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1. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Guaranteed time observations Data Release 1 (2016-2020)

Author

Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Zechmeister, M., Caballero, J. A., Morales, J. C., Sabotta, S., Baroch, D., Amado, P. J., Quirrenbach, A., Abril, M., Aceituno, J., Anglada-Escudé, G., Azzaro, M., Barrado, D., Béjar, V. J. S., de Haro, D. Benítez, Bergond, G., Bluhm, P., Ortega, R. Calvo, Guillén, C. Cardona, Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Colomé, J., Cont, D., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dreizler, S., Duque-Arribas, C., Espinoza, N., Fernández, M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., García-López, A., González-Álvarez, E., Hernández, J. I. González, Guenther, E. W., de Guindos, E., Hatzes, A. P., Henning, Th., Herrero, E., Hintz, D., Huelmo, Á. L., Jeffers, S. V., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kaminski, A., Kemmer, J., Khaimova, J., Khalafinejad, S., Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Labarga, F., Lafarga, M., Lalitha, S., Lampón, M., Lillo-Box, J., Lodieu, N., González, M. J. López, López-Puertas, M., Luque, R., Magán, H., Mancini, L., Marfil, E., Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Molaverdikhani, K., Montes, D., Nagel, E., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Pallé, E., Passegger, V. M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Perdelwitz, V., Perger, M., Ramón-Ballesta, A., Reffert, S., Revilla, D., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Sadegi, S., Carrasco, M. Á. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Schäfer, S., Schlecker, M., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Seifert, W., Shan, Y., Skrzypinski, S. L., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Stangret, M., Stock, S., Stürmer, J., Tabernero, H. M., Tal-Or, L., Trifonov, T., Vanaverbeke, S., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

The CARMENES instrument was conceived to deliver high-accuracy radial velocity (RV) measurements with long-term stability to search for temperate rocky planets around a sample of nearby cool stars. The broad wavelength coverage was designed to provide a range of stellar activity indicators to assess the nature of potential RV signals and to provide valuable spectral information to help characterise the stellar targets. The CARMENES Data Release 1 (DR1) makes public all observations obtained during the CARMENES guaranteed time observations, which ran from 2016 to 2020 and collected 19,633 spectra for a sample of 362 targets. The CARMENES survey target selection was aimed at minimising biases, and about 70% of all known M dwarfs within 10 pc and accessible from Calar Alto were included. The data were pipeline-processed, and high-level data products, including 18,642 precise RVs for 345 targets, were derived. Time series data of spectroscopic activity indicators were also obtained. We discuss the characteristics of the CARMENES data, the statistical properties of the stellar sample, and the spectroscopic measurements. We show examples of the use of CARMENES data and provide a contextual view of the exoplanet population revealed by the survey, including 33 new planets, 17 re-analysed planets, and 26 confirmed planets from transiting candidate follow-up. A subsample of 238 targets was used to derive updated planet occurrence rates, yielding an overall average of 1.44+/-0.20 planets with 1 M_Earth < M sin i < 1000 M_Earth and 1 d < P_orb < 1000 d per star, and indicating that nearly every M dwarf hosts at least one planet. CARMENES data have proven very useful for identifying and measuring planetary companions as well as for additional applications, such as the determination of stellar properties, the characterisation of stellar activity, and the study of exoplanet atmospheres., Comment: Published in A&A (https://www.aanda.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202244879), 25 pages, 12 figures, Tables 1 and 2 only available online

Published
2023
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2. A Machine Learning approach for correcting radial velocities using physical observables

Author

Perger, M., Anglada-Escudé, G., Baroch, D., Lafarga, M., Ribas, I., Morales, J. C., Herrero, E., Amado, P. J., Barnes, J. R., Caballero, J. A., Jeffers, S. V., Quirrenbach, A., and Reiners, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Precision radial velocity (RV) measurements continue to be a key tool to detect and characterise extrasolar planets. While instrumental precision keeps improving, stellar activity remains a barrier to obtain reliable measurements below 1-2 m/s accuracy. Using simulations and real data, we investigate the capabilities of a Deep Neural Network approach to produce activity free Doppler measurements of stars. As case studies we use observations of two known stars (Eps Eridani and AUMicroscopii), both with clear signals of activity induced RV variability. Synthetic data using the starsim code are generated for the observables (inputs) and the resulting RV signal (labels), and used to train a Deep Neural Network algorithm. We identify an architecture consisting of convolutional and fully connected layers that is adequate to the task. The indices investigated are mean line-profile parameters (width, bisector, contrast) and multi-band photometry. We demonstrate that the RV-independent approach can drastically reduce spurious Doppler variability from known physical effects such as spots, rotation and convective blueshift. We identify the combinations of activity indices with most predictive power. When applied to real observations, we observe a good match of the correction with the observed variability, but we also find that the noise reduction is not as good as in the simulations, probably due to the lack of detail in the simulated physics. We demonstrate that a model-driven machine learning approach is sufficient to clean Doppler signals from activity induced variability for well known physical effects. There are dozens of known activity related observables whose inversion power remains unexplored indicating that the use of additional indicators, more complete models, and more observations with optimised sampling strategies can lead to significant improvements in our detrending capabilities.

Published
2023
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3. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A long-period planet around GJ 1151 measured with CARMENES and HARPS-N data

Author

Blanco-Pozo, J., Perger, M., Damasso, M., Escudé, G. Anglada, Ribas, I., Baroch, D., Caballero, J. A., Cifuentes, C., Jeffers, S. V., Lafarga, M., Kaminski, A., Kaur, S., Nagel, E., Perdelwitz, V., Pérez-Torres, M., Sozzetti, A., Viganò, D., Amado, P. J., Andreuzzi, G., Brown, E. L., Del Sordo, F., Dreizler, S., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Hatzes, A. P., Kürster, M., Lanza, A. F., Melis, A., Molinari, E., Montes, D., Murgia, M., Pallé, E., Peña-Moñino, L., Perrodin, D., Pilia, M., Poretti, E., Quirrenbach, A., Reiners, A., Schweitzer, A., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Detecting a planetary companion in a short-period orbit through radio emission from the interaction with its host star is a new prospect in exoplanet science. Recently, a tantalising signal was found close to the low-mass stellar system GJ 1151 using LOFAR observations. We studied spectroscopic time-series data of GJ 1151 in order to search for planetary companions, investigate possible signatures of stellar magnetic activity, and to find possible explanations for the radio signal. We used the combined radial velocities measured from spectra acquired with the CARMENES, HARPS-N, and HPF instruments, extracted activity indices from those spectra in order to mitigate the impact of stellar magnetic activity on the data, and performed a detailed analysis of Gaia astrometry and all available photometric time series coming from the MEarth and ASAS-SN surveys. We found a M$>$10.6 M$_{\oplus}$ companion to GJ 1151 in a 390d orbit at a separation of 0.57 au. Evidence for a second modulation is also present; this could be due to long-term magnetic variability or a second (substellar) companion. The star shows episodes of elevated magnetic activity, one of which could be linked to the observed LOFAR radio emission. We show that it is highly unlikely that the detected GJ 1151 b, or any additional outer companion is the source of the detected signal. We cannot firmly rule out the suggested explanation of an undetected short-period planet that could be related to the radio emission, as we establish an upper limit of 1.2 M$_{\oplus}$ for the minimum mass., Comment: 18 pages, 11 figures. Accepted version, A&A (2023)

Published
2023
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4. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, Wolf 1069 b: Earth-mass planet in the habitable zone of a nearby, very low-mass star

