 pp.","Wilson, N. (1967) Mesostigmata: Rhinonyssidae, Halarachnidae (nasal mites); Metastigmata: Ixodidae (ticks). Antarctic Research Series, 10, 41 - 49. https: // doi. org / 10.1029 / AR 010 p 0041","Keirans, J. E. & Clifford, C. M. (1978) The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to adults. Journal of Medical Entomology, Supplement 2, 1 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 15. suppl 2.1","Furman, D. P. & Loomis, E. C. (1984) The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bulletin of California Insect Survey, 25, 1 - 239.","Onofrio, V. C., Barros-Battesti, D. M., Labruna, M. B. & Faccini, J. L. H. (2009) Diagnoses of and illustrated key to the species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) from Brazil. Systematic Parasitology, 72, 143 - 157. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 11230 - 008 - 9169 - z","Lindquist, E. E., Galloway, T. D., Artsob, H., Lindsay, L. R., Drebot, M., Wood, H. & Robbins, R. G. (2016) A Handbook to the Ticks of Canada (Ixodida: Ixodidae, Argasidae). Biological Survey of Canada Monograph Series No. 7. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, 317 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.3752 / 9780968932186","Nava, S., Venzal, J. M., Gonzalez-Acuna, D., Martins, T. F. & Guglielmone, A. A. (2017) Ticks of the Southern Cone of America. Elsevier Academic Press, London, San Diego, Cambridge, Oxford, 348 pp.","Neumann, L. G. (1911) Ixodidae. Das Tierreich, 26, 1 - 169. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 22339","Nuttall, G. H. F. & Warburton, C. (1911) Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea. Part II. The Ixodidae. Section II. Genus I. Ixodes Latreille 1795. Cambridge University Press, London, pp. 133 - 293. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 24075","Nuttall, G. H. F. (1916) Notes on ticks. IV. Relating to the genus Ixodes and including a description of three new species and two new varieties. Parasitology, 8, 294 - 337. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000010623","Cooley, R. A. & Kohls, G. M. (1945) The genus Ixodes in North America. National Institute of Health Bulletin, 184, 1 - 246.","Roberts, F. H. S. (1970) Australian ticks. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013","Bermudez, S., Apanaskevich, D. A. & Dominguez, L. (2018) Garrapatas Ixodidae de Panama. Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion, Panama, 129 pp.","Ault, C. N. (1943) Description de nuevos ejemplares de Ixodes auritulus Neumann 1899, hallados en la Republica Argentina. Revista de Medicina Veterinaria, 25, 167 - 174.","Durden, L. A. & Keirans, J. E. (1996) Nymphs of the genus Ixodes (Acari: Ixodidae) of the United States: taxonomy, identification key, distribution, hosts, and medical / veterinary importance. Thomas Say Publication in Entomology Monographs 9. Entomological Society of America, Lanham, Maryland, 95 pp.","Aragao, H. B. (1938) Nota sobre os ixodideos da Republica Argentina. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 33, 319 - 327. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02761938000200009","Webb, J. P., Bennett, S. G. & Challet, G. L. (1990) The larval ticks of the genus Ixodes Latreille (Acari: Ixodidae) of California. Bulletin of the Society for Vector Ecology, 15, 73 - 124.","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88."]}

Ixodes insulae D. Apanaskevich & Barker n. sp. Type-host: Morepork— Ninox novaeseelandiae (Gmelin) (Strigiformes: Strigidae). Type-locality: Australia: Tasmania: Derby. Type-material: Holotype female, from N. novaeseelandiae, Derby (~ 41°8’S, 147°48’E), Tasmania, Australia, 3.viii.1983, R. H. Green; deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481793). ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes insulae n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D9E68280-2C5E-417B-A2A4-A5A75E5C41F6. Etymology: The species name is derived from the Latin insula meaning “island” implying the island of Tasmania where the holotype of this species was collected. Description. Female [Based on 1 specimen; Fig. 25.] Idiosoma of moderately engorged specimen broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 25A) length 1.30 (n = 1), width 0.96 (n = 1), ratio 1.35 (n = 1); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 25A) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Setae of alloscutum (Fig. 25B, C) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.04 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.08, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.00 times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 17.20 (n = 1). Genital aperture medial to posterior margin of coxae III; genital groove well developed; anal groove oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.06, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 25D) length 0.34 (n = 1), width 0.32 (n = 1), ratio 1.05 (n = 1); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 25E, F) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.76 (n = 1), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.57 (n = 1), ratio 1.34 (n = 1). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 25E) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.29 (n = 1), ratio width to length 1.98 (n = 1), subrectangular, lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin very slightly convex; cornua moderately long, length 0.06 (n = 1), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.60 (n = 1), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.19 (n = 1), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 3.03 (n = 1), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 25F) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.09 (n = 1), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 8.97 (n = 1), narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave. Palpi (Fig. 25E–G) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.36 (n = 1), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14 (n = 1), ratio 2.64 (n = 1), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.12 (n = 1); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.10 (n = 1), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.55 (n = 1); dorsally segment I with short mesodorsal spur at base and small tapering dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 25F) length 0.42 (n = 1), width 0.15 (n = 1), ratio 2.72 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles short. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 25H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, subequal in length, narrow, moderately broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa IV same as on other coxae but slightly shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow and narrowly rounded at apex on coxa I, broader and broader rounded at apex on coxae II and III, directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 25H) with long, ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.76 (n = 1); tarsus IV length 0.70 (n = 1). Remarks. Possibly this species was described based on a female and two nymphs from Tasmania by Roberts (1964, 1970) as I. auritulus. Unfortunately, this material was not available for our examination to confirm or deny this possibility. If the identity of the Tasmanian female of I. auritulus of Roberts is confirmed to be I. insulae n. sp., then the nymph should be considered as formally described, although it should be redescribed in greater detail and provided with illustrations. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. insulae n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp. I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. insulae n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from the female of I. kerguelenensis by having slightly convex posterior margin of basis capituli dorsally (vs sinuously concave margin in that species), longer and posteriorly directed auriculae (vs shorter, slightly posterolaterally directed auriculae in that species), smaller mesodorsal spur and dorsoapical denticle on palpal segment I (vs larger spur and denticle in that species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species); and from the female of I. percavatus by having smaller mesodorsal spur and dorsoapical denticle on palpal segment I (vs larger spur and denticle in that species) and longer internal and external spurs on coxae I-IV (vs shorter spurs in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; BarrosBattesti et al. 2003). The female of I. insulae n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.35 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); moderately long setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 2.00 (vs shorter setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp., 4.00 in I. rio n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 17.20 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); narrow gnathosoma: ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.34 (vs broader gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.25 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.28 in I. moralesi n. sp., 1.21 in I. rio n. sp., 1.22 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.24 in I. tinamou n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); long cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 4.60 (vs shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp., 10.00 in I. rio n. sp., 9.92 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus); broad porose areas: ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.03 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and 3.47 in I. rio n. sp.); auriculae long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 8.97, narrow, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex (vs shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 40.07 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly broader, with broadly rounded apex in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus; auriculae directed slightly outwards in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 3.55 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 2.93 in I. auritulus, 2.77 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp., 3.08 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.83 in I. rio n. sp. and 3.02 in I. robbinsi n. sp.; shorter projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs spur indistinct in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.); moderate dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs indistinct spur in I. contrarius n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. tinamou n. sp.; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.); moderately narrow palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.64 (vs narrower segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.53 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.46 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.41 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 2.44 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 2.42 in I. zealandicus); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively long, narrow, sharper at apex (vs shorter, broader spur with broadly rounded apex in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally moderately large species: see description for measurements (vs noticeably smaller species: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. rio n. sp. and I. zealandicus; noticeably larger species: I. guglielmonei n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. insulae n. sp. are listed in the material above. The only collection of this species was made in Australia (Tasmania) (Fig. 10B). The single female of I. insulae n. sp. was collected from the morepork, N. novaeseelandiae (Strigiformes: Strigidae) during August., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 42-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Roberts, F. H. S. (1964) The tick fauna of Tasmania. Records of the Queen Victoria Museum Launceston, New Series, 17, 1 - 8.","Roberts, F. H. S. (1970) Australian ticks. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp.","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88."]}

Ixodes brevisetosus D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Crested berrypecker— Paramythia montium De Vis (Passeriformes: Melanocharitidae). Other hosts: Lesser melampitta— Melampitta lugubris Schlegel (Passeriformes: Orthonychidae), mountain mousewarbler— Origma robusta (De Vis) (Passeriformes: Acanthizidae), white-winged robin— Peneothello sigillata (De Vis) (Passeriformes: Petroicidae), eastern New Guinea mountain rat— Rattus niobe (Thomas) (Rodentia: Muridae). Type-locality: Papua New Guinea: West Sepik: 17 miles northwest of Telefomin, Lake Louise. Other localities: Papua New Guinea: Morobe: Bulldog Road, 12 miles east of Edie Creek Road, 12 miles south of Edie Creek Road; southwest of Garaina, Moimo. Type-material: Holotype female, from P. montium, Lake Louise (~ 4°59’S, 141°19’E), 17 miles northwest of Telefomin, West Sepik, Papua New Guinea, 2,800 m alt., 22.iv.1971, A. B. Mirza (ABM); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481775). Paratypes: Papua New Guinea: Morobe: Bulldog Road, 12 miles east of Edie Creek Road (~ 7°20’S, 146°40’E), 2,500 m alt.: 2 females, 1 nymph and 1 larva, from M. lugubris, 11.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481776. All paratypes are deposited in the USNTC. Other material: Papua New Guinea: Morobe: Bulldog Road, 12 miles east of Edie Creek Road, 2,500 m alt.: 1 nymph and 10 larvae, from M. lugubris, 6.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481766; same locality and altitude: 3 nymphs and 2 larvae, from M. lugubris, 8.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481759; same locality and altitude: 2 nymphs and 3 larvae, from M. lugubris, 8.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481758; same locality and altitude: 1 nymph and 5 larvae, from M. lugubris, 9.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481760; same locality and altitude: 2 nymphs and 6 larvae, from M. lugubris, 9.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481765; same locality and altitude: 1 larva, from M. lugubris, 11.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481768; same locality and altitude: 2 larvae, from O. robusta, 11.i.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481757; same locality and altitude: 1 nymph, from M. lugubris, 13.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481774; same locality and altitude: 2 larvae, from M. lugubris, 13.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481767; same locality and altitude: 1 nymph, from M. lugubris, 14.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481771; same locality and altitude: 10 nymphs and 8 larvae, from M. lugubris, 16.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481763; same locality and altitude: 2 nymphs and 1 larva, from M. lugubris, 17.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481772; Bulldog Road, 12 miles south of Edie Creek Road, 2,500 m alt.: 2 nymphs, from P. sigillata, 21.vii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481762; same locality, 2,800 m alt.: 1 nymph, from M. lugubris, 12.viii.1972, ABM, USNMENT 01481770; southwest of Garaina, Moimo (~ 7°58’S, 147°3’E), 1,829 m alt.: 1 nymph, from R. niobe, 14.xii.1969, ABM, USNMENT 01481773; West Sepik: 17 miles northwest of Telefomin, Lake Louise, 2,800 m alt.: 1 nymph, from P. sigillata, 27.iv.1971, ABM, USNMENT 01481764; Unknown province and locality: 1 larva, USNMENT 01481761; Unknown province and locality: 1 larva, USNMENT 01481769. All specimens are deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes brevisetosus n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 51FC2DFE-E33D-4623-8AC5-2DCFED6B3BB5. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin brevis meaning ‘short’ and setosus meaning ‘bristly’ which refers to the short idiosomal setae characteristic of the female, nymph and larva of this species. Description. Female [Based on 3 specimens; Figs. 11, 12.] Idiosoma (Fig. 11A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in nearly unfed specimen 2.28 (n = 1), width in nearly unfed specimen 1.33 (n = 1), ratio 1.71 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 11B, C) length 1.20–1.22 (1.21; n = 3), width 0.80–0.90 (0.84; n = 3), ratio 1.36–1.50 (1.44; n = 3); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 11B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 11A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 11A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.03, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.50–1.75 (avg. 1.58) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 40.82–48.41 (45.62; n = 3). Venter (Fig. 11F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 11F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 11F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 11F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 11F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.04, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 12A) length 0.27–0.28 (0.28; n = 3), width 0.29 (n = 3), ratio 0.94–0.97 (0.96; n = 3); subcircular. Gnathosoma (Fig. 12B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.64–0.68 (0.66; n = 3), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.49–0.50 (0.50; n = 3), ratio 1.31–1.35 (1.33; n = 3). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 12B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.24–0.26 (0.25; n = 3), ratio width to length 1.90–2.05 (1.99; n = 3), subhexagonal: with short and angular lateral projections, posterior margin nearly straight or very slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.03–0.05 (0.04; n = 3), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 5.00–7.60 (5.95; n = 3), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.14 (n = 3), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 3.55–3.64 (3.61; n = 3), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of slightly less than 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 12C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.07–0.08 (0.07; n = 3), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 8.33–9.93 (8.97; n = 3), narrow, nearly twice as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with moderately broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli flat (Fig. 12C, D). Palpi (Fig. 12B, C) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.33–0.34 (0.33; n = 3), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.11–0.12 (0.12; n = 3), ratio 2.74–2.89 (2.82; n = 3), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.16–0.17 (0.16; n = 3); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.11–0.13 (0.12; n = 3), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.54–3.05 (2.77; n = 3); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base and moderate tapering dorsoapical denticle, mesodorsal spur indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 12C) length 0.39–0.42 (0.40; n = 2), width 0.12–0.13 (0.13; n = 2), ratio 3.16–3.29 (3.22; n = 2); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 12F, G): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, moderately broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxae II and III subequal; external spur on coxa IV slightly shorter than on other coxae; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow and narrowly rounded at apex on coxa I, broader and broader rounded at apex on coxae II and III, internal spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially, internal spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 12F, G) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.71–0.75 (0.74; n = 3); tarsus IV length 0.60–0.62 (0.61; n = 3). Nymph [Based on 29 specimens; Figs. 13, 14.] Idiosoma (Fig. 13C): broadly suboval, widest posterior to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 13A) length 595–689 (632 ± 19; n = 28), width 455–527 (493 ± 18; n = 28), ratio 1.20–1.38 (1.28 ± 0.04; n = 28); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 13A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 8–10 (9 ± 1; n = 24), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 13B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 13B) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: 11–17 (14 ± 2; n = 28) and slightly longer in area medial to marginal grooves: 21–34 (25 ± 2; n = 28), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 1.50–2.40 (1.90 ± 0.23; n = 28) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 18.75–28.80 (25.08 ± 2.05; n = 28). Anal groove (Fig. 13C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 13C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 13D) length 136–179 (158 ± 10; n = 27), width 153–179 (168 ± 9; n = 27), ratio 0.88–1.00 (0.94 ± 0.04; n = 27), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 14A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 374–425 (394 ± 12; n = 27), width at dorsal cornua apices 264–298 (282 ± 8; n = 28), ratio 1.34–1.48 (1.40 ± 0.04; n = 27). Basis capituli (Fig. 14A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae long: 38–47 (41 ± 2; n = 27), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 8.55–10.89 (9.62 ± 0.61; n = 27), triangular, directed posteriorly. Palpi (Fig. 14A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 170–187 (178 ± 6; n = 28), width 68–77 (72 ± 3; n = 28), ratio 2.33–2.63 (2.47 ± 0.09; n = 28); segment I well developed, with relatively long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 48–55 (52 ± 2; n = 26), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.09–3.85 (3.41 ± 0.18; n = 26); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 14B) length 180–205 (188 ± 7; n = 24), width 68–80 (72 ± 3; n = 23), ratio 2.40–2.79 (2.63 ± 0.09; n = 23); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 2 or 3 rows, 3/3 for approximately 5–7 rows and 4/4 for approximately 2–4 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular smaller denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 14C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow to broad and narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, slightly shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV (Fig. 14C) with short ventral spur. Tarsus I length 417–451 (433 ± 10; n = 27); tarsus IV length 323–349 (332 ± 8; n = 27). Larva [Based on 42 specimens; Figs. 15, 16.] Idiosoma (Fig. 15B): broadly suboval, widest close to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 16A) length 305–350 (334 ± 13; n = 12), width 335–375 (359 ± 12; n = 12), ratio 0.88–0.97 (0.93 ± 0.03; n = 12); hexagonal, lateral margins diverging for slightly more than 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded or nearly straight posterior margin; posterolateral margins with very slight depressions; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves faint, shallow depressions. Setae 5 pairs, length of Sc 2 14–18 (16 ± 1; n = 10); length of Sc 3 13–17 (15 ± 1; n = 12); alloscutum (Fig. 15A) as illustrated. Dorsal setae approximately 13–17 pairs (usually 15 or 16); approximately 4–6 (usually 4 or 5) pairs of central dorsals, length of Cd 1 14–21 (17 ± 2; n = 12), length of Cd 2 11–15 (13 ± 1; n = 12); approximately 9–12 (usually 10 or 11) pairs of marginal dorsals combined with supplementaries, length of Md 1 17–23 (20 ± 2; n = 12). Venter (Fig. 15B) as illustrated; anal groove indistinct anteriorly and open posteriorly. Ventral setae approximately 12–14 (usually 12 or 13) pairs plus 1 pair on anal valves; 3 pairs of sternals, length of St 1 22–35 (27 ± 3; n = 12); 2 pairs of preanals, length of Pa 1 27–34 (30 ± 3; n = 12), length of Pa 2 33–45 (38 ± 4; n = 12); approximately 4–6 (usually 4 or 5) pairs of premarginals; 3 pairs of marginal ventrals, length of Mv 1 16–20 (19 ± 1; n = 12). Gnathosoma (Fig. 16B–D): length from hypostomal apex to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 235– 249 (242 ± 4; n = 12), width at dorsal cornual apices 156–180 (165 ± 7; n = 12); ratio 