Author

Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Trifonov, T., Henning, Th., Kemmer, J., Caballero, J. A., Burn, R., Sabotta, S., Crouse, J. S., Fauchez, T. J., Nagel, E., Kaminski, A., Herrero, E., Rodríguez, E., González-Álvarez, E., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Aceituno, J., Béjar, V. J. S., Baroch, D., Bastelberger, S. T., Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Dreizler, S., Jeffers, S. V., Kopparapu, R., Lafarga, M., López-González, M. J., n-Ruiz, S. Martí, Montes, D., Morales, J. C., Pallé, E., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Perdelwitz, V., Pérez-Torres, M., Perger, M., Reffert, S., López, C. Rodríguez, Schlecker, M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Shan, Y., Shields, A., Stock, S., Wolf, E., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We present the discovery of an Earth-mass planet ($M_b\sin i = 1.26\pm0.21M_\oplus$) on a 15.6d orbit of a relatively nearby ($d\sim$9.6pc) and low-mass ($0.167\pm0.011 M_\odot$) M5.0V star, Wolf 1069. Sitting at a separation of $0.0672\pm0.0014$au away from the host star puts Wolf 1069b in the habitable zone (HZ), receiving an incident flux of $S=0.652\pm0.029S_\oplus$. The planetary signal was detected using telluric-corrected radial-velocity (RV) data from the CARMENES spectrograph, amounting to a total of 262 spectroscopic observations covering almost four years. There are additional long-period signals in the RVs, one of which we attribute to the stellar rotation period. This is possible thanks to our photometric analysis including new, well-sampled monitoring campaigns undergone with the OSN and TJO facilities that supplement archival photometry (i.e., from MEarth and SuperWASP), and this yielded an updated rotational period range of $P_{rot}=150-170$d, with a likely value at $169.3^{+3.7}_{-3.6}$d. The stellar activity indicators provided by the CARMENES spectra likewise demonstrate evidence for the slow rotation period, though not as accurately due to possible factors such as signal aliasing or spot evolution. Our detectability limits indicate that additional planets more massive than one Earth mass with orbital periods of less than 10 days can be ruled out, suggesting that perhaps Wolf 1069 b had a violent formation history. This planet is also the 6th closest Earth-mass planet situated in the conservative HZ, after Proxima Centauri b, GJ 1061d, Teegarden's Star c, and GJ 1002 b and c. Despite not transiting, Wolf 1069b is nonetheless a very promising target for future three-dimensional climate models to investigate various habitability cases as well as for sub-ms$^{-1}$ RV campaigns to search for potential inner sub-Earth-mass planets in order to test planet formation theories., Comment: 26 pages, 15 figures

Published
2023
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5. Fundamental Properties of Late-Type Stars in Eclipsing Binaries

Author

Morales, J. C., Ribas, I., Giménez, Á., and Baroch, D.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Evidence from the analysis of eclipsing binary systems revealed that late-type stars are larger and cooler than predicted by models, and that this is probably caused by stellar magnetic activity. In this work, we revisit this problem taking into account the advancements in the last decade. We provide and updated a list of 32 eclipsing binary or multiple systems, including at least one star with a mass $\lesssim 0.7$ M$_{\odot}$ and with mass and radius measured to an accuracy better than 3%. The~comparison with stellar structure and evolution theoretical models reveals an overall discrepancy of about 7% and -4% for the radius and effective temperature, respectively, and that it may be larger than previously found below the full convection boundary. Furthermore, the hypothesis of stellar activity is reinforced by the comparison of different systems with similar components. Further eclipsing binaries with accurately determined masses and radii, and with estimated activity levels, as well as the implementation of magnetic activity in theoretical models will help to improve our knowledge of low-mass stars, which are prime targets for exoplanet surveys., Comment: 17 pages, 2 tables, 4 figures. Author version of the manuscript

Published
2022
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6. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Stable radial-velocity variations at the rotation period of AD~Leonis -- A test case study of current limitations to treating stellar activity

Author

Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Henning, Th., Trifonov, T., Caballero, J. A., Lafarga, M., Bauer, F. F., Stock, S., Kemmer, J., Jeffers, S. V., Amado, P. J., Pérez-Torres, M., Béjar, V. J. S., Cortés-Contreras, M., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Quirrenbach, A., Aceituno, J., Baroch, D., Cifuentes, C., Dreizler, S., Forcada, J. S., Hatzes, A., Kaminski, A., Montes, D., Morales, J. C., Pavlov, A., Peña, L., Perdelwitz, V., Reffert, S., Revilla, D., López, C. Rodríguez, Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Context: A challenge with radial-velocity (RV) data is disentangling the origin of signals either due to a planetary companion or to stellar activity. In fact, the existence of a planetary companion has been proposed, as well as contested, around the relatively bright, nearby M3.0V star AD Leo at the same period as the stellar rotation of 2.23d. Aims: We further investigate the nature of this signal. We introduce new CARMENES optical and near-IR RV data and an analysis in combination with archival data taken by HIRES and HARPS, along with more recent data from HARPS-N, GIANO-B, and HPF. Also, we address the confusion concerning the binarity of AD Leo. Methods: We consider possible correlations between the RVs and various stellar activity indicators accessible with CARMENES. We applied models within a Bayesian framework to determine whether a Keplerian model, a red-noise quasi-periodic model using a Gaussian process, or a mixed model would explain the observed data best. We also exclusively focus on spectral lines potentially associated with stellar activity. Results: The CARMENES RV data agree with the previously reported periodicity of 2.23d, correlate with some activity indicators, and exhibit chromaticity. However, when considering the entire RV data set, we find that a mixed model composed of a stable and a variable component performs best. Moreover, when recomputing the RVs using only spectral lines insensitive to activity, there appears to be some residual power at the period of interest. We therefore conclude that it is not possible to determinedly prove that there is no planet orbiting in synchronization with the stellar rotation given our data, current tools, machinery, and knowledge of how stellar activity affects RVs. We do rule out planets more massive than 27M_E (=0.084M_J). We also exclude any binary companion around AD Leo with Msini > 3-6M_J on orbital periods <14yr., Comment: 27 pages, 11 figures

Published
2022
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7. Absolute dimensions and apsidal motion of the eclipsing binaries V889 Aql and V402 Lac

Author

Baroch, D., Giménez, A., Morales, J. C., Ribas, I., Herrero, E., Perdelwitz, V., Jordi, C., Granzer, T., and Prieto, C. Allende

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Double-lined eclipsing binaries allow the direct determination of masses and radii, which are key to test stellar models. With the launch of the TESS mission, many well-known eclipsing binaries have been observed at higher photometric precision, permitting the improvement of the absolute dimensions determinations. Using TESS data and newly-obtained spectroscopic observations, we aim at determining the masses and radii of the eccentric eclipsing binary systems V889 Aql and V402 Lac, together with their apsidal motion parameters. We modelled simultaneously radial velocity curves and times of eclipse for each target to precisely determine the orbital parameters of the systems, which we used to analyse the light curves and then obtain their absolute dimensions. We compared the obtained values with those predicted by theoretical models. We determined masses and radii of the components of both systems with relative uncertainties lower than 2%. V889 Aql is composed of two stars with masses $2.17\pm0.02$ M$_{\odot}$ and $2.13\pm0.01$ M$_{\odot}$ and radii $1.87\pm0.04$ R$_{\odot}$ and $1.85\pm0.04$ R$_{\odot}$. We found conclusive evidence of the presence of a third body orbiting V889 Aql with a period of 67 years. Based on the detected third light and the absence of signal in the spectra, we suggest that this third body could in turn be a binary composed by two $\sim$1.4 M$_{\odot}$ stars. V402 Lac is composed by two stars with masses $2.80\pm0.05$ M$_{\odot}$ and $2.78\pm0.05$ M$_{\odot}$ and radii $2.38\pm0.03$ R$_{\odot}$ and $2.36\pm0.03$ R$_{\odot}$. The times of minimum light are compatible with the presence of a third body for this system too, although its period is not yet fully sampled. In both cases we have found a good agreement between the observed apsidal motion rates and the model predictions., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2022
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8. Analysis of apsidal motion in eclipsing binaries using TESS data II. A test of internal stellar structure}

Author

Claret, A., Giménez, A., Baroch, D., Ribas, I., Morales, J. C., and Anglada-Escudé, G.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We have determined the apsidal motion rate of 27 double-lined eclipsing binaries with precise physical parameters. The obtained values, corrected for their relativistic contribution, yield precise empirical parameters of the internal stellar density concentration. The comparison of these results with the predictions based on new theoretical models shows very good agreement. Small deviations are identified but remain within the observational uncertainties and the path for a refined comparison is indicated., Comment: Accepted publication: Astronomy and Astrophysics 2021

Published
2021
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9. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Spectroscopic orbits of nine M-dwarf multiple systems, including two triples, two brown dwarf candidates, and one close M-dwarf-white dwarf binary

Author

Baroch, D., Morales, J. C., Ribas, I., Béjar, V. J. S., Reffert, S., Guillén, C. Cardona, Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Anglada-Escudé, G., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Dreizler, S., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Hatzes, A. P., Jeffers, S. V., Henning, Th., Herrero, E., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Lodieu, N., López-González, M. J., Montes, D., Pallé, E., Perger, M., Pollacco, D., Rodríguez-López, C., Rodríguez, E., Rosich, A., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Shan, Y., Tal-Or, L., and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

M dwarfs are ideal targets for the search of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone using the radial velocity method, attracting the attention of many ongoing surveys. As a by-product of these surveys, new multiple stellar systems are also found. This is the case also for the CARMENES survey, from which nine new SB2 systems have already been announced. Throughout the five years of the survey, the accumulation of new observations has resulted in the detection of several new multiple stellar systems with long periods and low radial-velocity amplitudes. Here, we newly characterise the spectroscopic orbits and constrain the masses of eight systems and update the properties of a system that we reported earlier. We derive the radial velocities of the stars using two-dimensional cross correlation techniques and template matching. The measurements are modelled to determine the orbital parameters of the systems. We combine CARMENES spectroscopic observations with archival high-resolution spectra from other instruments to increase the time-span of the observations and improve our analysis. When available, we also added archival photometric, astrometric, and adaptive optics imaging data to constrain the rotation periods and absolute masses of the components. We determine the spectroscopic orbits of nine multiple systems, eight of which are presented for the first time. The sample is composed of five SB1s, two SB2s, and two ST3s. The companions of two of the single-line binaries, GJ 3626 and GJ 912, have minimum masses below the stellar boundary and, thus, could be brown dwarfs. We find a new white dwarf in a close binary orbit around the M star GJ 207.1. From a global fit to radial velocities and astrometric measurements, we are able to determine the absolute masses of the components of GJ 282C, which is one of the youngest systems with measured dynamical masses., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021
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10. Analysis of apsidal motion in eclipsing binaries using TESS data: I. A test of gravitational theories

Author

Baroch, D., Giménez, A., Ribas, I., Morales, J. C., Anglada-Escudé, G., and Claret, A.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology
Abstract

The change in the argument of periastron of eclipsing binaries, i.e., the apsidal motion caused by classical and relativistic effects, can be measured from variations in the difference between the time of minimum light of the primary and secondary eclipses. Poor apsidal motion rate determinations and large uncertainties in the classical term have hampered previous attempts to determine the general relativistic term with sufficient precision to test General Relativity predictions. As a product of the TESS mission, thousands of high-precision light curves from eclipsing binaries are now available. Using a selection of suitable well-studied eccentric eclipsing binary systems, we aim to determine their apsidal motion rates and place constraints on key gravitational parameters. We compute the time of minimum light from the TESS light curves of 15 eclipsing binaries with precise absolute parameters and with an expected general relativistic contribution to the total apsidal motion rate greater than 60%. We use the changing primary and secondary eclipse timing differences over time to compute the apsidal motion rate, when possible, or the difference between the linear periods as computed from primary and secondary eclipses. For a greater time baseline we carefully combine the high-precision TESS timings with archival reliable timings. We determine the apsidal motion rate of 9 eclipsing binaries, 5 of which are reported for the first time. From these, we are able to measure the general relativistic apsidal motion rate of 6 systems with sufficient precision to test General Relativity for the first time using this method. This test explores a regime of gravitational forces and potentials that had not been probed earlier. We find perfect agreement with the theoretical predictions, and we are able to set stringent constraints on two parameters of the parametrised post-Newtonian formalism., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021
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11. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Convective shift and starspot constraints from chromatic radial velocities

Author

Baroch, D., Morales, J. C., Ribas, I., Herrero, E., Rosich, A., Perger, M., Anglada-Escudé, G., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Jeffers, S. V., Cifuentes, C., Passegger, V. M., Schweitzer, A., Lafarga, M., Bauer, F. F., Béjar, V. J. S., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Dreizler, S., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Hatzes, A. P., Henning, Th., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Montes, D., Rodríguez-López, C., and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Variability caused by stellar activity represents a challenge to the discovery and characterization of terrestrial exoplanets and complicates the interpretation of atmospheric planetary signals. Aims. We aim to use a detailed modeling tool to reproduce the effect of active regions on radial velocity measurements, which aids the identification of the key parameters that have an impact on the induced variability. Methods. We analyzed the effect of stellar activity on radial velocities as a function of wavelength by simulating the impact of the properties of spots, shifts induced by convective motions, and rotation. We focused our modeling effort on the active star YZ CMi (GJ 285), which was photometrically and spectroscopically monitored with CARMENES and the Telescopi Joan Or\'o. Results. We demonstrate that radial velocity curves at different wavelengths yield determinations of key properties of active regions, including spot filling factor, temperature contrast, and location, thus solving the degeneracy between them. Most notably, our model is also sensitive to convective motions. Results indicate a reduced convective shift for M dwarfs when compared to solar-type stars (in agreement with theoretical extrapolations) and points to a small global convective redshift instead of blueshift. Conclusions. Using a novel approach based on simultaneous chromatic radial velocities and light curves, we can set strong constraints on stellar activity, including an elusive parameter such as the net convective motion effect., Comment: A&A, in press

Published
2020
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12. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Radial velocities and activity indicators from cross-correlation functions with weighted binary masks

Author

Lafarga, M., Ribas, I., Lovis, C., Perger, M., Zechmeister, M., Bauer, F. F., Kürster, M., Cortés-Contreras, M., Morales, J. C., Herrero, E., Rosich, A., Baroch, D., Reiners, A., Caballer, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Alacid, J. M., Béjar, V. J. S., Dreizler, S., Hatzes, A. P., Henning, T., Jeffers, S. V., Kaminski, A., Montes, D., Pedraz, S., Rodríguez-López, C., and Schmitt, J. H. M. M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

For years, the standard procedure to measure radial velocities (RVs) of spectral observations consisted in cross-correlating the spectra with a binary mask, that is, a simple stellar template that contains information on the position and strength of stellar absorption lines. The cross-correlation function (CCF) profiles also provide several indicators of stellar activity. We present a methodology to first build weighted binary masks and, second, to compute the CCF of spectral observations with these masks from which we derive radial velocities and activity indicators. These methods are implemented in a python code that is publicly available. To build the masks, we selected a large number of sharp absorption lines based on the profile of the minima present in high signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) spectrum templates built from observations of reference stars. We computed the CCFs of observed spectra and derived RVs and the following three standard activity indicators: full-width-at-half-maximum as well as contrast and bisector inverse slope.We applied our methodology to CARMENES high-resolution spectra and obtain RV and activity indicator time series of more than 300 M dwarf stars observed for the main CARMENES survey. Compared with the standard CARMENES template matching pipeline, in general we obtain more precise RVs in the cases where the template used in the standard pipeline did not have enough S/N. We also show the behaviour of the three activity indicators for the active star YZ CMi and estimate the absolute RV of the M dwarfs analysed using the CCF RVs., Comment: 24 pages, 14 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A. Code available at https://github.com/mlafarga/raccoon

Published
2020
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13. A giant exoplanet orbiting a very low-mass star challenges planet formation models