1.38–1.58 (1.46 ± 0.06; n = 12). Basis capituli (Fig. 16B–D): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with long posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal with moderately long, triangular auriculae, directed posterolaterally. Posthypostomal setae 2 pairs. Palpi (Fig. 16B, C): elongate, length (segments II and III) 100–108 (102 ± 2; n = 12), width 40–45 (42 ± 1; n = 12), ratio 2.34–2.50 (2.41 ± 0.05; n = 12); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 23–25 (23 ± 1; n = 12), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.00–4.67 (4.40 ± 0.17; n = 12); segments II and III fused, suture between them indistinct; segment I lacking setae, 10 dorsal and 3 ventral setae on segments II and III combined. Hypostome (Fig. 16C): length 108–113 (110 ± 2; n = 12), width 49–58 (52 ± 2; n = 12), ratio 1.95–2.25 (2.12 ± 0.09; n = 12); base of hypostome nearly at same level as articulation of palpal segments I and II; proximal 1/9th portion of hypostomal length without denticles, then dental formula 1/1 for 1 row, 2/2 for 3 to 5 rows and 3/3 for approximately 6 or 7 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 16E): coxa I with internal and external spurs, coxae II and III with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxa III slightly shorter than on coxa II; internal spur on coxae I short, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; posteromedian angle of coxa II forming slight, broadly rounded projection; no syncoxae; coxae I–III with 3 setae each. Trochanters I and II with short ventral spur; trochanter III lack of ventral spur (Fig. 16E). Tarsus I length 245–265 (260 ± 6; n = 12); tarsus III length 203–243 (227 ± 10; n = 12). Remarks. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. brevisetosus n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. brevisetosus n. sp. can be distinguished from the females of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. brevisetosus n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.44 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in both center of alloscutum and alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 1.58 (vs longer setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp., 4.00 in I. rio n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; longer setae in center of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); short setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal groo, Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 19-28, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes tinamou D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Andean tinamou— Nothoprocta pentlandii (Gray) (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae). Type-locality: Peru: Cuzco: Ocongate, Tinki. Type-material: Holotype female, from N. pentlandii, Tinki (~ 13°39’S, 71°22’W), Ocongate, Cuzco, Peru, 3,500- 4,000 m alt., 20.vii.1949, C. Kalinowski (CK); deposited in the FMNH (FMNH 4462815). Paratypes: Peru: Cuzco: Ocongate, Tinki, 3,500-4,000 m alt.: 1 female and 1 nymph, from N. pentlandii, 20.vii.1949, CK, USNMENT 00987216, deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes tinamou n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 425D5A13-B9EF-43AF-9740-8C072AB44159. Etymology: The species is named after tinamous, which represent an order and family of Neotropical birds (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae) from which it was collected. Description. Female [Based on 2 specimens; Figs. 36, 37.] Idiosoma (Fig. 36A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in slightly fed specimen 2.42 (n = 1), width in slightly fed specimen 1.66 (n = 1), ratio 1.46 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 36B, C) length 1.18–1.20 (1.19; n = 2), width 1.04–1.10 (1.07; n = 2), ratio 1.09–1.13 (1.11; n = 2); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then slightly converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 36B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 36A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 36A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.03 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.07, setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.67–2.78 (avg. 2.73) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 17.24–17.56 (17.40; n = 2). Venter (Fig. 36F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 36F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 36F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 36F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 36F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.05, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 37A) length 0.28–0.30 (0.29; n = 2), width 0.31–0.34 (0.33; n = 2), ratio 0.88–0.89 (0.88; n = 2); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 37B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.56–0.61 (0.59; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.46–0.49 (0.48; n = 2), ratio 1.22–1.26 (1.24; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 37B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.21 (n = 2), ratio width to length 2.18–2.29 (2.24; n = 2), subrectangular: lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.02–0.03 (0.02; n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 8.50–11.33 (9.92; n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.15–0.16 (0.16; n = 2), ratio width of basis capituli dorsally to width of porose area 2.85–3.25 (3.05; n = 2), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of 1/3 of their width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 37C, D) pentagonal; auriculae short, length 0.01–0.02 (0.01; n = 2), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 36.03–44.12 (40.07; n = 2), short, broader than long, directed posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 37C, D). Palpi (Fig. 37B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.33–0.36 (0.34; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.14 (n = 2), ratio 2.36–2.52 (2.44; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.11–0.13 (0.12; n = 2); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.09–0.11 (0.10; n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 3.33–3.82 (3.57; n = 2); dorsally segment I with slight transverse ridge at base, mesodorsal spur indistinct, dorsoapical denticle indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 37C) length 0.34 (n = 2), width 0.12–0.13 (0.13; n = 2), ratio 2.67–2.76 (2.71; n = 2); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 37F): coxa I with internal and external spurs, coxae II and III with external and poorly distinct or indistinct internal spur, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-III short, subequal, broad, narrowly to broadly rounded at apex, directed posteriorly, spur on coxa IV same as on other coxae but slightly shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, decreasing in size from coxa I to III, narrower on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, broadly rounded at apex, directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 37F) with short ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.83–0.86 (0.84; n = 2); tarsus IV length 0.76 (n = 1). Nymph [Based on 1 specimen; Figs. 38, 39.] Idiosoma (Fig. 38C): broadly suboval, widest posterior to midlength. Scutum (Fig. 38A) length 612 (n = 1), width 595 (n = 1), ratio 1.03 (n = 1); lateral margins diverging for approximately half of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; posterolateral margins nearly straight; lateral carinae lacking; cervical grooves shallow; setae (Fig. 38A) relatively sparse, short: length in posterocentral field of scutum 9 (n = 1), shorter than those on alloscutum, distributed as figured. Alloscutum (Fig. 38B) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 38B) numerous, evenly distributed, short in center of alloscutum: 20 (n = 1) and long in area medial to marginal grooves: 48 (n = 1), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 2.40 (n = 1) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum; ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 12.75 (n = 1). Anal groove (Fig. 38C) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 38C) numerous, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 38D) length 113 (n = 1), width 138 (n = 1), ratio 0.82 (n = 1), broadly oval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 39A, B) length from palpal apices to posterior margin of basis capituli ventrally 374 (n = 1), width at dorsal cornua apices 289 (n = 1), ratio 1.29 (n = 1). Basis capituli (Fig. 39A, B): dorsally subtriangular, posterior margin slightly convex with short posterolaterally directed cornua; ventrally pentagonal; auriculae relatively short: length 8.5 (n = 1), ratio length of gnathosoma to length of auriculae 44 (n = 1), triangular, directed slightly posterolaterally. Palpi (Fig. 39A, B): elongate, length dorsally (segments II and III) 174 (n = 1), width 81 (n = 1), ratio 2.16 (n = 1); segment I well developed, with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 42 (n = 1), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 4.15 (n = 1); segments II and III fused with indistinct suture between them, narrower proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 39B) length 158 (n = 1), width 60 (n = 1), ratio 2.63 (n = 1); widest at approximately its mid-length; base of hypostome approximately at same level as base of palpal segment II; proximal portion of hypostome without denticles short, then dental formula 2/2 for approximately 3 rows and 3/3 for approximately 7 rows; apex broadly rounded with irregular small denticles. Legs moderately long. Coxae (Fig. 39C): coxae I-III with well-developed internal and external spurs, coxa IV with well-developed external spur and indistinct internal spur; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, curved slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxae I-IV nearly subequal; internal spur on coxae I-III short, broad and narrowly rounded at apex, shorter than external spur; no syncoxae. Trochanters I-IV with short ventral spur, ventral spur on trochanters III and IV poorly distinct (Fig. 39C). Tarsus I length 442 (n = 1); tarsus IV length 374 (n = 1). Remarks. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. tinamou n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. tinamou n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. tinamou n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the broad scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.11 (vs narrower scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.44 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.45 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.41 in I. rio n. sp., 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.37 in I. zealandicus); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 2.73 (vs longer setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 3.40 in I. auritulus, 3.75 in I. contrarius n. sp., 3.68 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 4.00 in I. rio n. sp.; shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); moderately long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 17.40 (vs longer setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 12.88 in I. auritulus; shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); broad gnathosoma: mean ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.24 (vs narrower gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.33 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. zealandicus and 1.34 in I. insulae n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); short cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 9.92 (vs longer cornua: mean ratio 6.00 in I. auritulus, 5.95 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 4.60 in I. insulae n. sp., 5.87 in I. moralesi n. sp., 5.84 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus; shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp.); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.05 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); auriculae short: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 40.07, broad, directed posterolaterally, with broadly rounded apex (vs longer auriculae in all other species: mean ratio 9.74 in I. auritulus, 8.97 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 9.50 in I. contrarius n. sp., 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 8.97 in I. insulae n. sp., 11.33 in I. moralesi n. sp., 9.64 in I. rio n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly narrower, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lack of spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally in I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 3.57 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 2.93 in I. auritulus, 2.77 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp. and 2.83 in I. rio n. sp.; shorter projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); indistinct dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.); moderately broad palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.44 (vs narrower segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.64 in I. insulae n. sp. and 2.87 in I. rio n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp.); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively short, broad, blunt at apex (vs longer, narrower spur with narrowly rounded apex in all other species, except for I. zealandicus); generally moderately large species: see description for measurements (vs noticeably smaller species: I. contrarius n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.; noticeably larger species: I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). The nymph of I. tinamou n. sp. can be distinguished from nymphs of I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp. by its relatively short and moderately broad scutum (vs narrower scutum in I. auritulus and I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer and broader scutum in I. guglielmonei n. sp.; longer scutum in I. robbinsi n. sp.), shorter setae in posterocentral field of scutum (vs longer setae in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), moderately long setae on alloscutum in area medial to marginal grooves and in center of alloscutum (vs longer setae in I. auritulus and I. guglielmonei n. sp.; shorter setae in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp.), setae on alloscutum in area medial to marginal grooves at least twice longer than setae in center of alloscutum (vs subequal setae in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), relatively small spiracular plate (vs larger spiracular plate in all other species), relatively short and moderately broad gnathosoma (vs narrower gnathosoma in I. auritulus; longer gnathosoma in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp.; longer and broader gnathosoma in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), short auriculae (vs longer auriculae in all other species), relatively short and moderately broad palpal segments II and III (vs narrower segments in I. auritulus and I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer and broader segments in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I (vs longer projection in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. robbinsi n. sp.; shorter projection in I. guglielmonei n. sp.), small hypostome (vs larger hypostome in all other species), moderately long tarsus I (vs shorter tarsus in I. auritulus; longer tarsus in I. guglielmonei n. sp.) and moderately long tarsus IV (vs shorter tarsus in I. auritulus and I. brevisetosus n. sp.; longer tarsus in I. guglielmonei n. sp.). Collection data for I. tinamou n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Peru (Cuzco Department) (Fig. 10E) at elevations of 3,500 -4,000 meters above sea level. Females and nymph of this species were collected from the Andean tinamou, N. pentlandii (Tinamiformes: Tinamidae) during July., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 64-70, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes contrarius D. Apanaskevich n. sp. Type-host: Thrush— Turdus sp. (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Other hosts: Timberline wren— Thryorchilus browni (Bangs) (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae). Type-locality: Costa Rica: San José: Cerra la Muerte, Pan American Highway, 2.8 miles north of Café la Georgina. Type-material: Holotype female, from Turdus sp., 2.8 miles north of Café la Georgina (~ 9°34’N, 83°45’W), Pan American Highway, Cerra la Muerte, San José, Costa Rica, 23.viii.1963, R. S. Casebeer; deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 00987233). Paratype: Costa Rica: unknown locality: 1 female, from T. browni, received 5.viii.1963, R. J. Tonn, USNMENT 00987235. Paratype is deposited in the USNTC. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes contrarius n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 7C19F02D-B6D6-4EFD-B69F-1E18223CD651. Etymology: The specific name is derived from the Latin contrarius meaning ‘opposite’ and refers to this species being the smallest of the species discussed, but having the longest internal projection on palpal segment I. Description. Female [Based on 2 specimens; Figs. 17, 18.] Idiosoma (Fig. 17A, F) of moderately engorged specimen broadly suboval. Scutum (Fig. 17B, C) length 0.90–0.98 (0.94; n = 2), width 0.60–0.70 (0.65; n = 2), ratio 1.40–1.50 (1.45; n = 2); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; setae (Fig. 17B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.03 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 17A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 17A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.06–0.07 (avg. 0.06), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.50–4.00 (avg. 3.75) times longer than setae in the center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 13.39–16.67 (15.03; n = 2). Venter (Fig. 17F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 17F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 17F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 17F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 17F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.05, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 18A) length 0.20–0.23 (0.21; n = 2), width 0.18–0.24 (0.21; n = 2), ratio 0.95–1.10 (1.02; n = 2); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 18B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.45–0.50 (0.48; n = 2), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.35–0.41 (0.38; n = 2), ratio 1.21–1.29 (1.25; n = 2). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 18B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.18 (n = 2), ratio width to length 2.00–2.36 (2.18; n = 2), subrectangular: lateral margins convex, without angular lateral projections or slightly subhexagonal: lateral margins with very short angular lateral projections, posterior margin nearly straight or slightly convex; cornua short, length 0.01 (n = 2), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 14.00 (n = 2), triangular with broadly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.12–0.14 (0.13; n = 2), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 2.95–3.00 (2.97; n = 2), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of nearly 1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 18C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.04–0.06 (0.05; n = 2), ratio gnathosoma length to auriculae length 8.40–10.59 (9.50; n = 2), narrow, slightly longer than broad or nearly as long as broad, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli slightly concave (Fig. 18C, D). Palpi (Fig. 18B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.25–0.29 (0.27; n = 2), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.10–0.11 (0.11; n = 2), ratio 2.50–2.56 (2.53; n = 2), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.16–0.17 (0.17; n = 2); segment I with long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.13–0.16 (0.14; n = 2), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 1.83–1.92 (1.88; n = 2); dorsally segment I with slight transversal ridge at base, mesodorsal spur indistinct, dorsoapical denticle indistinct; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 18C) length 0.29–0.31 (0.30; n = 2), width 0.10 (n = 1), ratio 2.83 (n = 1); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula mostly 4/4, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 5/5; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles moderate in length. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 18F–H): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, narrow, narrowly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than spur on other coxae; external spur on coxae II and III subequal; external spur on coxa IV shorter or subequal to spur on coxae II and III; internal spur on coxae I-III short, nearly subequal, narrow on coxa I and broader on coxae II and III, narrowly to moderately broadly rounded at apex; internal spur on coxa I directed slightly posteromedially; internal spur on coxae II and III directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 18F–H) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I: length 0.56–0.62 (0.59; n = 2); tarsus IV length 0.52–0.59 (0.56; n = 2). Remarks. The description and illustrations of I. auritulus in Keirans and Clifford (1978) are partially based on the female of I. contrarius n. sp. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. contrarius n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. moralesi n. sp., I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. contrarius n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from females of I. kerguelenensis and I. percavatus by having the indistinct mesodorsal spur on palpal segment I (vs large, distinct spur in those species); and from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. contrarius n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the narrow scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.45 (vs broader scutum: mean ratio 1.19 in I. auritulus, 1.25 in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and I. moralesi n. sp., 1.16 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 3.75 (vs shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 15.03 (vs shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 20.89 in I. moralesi n. sp. and 26.93 in I. robbinsi n. sp.); broad gnathosoma: mean ratio length of gnathosoma to width of basis capituli 1.25 (vs narrower gnathosoma: mean ratio 1.33 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. zealandicus and 1.34 in I. insulae n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli slightly concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); short cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 14.00 (vs longer cornua: mean ratio 6.00 in I. auritulus, 5.95 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 4.60 in I. insulae n. sp., 5.87 in I. moralesi n. sp., 5.84 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 9.92 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 7.25 in I. zealandicus); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 2.97 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and 3.47 in I. rio n. sp.); auriculae moderately long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 9.50, narrow, directed posteriorly, with narrowly rounded apex (vs shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 14.59 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 40.07 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly broader, with broadly rounded apex in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus; auriculae directed slightly outwards in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); lacking spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs short mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally in I. insulae n. sp., I. moralesi n. sp. and I. zealandicus); very long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 1.88 (vs shorter projection in all other species: mean ratio 2.93 in I. auritulus, 2.77 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.55 in I. insulae n. sp., 3.08 in I. moralesi n. sp., 2.83 in I. rio n. sp., 3.02 in I. robbinsi n. sp., 3.57 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); indistinct dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; large, hook-like spur in I. moralesi n. sp.); moderately broad palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.53 (vs narrower segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.64 in I. insulae n. sp. and 2.87 in I. rio n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp.); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively narrow, sharp at apex (vs broader spur with broadly rounded apex in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally the smallest of all discussed species: see description for measurements (vs all other species noticeably larger. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. contrarius n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Costa Rica (San José Province) (Fig. 10C). Both known females of this species were collected from birds: the timberline wren, T. browni (Passeriformes: Troglodytidae) and unidentified thrush, Turdus sp. (Passeriformes: Turdidae). One of the females was collected during August., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 28-30, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Keirans, J. E. & Clifford, C. M. (1978) The genus Ixodes in the United States: a scanning electron microscope study and key to adults. Journal of Medical Entomology, Supplement 2, 1 - 149. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / jmedent / 15. suppl 2.1","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}

Ixodes moralesi D. Apanaskevich & Bermúdez n. sp. Type-host: Spotted wood-quail— Odontophorus guttatus (Gould) (Galliformes: Odontophoridae). Other hosts: Horned guan— Oreophasis derbianus Gray (Galliformes: Cracidae), American mountain thrush— Turdus plebejus Cabanis (Passeriformes: Turdidae). Type-locality: Panama: Chiriquí: Volcán Barú National Park, Respingo. Other localities: Guatemala: San Marcos: Volcán Tajumulco. Type-material: Holotype female, from O. guttatus, El Respingo Station (~ 8°50’N, 82°32’W), Volcán Barú National Park, Chiriquí, Panama, 2,500 m alt., 1.iv.2015, S. E. Bermúdez (SEB), Y. Aguirre (YA), S. S. Torres (SST) and J. A. Bernal (JAB); deposited in the USNTC (USNMENT 01481796). Paratypes: Guatemala: San Marcos: Volcán Tajumulco (~ 15°2’N, 91°54’W): 1 female, from O. derbianus, 23.ii.1934, E. R. Blake, FMNH 4462814. Panama: Chiriquí: Volcán Barú National Park, El Respingo Station, 2,500 m alt.: 1 female, from O. guttatus, 1.iv.2015, SEB, YA, SST and JAB, USNMENT 01481797; same locality and altitude: 1 female, from T. plebejus, 13.v.2015, SST, YA and SEB, CoZEM-ICGES. All paratypes with USNMENT numbers are deposited in the USNTC, that with FMNH number is in the FMNH, that with ICGES is in the CoZEM-ICGES. ZooBank registration: The Life Science Identifier (LSID) for Ixodes moralesi n. sp. is urn:lsid:zoobank.org: act: 47D6EA8C-6843-4832-88BD-F474A1A4625A. Etymology: The species is named after Miguel Morales (1932–2018), a Panamanian native of the Chiriquí Highlands, who was curator of the Zoological Collection of the Gorgas Institute for 61 years. Description. Female [Based on 4 specimens; Figs. 26, 27.] Idiosoma (Fig. 26A, F) length from scapular apices to posterior body margin in slightly fed specimen 2.72 (n = 1), width in slightly fed specimen 1.75 (n = 1), ratio 1.55 (n = 1), broadly suboval, widest posterior to mid-length. Scutum (Fig. 26B, C) length 1.30–1.40 (1.36; n = 4), width 1.04–1.12 (1.08; n = 4), ratio 1.24–1.28 (1.25; n = 4); lateral margins diverging for approximately 1/2 of scutal length, then converging to broadly rounded posterior margin; lateral carinae absent; cervical grooves very shallow reaching posterior quarter of scutal length; relatively sparse very fine punctations evenly distributed throughout scutum; very slight rugosity may be discernible in central field of scutum; setae (Fig. 26B, C) relatively sparse, very short (c. 0.04 in anterolateral margin of scutum). Alloscutum (Fig. 26A) as illustrated; setae (Fig. 26A, D, E) numerous, evenly distributed, very short in center of alloscutum: c. 0.02 and long in area medial to marginal grooves: c.0.06–0.07 (avg. 0.07), setae in area medial to marginal grooves 3.20–4.00 (avg. 3.68) times longer than setae in center of alloscutum, ratio scutal length to length of setae in area medial to marginal grooves 19.35–23.13 (20.89; n = 4). Venter (Fig. 26F) as illustrated; genital aperture (Fig. 26F) medial to coxae III; genital groove (Fig. 26F) well developed; anal groove (Fig. 26F) oval with open posterior margin; ventral setae (Fig. 26F) numerous, length of preanal setae c. 0.06, evenly distributed. Spiracular plates (Fig. 27A) length 0.31–0.37 (0.34; n = 4), width 0.33–0.41 (0.38; n = 4), ratio 0.87–0.95 (0.90; n = 4); broadly suboval. Gnathosoma (Fig. 27B–D) length from palpal apices to cornual apices dorsally 0.71–0.79 (0.75; n = 4), width of basis capituli dorsally 0.58–0.60 (0.59; n = 4), ratio 1.24–1.31 (1.28; n = 4). Dorsal basis capituli (Fig. 27B) length from medial insertion of palpal segment I to cornual apices 0.24–0.25 (0.24; n = 4), ratio width to length 2.35–2.53 (2.41; n = 4), subrectangular: lateral margins slightly convex, without lateral projections, posterior margin slightly convex; cornua moderately long, length 0.04–0.05 (0.04; n = 4), ratio total length of basis capituli, including cornua, to cornual length 4.75–6.67 (5.87; n = 4), triangular with narrowly rounded apex; transversally suboval porose areas large, width 0.18–0.20 (0.18; n = 4), ratio basis capituli width dorsally to porose area width 3.00–3.36 (3.19; n = 4), clearly distinct, slightly indented, separated by distance of 1/3–1/2 of their own width, openings discrete. Ventral basis capituli (Fig. 27C, D) pentagonal; auriculae long, length 0.06–0.07 (0.07; n = 4), ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 10.38–13.24 (11.33; n = 4), broad, nearly as long as wide, directed posteriorly, with broadly rounded apex. Lateral surface of basis capituli concave (Fig. 27C, D). Palpi (Fig. 27B, C, E) moderately long, length dorsally (segments II and III) 0.39–0.43 (0.41; n = 4), maximum width (in dorsolateral plane) 0.15–0.18 (0.17; n = 4), ratio 2.36–2.58 (2.46; n = 4), length of medial margin of palpal segment I ventrally 0.17–0.18 (0.18; n = 4); segment I with moderately long internal projection directed anteriorly and giving L-shape to segment I dorsally and ventrally; length of internal projection ventrally from base of palpal segment II to anterior apex 0.13–0.14 (0.13; n = 4), ratio combined length of palpal segments II and III to length of internal projection on palpal segment I ventrally 2.76–3.33 (3.08; n = 4); dorsally segment I with short mesodorsal spur and large, hooklike dorsoapical denticle; segments II and III fused with indistinct or barely discernible (mostly medially) suture between them, narrow proximally and gradually widening to broadly rounded apex. Hypostome (Fig. 27C) length 0.39–0.48 (0.44; n = 4), width 0.16–0.18 (0.17; n = 4), ratio 2.24–2.95 (2.62; n = 4); base of hypostome nearly at same level as base of palpal segments II, club-shaped, widest close to mid-length; dental formula (Panamanian specimens) mostly 5/5, proximal rows 2/2 and then 3/3, distal rows 6/6; denticles sharply pointed; proximal part of hypostome without denticles very short. Legs moderately long, slender. Coxae (Fig. 27F): coxae I-III with internal and external spurs, coxa IV with external spur only; external spur on coxae I-IV moderately long, moderately broad, broadly rounded at apex, directed slightly posteromedially; external spur on coxa I slightly longer than those on other coxae; external spur on coxae II-IV subequal or spur on coxa IV slightly shorter; internal spur on coxae I-III short, subequal, narrow, spur on coxa I narrowly rounded at apex and