Author

Morales, J. C., Mustill, A. J., Ribas, I., Davies, M. B., Reiners, A., Bauer, F. F., Kossakowski, D., Herrero, E., Rodríguez, E., López-González, M. J., Rodríguez-López, C., Béjar, V. J. S., González-Cuesta, L., Luque, R., Pallé, E., Perger, M., Baroch, D., Johansen, A., Klahr, H., Mordasini, C., Anglada-Escudé, G., Caballero, J. A., Cortés-Contreras, M., Dreizler, S., Lafarga, M., Nagel, E., Passegger, V. M., Reffert, S., Rosich, A., Schweitzer, A., Tal-Or, L., Trifonov, T., Zechmeister, M., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Guenther, E. W., Hagen, H. -J., Henning, T., Jeffers, S. V., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Montes, D., Seifert, W., Abellán, F. J., Abril, M., Aceituno, J., Aceituno, F. J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Antona, R., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Barrado, D., Becerril-Jarque, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Burn, R., Calvo-Ortega, R., Cano, J., Cárdenas, M. C., Guillén, C. Cardona, Carro, J., Casal, E., Casanova, V., Casasayas-Barris, N., Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Emsenhuber, A., Fernández, M., Fernández-Martín, A., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Cava, I. Gallardo, Vargas, M. L. García, Garcia-Piquer, A., Gesa, L., González-Álvarez, E., Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Hermelo, I., Arabi, R. Hernández, Otero, F. Hernández, Hintz, D., Holgado, G., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kehr, M., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Lalitha, S., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Launhardt, R., Lázaro, F. J., Lizon, J. -L., Llamas, M., Lodieu, N., del Fresno, M. López, Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Martín, E. L., Martín-Fernández, P., Martín-Ruiz, S., Martínez-Rodríguez, H., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Moya, A., Naranjo, V., Nelson, R. P., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Pascual, J., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Pérez-Calpena, A., Perryman, M. A. C., Rabaza, O., Ballesta, A. Ramón, Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Sabotta, S., Sadegi, S., Salz, M., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schlecker, M., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Solano, E., Sota, A., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Stuber, T., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tulloch, S. M., Veredas, G., Vico-Linares, J. I., Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Statistical analyses from exoplanet surveys around low-mass stars indicate that super-Earth and Neptune-mass planets are more frequent than gas giants around such stars, in agreement with core accretion theory of planet formation. Using precise radial velocities derived from visual and near-infrared spectra, we report the discovery of a giant planet with a minimum mass of 0.46 Jupiter masses in an eccentric 204-day orbit around the very low-mass star GJ 3512. Dynamical models show that the high eccentricity of the orbit is most likely explained from planet-planet interactions. The reported planetary system challenges current formation theories and puts stringent constraints on the accretion and migration rates of planet formation and evolution models, indicating that disc instability may be more efficient in forming planets than previously thought., Comment: Manuscript author version. 41 pages, 11 figures

Published
2019
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14. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden's Star

Author

Zechmeister, M., Dreizler, S., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Bauer, F. F., Béjar, V. J. S., González-Cuesta, L., Herrero, E., Lalitha, S., López-González, M. J., Luque, R., Morales, J. C., Pallé, E., Rodríguez, E., López, C. Rodríguez, Tal-Or, L., Anglada-Escudé, G., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Abril, M., Aceituno, F. J., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Jiménez, R. Antona, Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Bluhm, P., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Ortega, R. Calvo, Cano, J., Guillén, C. Cardona, Carro, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Casasayas-Barris, N., Casanova, V., Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Fernández, M., Fernández-Martín, A., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Fukui, A., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Cava, I. Gallardo, de la Fuente, J. Garcia, Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Rueda, J. Góngora, González-Álvarez, E., Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, T., Hermelo, I., Arabi, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Otero, F. Hernández, Hintz, D., Huke, P., Huber, A., Jeffers, S. V., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kaminski, A., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., Klahr, H., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Labarga, F., Lafarga, M., Llamas, M., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Launhardt, R., Lázaro, F. J., Lodieu, N., del Fresno, M. López, López-Comazzi, A., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Fernández, D. Maroto, Martín, E. L., Martín-Fernández, P., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Montañés-Rodríguez, P., Montes, D., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Narita, N., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oshagh, M., Panduro, J., Parviainen, H., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Rabaza, O., Ballesta, A. Ramón, Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhardt, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Seifert, W., Shulyak, D., Solano, E., Sota, A., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Strachan, J. B. P., Stuber, T., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Pinto, M. Tala, Trifonov, T., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Teegarden's Star is the brightest and one of the nearest ultra-cool dwarfs in the solar neighbourhood. For its late spectral type (M7.0V), the star shows relatively little activity and is a prime target for near-infrared radial velocity surveys such as CARMENES. Aims. As part of the CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs, we obtained more than 200 radial-velocity measurements of Teegarden's Star and analysed them for planetary signals. Methods. We find periodic variability in the radial velocities of Teegarden's Star. We also studied photometric measurements to rule out stellar brightness variations mimicking planetary signals. Results. We find evidence for two planet candidates, each with $1.1M_\oplus$ minimum mass, orbiting at periods of 4.91 and 11.4 d, respectively. No evidence for planetary transits could be found in archival and follow-up photometry. Small photometric variability is suggestive of slow rotation and old age. Conclusions. The two planets are among the lowest-mass planets discovered so far, and they are the first Earth-mass planets around an ultra-cool dwarf for which the masses have been determined using radial velocities., Comment: A&A 627, A49. 26 pages, 17 figures, 6 tables. Press release available at http://www.astro.physik.uni-goettingen.de/~zechmeister/teegarden/teegarden.html. v2: two authors and one reference added

Published
2019
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15. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs Detection of a mini-Neptune around LSPM J2116+0234 and refinement of orbital parameters of a super-Earth around GJ 686 (BD+18 3421)

Author

Lalitha, S., Baroch, D., Morales, J. C., Passegger, V. M., Bauer, F. F., Guillén, C. Cardona, Dreizler, S., Oshagh, M., Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Béjar, V. J. S., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Galadí-Enríquez, D., González-Cuesta, L., Guenther, E. W., Hagen, H. -J., Henning, T., Herrero, E., Husser, T. -O., Jeffers, S. V., Kaminski, A., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Lodieu, N., López-González, M. J., Montes, D., Perger, M., Rosich, A., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Tal-Or, L., and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Although M dwarfs are known for high levels of stellar activity, they are ideal targets for the search of low-mass exoplanets with the radial velocity (RV) method. We report the discovery of a planetary-mass companion around LSPM J2116+0234 (M3.0 V) and confirm the existence of a planet orbiting GJ 686 (BD+18 3421; M1.0 V). The discovery of the planet around LSPM J2116+0234 is based on CARMENES RV observations in the visual and near-infrared channels. We confirm the planet orbiting around GJ 686 by analyzing the RV data spanning over two decades of observations from CARMENES VIS, HARPS-N, HARPS, and HIRES. We find planetary signals at 14.44 and 15.53 d in the RV data for LSPM J2116+0234 and GJ 686, respectively. Additionally, the RV, photometric time series, and various spectroscopic indicators show hints of variations of 42 d for LSPM J2116+0234 and 37 d for GJ 686, which we attribute to the stellar rotation periods. The orbital parameters of the planets are modeled with Keplerian fits together with correlated noise from the stellar activity. A mini-Neptune with a minimum mass of 11.8 Me orbits LSPM J2116+0234 producing an RV semi-amplitude of 6.19 m/s, while a super-Earth of mass 6.6 Me orbits GJ 686 and produces an RV semi-amplitude of 3.0 m/s. Both LSPM J2116+0234 and GJ 686 have planetary companions populating the regime of exoplanets with masses lower than 15 Me and orbital periods <20 d., Comment: 23 pages, 22 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2019
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16. Gliese 49: Activity evolution and detection of a super-Earth

Author

Perger, M, Scandariato, G, Ribas, I, Morales, J C, Affer, L, Azzaro, M, Amado, P J, Anglada-Escudé, G, Baroch, D, Barrado, D, Bauer, F F, Béjar, V J S, Caballero, J A, Cortés-Contreras, M, Damasso, M, Dreizler, S, González-Cuesta, L, Hernández, J I González, Guenther, E W, Henning, T, Herrero, E, Jeffers, S. V, Kaminski, A, Kürster, M, Lafarga, M, Leto, G, López-González, M J, Maldonado, J, Micela, G, Montes, D, Pinamonti, M, Quirrenbach, A, Rebolo, R, Reiners, A, Rodríguez, E, Rodríguez-López, C, Schmitt, J H M M, Sozzetti, A, Mascareño, A Suárez, Toledo-Padrón, B, Sánchez, R Zanmar, Osorio, M R Zapatero, and Zechmeister, M

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Small planets around low-mass stars often show orbital periods in a range that corresponds to the temperate zones of their host stars which are therefore of prime interest for planet searches. Surface phenomena such as spots and faculae create periodic signals in radial velocities and in observational activity tracers in the same range, so they can mimic or hide true planetary signals. We aim to detect Doppler signals corresponding to planetary companions, determine their most probable orbital configurations, and understand the stellar activity and its impact on different datasets. We analyze 22 years of data of the M1.5V-type star Gl49 (BD+61 195) including HARPS-N and CARMENES spectrographs, complemented by APT2 and SNO photometry. Activity indices are calculated from the observed spectra, and all datasets are analyzed with periodograms and noise models. We investigate how the variation of stellar activity imprints on our datasets. We further test the origin of the signals and investigate phase shifts between the different sets. To search for the best-fit model we maximize the likelihood function in a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach. As a result of this study, we are able to detect the super-Earth Gl49b with a minimum mass of 5.6 Ms. It orbits its host star with a period of 13.85d at a semi-major axis of 0.090 au and we calculate an equilibrium temperature of 350 K and a transit probability of 2.0%. The contribution from the spot-dominated host star to the different datasets is complex, and includes signals from the stellar rotation at 18.86d, evolutionary time-scales of activity phenomena at 40-80d, and a long-term variation of at least four years.

Published
2019
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17. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Nine new double-line spectroscopic binary stars

Author

Baroch, D., Morales, J. C., Ribas, I., Tal-Or, L., Zechmeister, M., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Dreizler, S., Lalitha, S., Jeffers, S. V., Lafarga, M., Béjar, V. J. S., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Díez-Alonso, E., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Guenther, E. W., Hagen, H. -J., Henning, T., Herrero, E., Kürster, M., Montes, D., Nagel, E., Passegger, V. M., Perger, M., Rosich, A., Schweitzer, A., and Seifert, W.

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. The CARMENES spectrograph is surveying ~300 M dwarf stars in search for exoplanets. Among the target stars, spectroscopic binary systems have been discovered, which can be used to measure fundamental properties of stars. Aims. Using spectroscopic observations, we determine the orbital and physical properties of nine new double-line spectroscopic binary systems by analysing their radial velocity curves. Methods. We use two-dimensional cross-correlation techniques to derive the radial velocities of the targets, which are then employed to determine the orbital properties. Photometric data from the literature are also analysed to search for possible eclipses and to measure stellar variability, which can yield rotation periods. Results. Out of the 342 stars selected for the CARMENES survey, 9 have been found to be double-line spectroscopic binaries, with periods ranging from 1.13 to ~8000 days and orbits with eccentricities up to 0.54. We provide empirical orbital properties and minimum masses for the sample of spectroscopic binaries. Absolute masses are also estimated from mass-luminosity calibrations, ranging between ~0.1 and ~0.6 Msol . Conclusions. These new binary systems increase the number of double-line M dwarf binary systems with known orbital parameters by 15%, and they have lower mass ratios on average., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 17 pages, 4 figures

Published
2018
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18. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs - HD 147379b: A nearby Neptune in the temperate zone of an early-M dwarf

Author

Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Zechmeister, M., Caballero, J. A., Trifonov, T., Dreizler, S., Morales, J. C., Tal-Or, L., Lafarga, M., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Kaminski, A., Jeffers, S. V., Aceituno, J., Béjar, V. J. S., Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E. W., Hagen, H. -J., Montes, D., Passegger, V. M., Seifert, W., Schweitzer, A., Cortés-Contreras, M., Abril, M., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Antona, R., Anglada-Escudé, G., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Bauer, F. F., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Cano, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Galera, V. Gómez, Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, Th., Hermelo, I., Arabí, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Hernando, F. Hernández, Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kürster, M., Labarga, F., Lamert, A., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., Launhardt, R., del Fresno, M. López, López-González, M. J., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Luque, R., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Fernández, D. Maroto, Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mathar, R. J., Mirabet, E., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Moya, A., Mundt, R., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rohloff, R. -R., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schiller, J., Schöfer, P., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Strachan, J. B. P., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tala, M., Tulloch, S. M., Ulbrich, R. -G., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics
Abstract

We report on the first star discovered to host a planet detected by radial velocity (RV) observations obtained within the CARMENES survey for exoplanets around M dwarfs. HD 147379 ($V = 8.9$ mag, $M = 0.58 \pm 0.08$ M$_{\odot}$), a bright M0.0V star at a distance of 10.7 pc, is found to undergo periodic RV variations with a semi-amplitude of $K = 5.1\pm0.4$ m s$^{-1}$ and a period of $P = 86.54\pm0.06$ d. The RV signal is found in our CARMENES data, which were taken between 2016 and 2017, and is supported by HIRES/Keck observations that were obtained since 2000. The RV variations are interpreted as resulting from a planet of minimum mass $m_{\rm p}\sin{i} = 25 \pm 2$ M$_{\oplus}$, 1.5 times the mass of Neptune, with an orbital semi-major axis $a = 0.32$ au and low eccentricity ($e < 0.13$). HD 147379b is orbiting inside the temperate zone around the star, where water could exist in liquid form. The RV time-series and various spectroscopic indicators show additional hints of variations at an approximate period of 21.1d (and its first harmonic), which we attribute to the rotation period of the star., Comment: accepted for publication as A&A Letter

Published
2017
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19. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: High-resolution optical and near-infrared spectroscopy of 324 survey stars

Author

Reiners, A., Zechmeister, M., Caballero, J. A., Ribas, I., Morales, J. C., Jeffers, S. V., Schöfer, P., Tal-Or, L., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Kaminski, A., Seifert, W., Abril, M., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Antona, R., Anglada-Escudé, G., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Bauer, F. F., Becerril, S., Béjar, V. J. S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Cano, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dreizler, S., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Gómez, V., Galera, Hernández, J. I. González, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guàrdia, J., Guenther, E. W., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hagen, H. -J., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, Th., Hermelo, I., Arabí, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Hernando, F. Hernández, Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E., de Juan, E., Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Lamert, A., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., Launhardt, R., del Fresno, M. López, López-González, J., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, López-Santiago, J., Luque, R., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Maroto, D., Fernández, Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mathar, R. J., Mirabet, E., Montes, D., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Moya, A., Mundt, R., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rohloff, R. -R., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schiller, J., Schweitzer, A., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Strachan, J. B. P., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tala, M., Trifonov, T., Tulloch, S. M., Ulbrich, R. G., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The CARMENES radial velocity (RV) survey is observing 324 M dwarfs to search for any orbiting planets. In this paper, we present the survey sample by publishing one CARMENES spectrum for each M dwarf. These spectra cover the wavelength range 520--1710nm at a resolution of at least $R > 80,000$, and we measure its RV, H$\alpha$ emission, and projected rotation velocity. We present an atlas of high-resolution M-dwarf spectra and compare the spectra to atmospheric models. To quantify the RV precision that can be achieved in low-mass stars over the CARMENES wavelength range, we analyze our empirical information on the RV precision from more than 6500 observations. We compare our high-resolution M-dwarf spectra to atmospheric models where we determine the spectroscopic RV information content, $Q$, and signal-to-noise ratio. We find that for all M-type dwarfs, the highest RV precision can be reached in the wavelength range 700--900nm. Observations at longer wavelengths are equally precise only at the very latest spectral types (M8 and M9). We demonstrate that in this spectroscopic range, the large amount of absorption features compensates for the intrinsic faintness of an M7 star. To reach an RV precision of 1ms$^{-1}$ in very low mass M dwarfs at longer wavelengths likely requires the use of a 10m class telescope. For spectral types M6 and earlier, the combination of a red visual and a near-infrared spectrograph is ideal to search for low-mass planets and to distinguish between planets and stellar variability. At a 4m class telescope, an instrument like CARMENES has the potential to push the RV precision well below the typical jitter level of 3-4ms$^{-1}$., Comment: accepted for publication in A&A, 13 pages plus 40 pages spectral atlas, first 10 atlas pages are reduced in quality to fit arXiv size limit; one CARMENES spectrum for each of the 324 stars is published in electronic format at http://carmenes.cab.inta-csic.es/