directed posteromedially, spur on coxae II and III broadly rounded and directed posteriorly; external spur on coxa I at least twice as long as internal spur; no syncoxae. Distally trochanters I-IV (Fig. 27F) with moderate ventral spur with narrowly rounded apex. Tarsus I length 0.86–0.95 (0.91; n = 4); tarsus IV length 0.75–0.83 (0.80; n = 4). Remarks. This species was described as I. auritulus in Bermúdez et al. (2018). Possible nymphs of this species are known (Bermúdez et al. 2018) but not yet described. By having a distinct, anteriorly directed internal projection on palpal segment I, the female of I. moralesi n. sp. most closely resembles the following Ixodes (Multidentatus) spp.: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. cornuae, I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. insulae n. sp., I. kerguelenensis, I. paranaensis, I. percavatus, I. rio n. sp., I. robbinsi n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus. The female of I. moralesi n. sp. can be distinguished from the female of I. cornuae by having short cornua (vs very long cornua in that species); from the female of I. kerguelenensis by having slightly convex posterior margin of basis capituli dorsally (vs sinuously concave margin in that species); from the female of I. paranaensis by having longer auriculae (vs very short auriculae in that species); and from the female of I. percavatus by having longer internal and external spurs on coxae I-IV (vs shorter spurs in that species) (see Arthur 1960; Roberts 1970; Wilson 1970; Barros-Battesti et al. 2003). The female of I. moralesi n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species described here by the moderate mesodorsal spur at base of palpal segment I dorsally (vs mesodorsal spur indistinct or weak in all other species) and large, hook-like dorsoapical spur on palpal segment I (vs moderate spur in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. zealandicus; indistinct or short blunt spur in all other species). Additionally the female of I. moralesi n. sp. can be distinguished from females of other species by the broad scutum: mean ratio length to width 1.25 (vs narrower scutum: mean ratio 1.44 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 1.45 in I. contrarius n. sp., 1.35 in I. insulae n. sp., 1.41 in I. rio n. sp. and 1.37 in I. zealandicus; broader scutum: mean ratio 1.11 in I. tinamou n. sp.); short setae in center of alloscutum and long setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves to length of setae in center of alloscutum 3.68 (vs shorter setae in alloscutal area medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 1.58 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.65 in I. robbinsi n. sp. and 2.73 in I. tinamou n. sp.; longer setae in both center and area medial to marginal grooves of alloscutum: mean ratio 1.09 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 2.00 in I. insulae n. sp. and 1.14 in I. zealandicus); moderately long setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio length of scutum to length of alloscutal setae medial to marginal grooves 20.89 (vs longer setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 12.88 in I. auritulus, 15.03 in I. contrarius n. sp., 15.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 17.20 in I. insulae n. sp., 15.18 in I. rio n. sp., 17.40 in I. tinamou n. sp., and 16.22 in I. zealandicus; shorter setae of alloscutum medial to marginal grooves: mean ratio 45.62 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); basis capituli slightly convex dorsolaterally (vs basis capituli with angular dorsolateral projections in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.); lateral surface of basis capituli concave (vs lateral surface flat in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); posterior margin of basis capituli slightly convex (vs sinuously concave in I. guglielmonei n. sp. and straight to very slightly concave in I. zealandicus); long cornua: mean ratio length of basis capituli to cornual length 5.87 (vs shorter cornua: mean ratio 14.00 in I. contrarius n. sp., 10.00 in I. rio n. sp. and 9.92 in I. tinamou n. sp.); broad porose areas: mean ratio width of basis capituli to width of porose area 3.19 (vs narrower porose areas: mean ratio 3.61 in I. brevisetosus n. sp.); auriculae moderately long: mean ratio length of gnathosoma dorsally to length of auriculae 11.33, broad, directed posteriorly, with broadly rounded apex (vs longer auriculae: mean ratio 8.97 in I. brevisetosus n. sp. and I. insulae n. sp.; shorter auriculae: mean ratio 28.15 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 40.07 in I. tinamou n. sp. and 19.54 in I. zealandicus; auriculae distinctly narrower, with narrowly rounded apex in I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. insulae n. sp. and I. rio n. sp.; auriculae directed posterolaterally in I. guglielmonei n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); moderately long internal projection on palpal segment I: mean ratio length of palpal segments II and III to length of projection on palpal segment I 3.08 (vs longer projection: mean ratio 1.88 in I. contrarius n. sp.; shorter projection: mean ratio 4.94 in I. guglielmonei n. sp., 3.55 in I. insulae n. sp. and 4.50 in I. zealandicus); moderately broad palpal segments II and III: mean ratio length to width 2.46 (vs narrow segments: mean ratio 2.82 in I. brevisetosus n. sp., 2.64 in I. insulae n. sp. and 2.87 in I. rio n. sp.; broader segments: mean ratio 2.16 in I. guglielmonei n. sp.); external spur on coxae I-IV relatively long (vs shorter spur in I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus); generally larger species: see description for measurements (vs noticeably smaller species: I. auritulus, I. brevisetosus n. sp., I. contrarius n. sp., I. rio n. sp., I. tinamou n. sp. and I. zealandicus; noticeably larger species: I. guglielmonei n. sp. See descriptions for measurements). Collection data for I. moralesi n. sp. are listed in the material above. Collections of this species were made in Guatemala (San Marcos Department) and Panama (Chiriquí Province) (Fig. 10C). In Panama, collections were made at elevations 2,500 meters above sea level. Females of this species were collected from birds: the spotted wood-quail, O. guttatus (Galliformes: Odontophoridae), the horned guan, O. derbianus (Galliformes: Cracidae) and the American mountain thrush, T. plebejus (Passeriformes: Turdidae) during February, April and May., Published as part of Apanaskevich, Dmitry A., Apanaskevich, Maria A., Klimov, Pavel B., Edgy, Brett M., Bermúdez, Sergio E., Labruna, Marcelo B., Korzeev, Andrei I. & Barker, Stephen C., 2022, Description of eight new species of Ixodes Latreille, 1795 (Acari: Ixodidae) and redescription of I. auritulus Neumann, 1904, parasites of birds in the Australasian, Nearctic and Neotropical Regions, pp. 1-73 in Zootaxa 5173 (1) on pages 45-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5173.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6966076, {"references":["Bermudez, S., Apanaskevich, D. A. & Dominguez, L. (2018) Garrapatas Ixodidae de Panama. Secretaria Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnologia e Innovacion, Panama, 129 pp.","Arthur, D. R. (1960) A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds. Part II. The taxonomic problems associated with the Ixodes auritulus - percavatus group of species. Parasitology, 50, 199 - 226. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0031182000025294","Roberts, F. H. S. (1970) Australian ticks. CSIRO, Melbourne, 267 pp.","Wilson, N. (1970) Acarina: Metastigmata: Ixodidae of South Georgia, Heard and Kerguelen. Pacific Insects Monograph, 23, 78 - 88.","Barros-Battesti, D. M., Arzua, M., Pichorim, M. & Keirans, J. E. (2003) Ixodes (Multidentatus) paranaensis n. sp. (Acari: Ixodidae) a parasite of Streptoprocne biscutata (Sclater, 1865) (Apodiformes: Apodidae) birds in Brazil. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 98, 93 - 102. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / S 0074 - 02762003000100013"]}