Published
2017
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20. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. First visual-channel radial-velocity measurements and orbital parameter updates of seven M-dwarf planetary systems

Author

Trifonov, T., Kürster, M., Zechmeister, M., Tal-Or, L., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Reffert, S., Dreizler, S., Hatzes, A. P., Kaminski, A., Launhardt, R., Henning, Th., Montes, D., Béjar, V. J. S., Mundt, R., Pavlov, A., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Seifert, W., Morales, J. C., Nowak, G., Jeffers, S. V., Rodríguez-López, C., del Burgo, C., Anglada-Escudé, G., López-Santiago, J., Mathar, R. J., Eiff, M. Ammler-von, Guenther, E. W., Barrado, D., Hernández, J. I. González, Mancini, L., Stürmer, J., Abril, M., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Antona, R., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Bauer, F. F., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Blümcke, M., Brinkmöller, M., Cano, J., Vázquez, M. C. Cárdenas, Casal, E., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I. M., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Garcia-Piquer, A., Vargas, M. L. García, Gesa, L., Galera, V. Gómez, González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Grohnert, S., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Gutiérrez-Soto, J., Hagen, H. -J., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Hermelo, I., Arabí, R. Hernández, Castaño, L. Hernández, Hernando, F. Hernández, Herrero, E., Huber, A., Huke, P., Johnson, E., de Juan, E., Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Lafarga, M., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Laun, W., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., del Fresno, M. López, López-González, J., López-Puertas, M., Salas, J. F. López, Luque, R., Madinabeitia, H. Magán, Mall, U., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Molina, J. A. Marín, Fernández, D. Maroto, Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Moya, A., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Nortmann, L., Ofir, A., Oreiro, R., Pallé, E., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Medialdea, D. Pérez, Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Pluto, M., Rabaza, O., Ramón, A., Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reinhardt, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H. -W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez, E., Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, Rohloff, R. -R., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schiller, J., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Strachan, J. B. P., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tala, M., Tulloch, S. M., Veredas, G., Linares, J. I. Vico, Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context: The main goal of the CARMENES survey is to find Earth-mass planets around nearby M-dwarf stars. Seven M-dwarfs included in the CARMENES sample had been observed before with HIRES and HARPS and either were reported to have one short period planetary companion (GJ15A, GJ176, GJ436, GJ536 and GJ1148) or are multiple planetary systems (GJ581 and GJ876). Aims: We aim to report new precise optical radial velocity measurements for these planet hosts and test the overall capabilities of CARMENES. Methods: We combined our CARMENES precise Doppler measurements with those available from HIRES and HARPS and derived new orbital parameters for the systems. Bona-fide single planet systems are fitted with a Keplerian model. The multiple planet systems were analyzed using a self-consistent dynamical model and their best fit orbits were tested for long-term stability. Results: We confirm or provide supportive arguments for planets around all the investigated stars except for GJ15A, for which we find that the post-discovery HIRES data and our CARMENES data do not show a signal at 11.4 days. Although we cannot confirm the super-Earth planet GJ15Ab, we show evidence for a possible long-period ($P_{\rm c}$ = 7025$_{-629}^{+972}$ d) Saturn-mass ($m_{\rm c} \sin i$ = 51.8$_{-5.8}^{+5.5}M_\oplus$) planet around GJ15A. In addition, based on our CARMENES and HIRES data we discover a second planet around GJ1148, for which we estimate a period $P_{\rm c}$ = 532.6$_{-2.5}^{+4.1}$ d, eccentricity $e_{\rm c}$ = 0.34$_{-0.06}^{+0.05}$ and minimum mass $m_{\rm c} \sin i$ = 68.1$_{-2.2}^{+4.9}M_\oplus$. Conclusions: The CARMENES optical radial velocities have similar precision and overall scatter when compared to the Doppler measurements conducted with HARPS and HIRES. We conclude that CARMENES is an instrument that is up to the challenge of discovering rocky planets around low-mass stars., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A, 24 pages, 16 figures, 14 tables

Published
2017
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22. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Blanco-Pozo, J., primary, Perger, M., additional, Damasso, M., additional, Anglada Escudé, G., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kaur, S., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Sozzetti, A., additional, Viganò, D., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Andreuzzi, G., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Brown, E. L., additional, Del Sordo, F., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lanza, A. F., additional, Melis, A., additional, Molinari, E., additional, Montes, D., additional, Murgia, M., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Peña-Moñino, L., additional, Perrodin, D., additional, Pilia, M., additional, Poretti, E., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional

Published
2023
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23. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Kossakowski, D., primary, Kürster, M., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Burn, R., additional, Sabotta, S., additional, Crouse, J. S., additional, Fauchez, T. J., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, González-Álvarez, E., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Bastelberger, S. T., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kopparapu, R., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Martín-Ruiz, S., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Perger, M., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Rodríguez López, C., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Shields, A., additional, Stock, S., additional, Wolf, E., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional

Published
2023
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24. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Ribas, I., primary, Reiners, A., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Sabotta, S., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Abril, M., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Barrado, D., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Benítez de Haro, D., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Bluhm, P., additional, Calvo Ortega, R., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cont, D., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Díez-Alonso, E., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Duque-Arribas, C., additional, Espinoza, N., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, García-López, A., additional, González-Álvarez, E., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, de Guindos, E., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Hintz, D., additional, Huelmo, Á. L., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Johnson, E. N., additional, de Juan, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Khaimova, J., additional, Khalafinejad, S., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Labarga, F., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lalitha, S., additional, Lampón, M., additional, Lillo-Box, J., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, López González, M. J., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, Luque, R., additional, Magán, H., additional, Mancini, L., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Martín, E. L., additional, Martín-Ruiz, S., additional, Molaverdikhani, K., additional, Montes, D., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Nortmann, L., additional, Nowak, G., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Perger, M., additional, Ramón-Ballesta, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Revilla, D., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Sadegi, S., additional, Sánchez Carrasco, M. Á., additional, Sánchez-López, A., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Schäfer, S., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Seifert, W., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Skrzypinski, S. L., additional, Solano, E., additional, Stahl, O., additional, Stangret, M., additional, Stock, S., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Vanaverbeke, S., additional, Yan, F., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional

Published
2023
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25. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Ribas, I, Reiners, A, Zechmeister, M, Caballero, Ja, Morales, Jc, Sabotta, S, Baroch, D, Amado, Pj, Quirrenbach, A, Abril, M, Aceituno, J, Anglada-Escudé, G, Azzaro, M, Barrado, D, Béjar, Vjs, Benítez de Haro, D, Bergond, G, Bluhm, P, Calvo Ortega, R, Cardona Guillén, C, Chaturvedi, P, Cifuentes, C, Colomé, J, Cont, D, Cortés-Contreras, M, Czesla, S, Díez-Alonso, E, Dreizler, S, Duque-Arribas, C, Espinoza, N, Fernández, M, Fuhrmeister, B, Galadí-Enríquez, D, García-López, A, González-Álvarez, E, González Hernández, Ji, Guenther, Ew, de Guindos, E, Hatzes, Ap, Henning, T, Herrero, E, Hintz, D, Huelmo, Al, Jeffers, Sv, Johnson, En, de Juan, E, Kaminski, A, Kemmer, J, Khaimova, J, Khalafinejad, S, Kossakowski, D, Kürster, M, Labarga, F, Lafarga, M, Lalitha, S, Lampón, M, Lillo-Box, J, Lodieu, N, López González, Mj, López-Puertas, M, Luque, R, Magán, H, Mancini, L, Marfil, E, Martín, El, Martín-Ruiz, S, Molaverdikhani, K, Montes, D, Nagel, E, Nortmann, L, Nowak, G, Pallé, E, Passegger, Vm, Pavlov, A, Pedraz, S, Perdelwitz, V, Perger, M, Ramón-Ballesta, A, Reffert, S, Revilla, D, Rodríguez, E, Rodríguez-López, C, Sadegi, S, Sánchez Carrasco, Ma, Sánchez-López, A, Sanz-Forcada, J, Schäfer, S, Schlecker, M, Schmitt, Jhmm, Schöfer, P, Schweitzer, A, Seifert, W, Shan, Y, Skrzypinski, Sl, Solano, E, Stahl, O, Stangret, M, Stock, S, Stürmer, J, Tabernero, Hm, Tal-Or, L, Trifonov, T, Vanaverbeke, S, Yan, F, and Zapatero Osorio, Mr

Subjects
Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, solar neighborhood, Settore FIS/05, stars: late-type, techniques: spectroscopic, astronomical databases: miscellaneous, planetary systems, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics
Published
2023

26. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Kossakowski, D., primary, Kürster, M., additional, Henning, Th, additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Bauer, F. F, additional, Stock, S., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Pérez-Torres, M., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Hatzes, A., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Montes, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Pena, L., additional, Perdelwitz, V., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Revilla, D., additional, Lopez, C. Rodriguez, additional, Rosich, A., additional, Sadegi, S., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional

Published
2022
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28. II. A test of internal stellar structure

Author

Claret, A., Giménez, A., Baroch, D., Morales, Juan Carlos, Anglada-Escudé, Guillem, Generalitat de Catalunya, and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España)

Subjects
rotation [Stars], Stars: evolution, Binaries: close, eclipsing [Binaries], Stars: rotation, interiors [Stars], Binaries: eclipsing, Stars: interiors, evolution [Stars], Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, close [Binaries]
Abstract

[Context] The measurement of apsidal motion rates in eccentric eclipsing binaries is a unique way to gain insight into the internal structure of stars through the internal density concentration parameter, k2. High-quality physical parameters of the stellar components, together with precise measurements of the advance of the periastron, are needed for the comparison with values derived from models. [Aims] As a product of the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) mission, high-precision light curves of a large number of eclipsing binaries are now available. Using a selection of well-studied, double-lined eccentric eclipsing binary systems, we aim to determine their apsidal motion rates and place constraints on the internal density concentration and compare with the predictions from state-of-the-art theoretical models. [Methods] We computed times of minimum light using the TESS light curves of 34 eclipsing binaries with precise absolute parameters. We used the changing difference over time between primary and secondary eclipse timings to determine the apsidal motion rate. To extend the time baseline, we combined the high-precision TESS timings with reliable archival data. On the other hand, for each component of our sample of double-lined eclipsing binaries, we computed grids of evolutionary stellar models for the observed stellar mass exploring ranges of values of the overshooting parameter fov, the mixing-length parameter, and the metallicity. To find the best solution for the two components we adopted a χ2 statistic to infer the optimal values of the overshooting parameter and the mixing-length parameter. The theoretical internal structure constants to be compared with the observed values were calculated by integrating the differential equations of Radau for each stellar model. [Results] We have determined the apsidal motion rate of 27 double-lined eclipsing binaries with precise physical parameters. The obtained values, corrected for their relativistic contribution, yield precise empirical parameters of the internal stellar density concentration. The comparison of these results with the predictions based on new theoretical models shows very good agreement. Small deviations are identified but remain within the observational uncertainties and the path for a refined comparison is indicated., The Spanish MEC (ESP2017-87676-C5-2-R, PID2019-107061GB-C64, and PID2019-109522GB-C52) is gratefully acknowledged for its support during the development of this work. A.C. also acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). D.B., I.R., and J.C.M. acknowledge support from The Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation and the European Regional Development Fund through grant PGC2018-098153-B-C33, from the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme, and from the Agància de Gestió d’Ajuts Uni-versitaris i de Recerca of the Generalitat de Catalunya.

Published
2021

30. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Baroch, D., primary, Morales, J. C., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Montes, D., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Perger, M., additional, Pollacco, D., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Shan, Y., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional

Published
2021
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32. Weighing stars from birth to death: mass determination methods across the HRD

Author

Serenelli, A., Weiss, A., Aerts, C., Angelou, G.C., Baroch, D., Bastian, N., Beck, P.G., Bergemann, M., Bestenlehner, J.M., Czekala, I., Elias-Rosa, N., Escorza, A., Eylen, V. Van, Feuillet, D.K., Gandolfi, D., Gieles, M., Girardi, L., Lebreton, Y., Lodieu, N., Martig, M., Miller Bertolami, M.M., Mombarg, J.S.G., Morales, J.C., Moya, A., Nsamba, B., Pavlovski, K., Pedersen, M.G., Ribas, I., Schneider, F.R.N., Silva Aguirre, V., Stassun, K.G., Tolstoy, E., Tremblay, P.-E., Zwintz, K., Serenelli, A., Weiss, A., Aerts, C., Angelou, G.C., Baroch, D., Bastian, N., Beck, P.G., Bergemann, M., Bestenlehner, J.M., Czekala, I., Elias-Rosa, N., Escorza, A., Eylen, V. Van, Feuillet, D.K., Gandolfi, D., Gieles, M., Girardi, L., Lebreton, Y., Lodieu, N., Martig, M., Miller Bertolami, M.M., Mombarg, J.S.G., Morales, J.C., Moya, A., Nsamba, B., Pavlovski, K., Pedersen, M.G., Ribas, I., Schneider, F.R.N., Silva Aguirre, V., Stassun, K.G., Tolstoy, E., Tremblay, P.-E., and Zwintz, K.

Abstract

Contains fulltext : 234292.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Contains fulltext : 234292pre.pdf (Author’s version preprint ) (Open Access)

Published
2021

34. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Baroch, D., primary, Morales, J. C., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Perger, M., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional

Published
2020
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35. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Lafarga, M., primary, Ribas, I., additional, Lovis, C., additional, Perger, M., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Alacid, J. M., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Henning, T., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Montes, D., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, and Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional

Published
2020
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36. A giant exoplanet orbiting a very-low-mass star challenges planet formation models

Author

Morales, J. C., primary, Mustill, A. J., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Davies, M. B., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, González-Cuesta, L., additional, Luque, R., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Perger, M., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Johansen, A., additional, Klahr, H., additional, Mordasini, C., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Hagen, H.-J., additional, Henning, T., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Seifert, W., additional, Abellán, F. J., additional, Abril, M., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Aceituno, F. J., additional, Alonso-Floriano, F. J., additional, Ammler-von Eiff, M., additional, Antona, R., additional, Arroyo-Torres, B., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Barrado, D., additional, Becerril-Jarque, S., additional, Benítez, D., additional, Berdiñas, Z. M., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Brinkmöller, M., additional, del Burgo, C., additional, Burn, R., additional, Calvo-Ortega, R., additional, Cano, J., additional, Cárdenas, M. C., additional, Guillén, C. Cardona, additional, Carro, J., additional, Casal, E., additional, Casanova, V., additional, Casasayas-Barris, N., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Claret, A., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Díez-Alonso, E., additional, Dorda, R., additional, Emsenhuber, A., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Fernández-Martín, A., additional, Ferro, I. M., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Cava, I. Gallardo, additional, Vargas, M. L. García, additional, Garcia-Piquer, A., additional, Gesa, L., additional, González-Álvarez, E., additional, Hernández, J. I. González, additional, González-Peinado, R., additional, Guàrdia, J., additional, Guijarro, A., additional, de Guindos, E., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Hauschildt, P. H., additional, Hedrosa, R. P., additional, Hermelo, I., additional, Arabi, R. Hernández, additional, Otero, F. Hernández, additional, Hintz, D., additional, Holgado, G., additional, Huber, A., additional, Huke, P., additional, Johnson, E. N., additional, de Juan, E., additional, Kehr, M., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Kim, M., additional, Klüter, J., additional, Klutsch, A., additional, Labarga, F., additional, Labiche, N., additional, Lalitha, S., additional, Lampón, M., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, Launhardt, R., additional, Lázaro, F. J., additional, Lizon, J.-L., additional, Llamas, M., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, López del Fresno, M., additional, Salas, J. F. López, additional, López-Santiago, J., additional, Madinabeitia, H. Magán, additional, Mall, U., additional, Mancini, L., additional, Mandel, H., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Molina, J. A. Marín, additional, Martín, E. L., additional, Martín-Fernández, P., additional, Martín-Ruiz, S., additional, Martínez-Rodríguez, H., additional, Marvin, C. J., additional, Mirabet, E., additional, Moya, A., additional, Naranjo, V., additional, Nelson, R. P., additional, Nortmann, L., additional, Nowak, G., additional, Ofir, A., additional, Pascual, J., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Medialdea, D. Pérez, additional, Pérez-Calpena, A., additional, Perryman, M. A. C., additional, Rabaza, O., additional, Ballesta, A. Ramón, additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Redondo, P., additional, Rix, H.-W., additional, Rodler, F., additional, Trinidad, A. Rodríguez, additional, Sabotta, S., additional, Sadegi, S., additional, Salz, M., additional, Sánchez-Blanco, E., additional, Carrasco, M. A. Sánchez, additional, Sánchez-López, A., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Sarkis, P., additional, Sarmiento, L. F., additional, Schäfer, S., additional, Schlecker, M., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Solano, E., additional, Sota, A., additional, Stahl, O., additional, Stock, S., additional, Stuber, T., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Suárez, J. C., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tulloch, S. M., additional, Veredas, G., additional, Vico-Linares, J. I., additional, Vilardell, F., additional, Wagner, K., additional, Winkler, J., additional, Wolthoff, V., additional, Yan, F., additional, and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, additional

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2019
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37. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Lalitha, S., primary, Baroch, D., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Oshagh, M., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, González-Cuesta, L., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Hagen, H.-J., additional, Henning, T., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Husser, T.-O., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Montes, D., additional, Perger, M., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional

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2019
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38. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Zechmeister, M., primary, Dreizler, S., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, González-Cuesta, L., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Lalitha, S., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Luque, R., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez López, C., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Abril, M., additional, Aceituno, F. J., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Alonso-Floriano, F. J., additional, Ammler-von Eiff, M., additional, Antona Jiménez, R., additional, Anwand-Heerwart, H., additional, Arroyo-Torres, B., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Barrado, D., additional, Becerril, S., additional, Benítez, D., additional, Berdiñas, Z. M., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Bluhm, P., additional, Brinkmöller, M., additional, del Burgo, C., additional, Calvo Ortega, R., additional, Cano, J., additional, Cardona Guillén, C., additional, Carro, J., additional, Cárdenas Vázquez, M. C., additional, Casal, E., additional, Casasayas-Barris, N., additional, Casanova, V., additional, Chaturvedi, P., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Claret, A., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Díez-Alonso, E., additional, Dorda, R., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Fernández-Martín, A., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Fukui, A., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Gallardo Cava, I., additional, Garcia de la Fuente, J., additional, Garcia-Piquer, A., additional, García Vargas, M. L., additional, Gesa, L., additional, Góngora Rueda, J., additional, González-Álvarez, E., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, González-Peinado, R., additional, Grözinger, U., additional, Guàrdia, J., additional, Guijarro, A., additional, de Guindos, E., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Hauschildt, P. H., additional, Hedrosa, R. P., additional, Helmling, J., additional, Henning, T., additional, Hermelo, I., additional, Hernández Arabi, R., additional, Hernández Castaño, L., additional, Hernández Otero, F., additional, Hintz, D., additional, Huke, P., additional, Huber, A., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Johnson, E. N., additional, de Juan, E., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kemmer, J., additional, Kim, M., additional, Klahr, H., additional, Klein, R., additional, Klüter, J., additional, Klutsch, A., additional, Kossakowski, D., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Labarga, F., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Llamas, M., additional, Lampón, M., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, Launhardt, R., additional, Lázaro, F. J., additional, Lodieu, N., additional, López del Fresno, M., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, López Salas, J. F., additional, López-Santiago, J., additional, Magán Madinabeitia, H., additional, Mall, U., additional, Mancini, L., additional, Mandel, H., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Marín Molina, J. A., additional, Maroto Fernández, D., additional, Martín, E. L., additional, Martín-Fernández, P., additional, Martín-Ruiz, S., additional, Marvin, C. J., additional, Mirabet, E., additional, Montañés-Rodríguez, P., additional, Montes, D., additional, Moreno-Raya, M. E., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Naranjo, V., additional, Narita, N., additional, Nortmann, L., additional, Nowak, G., additional, Ofir, A., additional, Oshagh, M., additional, Panduro, J., additional, Parviainen, H., additional, Pascual, J., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Pérez-Calpena, A., additional, Pérez Medialdea, D., additional, Perger, M., additional, Perryman, M. A. C., additional, Rabaza, O., additional, Ramón Ballesta, A., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Redondo, P., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reinhardt, S., additional, Rhode, P., additional, Rix, H.-W., additional, Rodler, F., additional, Rodríguez Trinidad, A., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Sadegi, S., additional, Sánchez-Blanco, E., additional, Sánchez Carrasco, M. A., additional, Sánchez-López, A., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Sarkis, P., additional, Sarmiento, L. F., additional, Schäfer, S., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Seifert, W., additional, Shulyak, D., additional, Solano, E., additional, Sota, A., additional, Stahl, O., additional, Stock, S., additional, Strachan, J. B. P., additional, Stuber, T., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Suárez, J. C., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tala Pinto, M., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Veredas, G., additional, Vico Linares, J. I., additional, Vilardell, F., additional, Wagner, K., additional, Wolthoff, V., additional, Xu, W., additional, Yan, F., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional

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2019
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39. Gliese 49: activity evolution and detection of a super-Earth

Author

Perger, M., primary, Scandariato, G., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Affer, L., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Barrado, D., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Damasso, M., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, González-Cuesta, L., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Henning, T., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Leto, G., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, Maldonado, J., additional, Micela, G., additional, Montes, D., additional, Pinamonti, M., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Sozzetti, A., additional, Suárez Mascareño, A., additional, Toledo-Padrón, B., additional, Zanmar Sánchez, R., additional, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional, and Zechmeister, M., additional

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2019
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40. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Baroch, D., primary, Morales, J. C., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Lalitha, S., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Díez-Alonso, E., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Hagen, H.-J., additional, Henning, T., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Montes, D., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Perger, M., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, and Seifert, W., additional

Published
2018
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41. CARMENES: high-resolution spectra and precise radial velocities in the red and infrared

Author

Quirrenbach, Andreas, primary, Amado, P. J., primary, Ribas, I., primary, Caballero, J. A., primary, Seifert, W., primary, Aceituno, J., primary, Azzaro, M., primary, Barrado, D., primary, Becerril, S., primary, Bèjar, V. J. S., primary, Benítez, D., primary, Brinkmöller, M., primary, Colomé, J., primary, Cortés-Contreras, M., primary, Czesla, S., primary, Frölich, K., primary, Galadí-Enríquez, D., primary, González Hernández, J. I., primary, González Peinado, R., primary, Guenther, E. W., primary, de Guindos, E., primary, Hagen, H.-J., primary, Henning, Th., primary, Hernández Castaño, L., primary, Herrero, E., primary, Hintz, D., primary, Jeffers, S. V., primary, Kaminski, A., primary, Klahr, H., primary, Marfil, E. G., primary, Martín, E. L., primary, Martín-Ruiz, S., primary, Mathar, R. J., primary, Montes, D., primary, Morales, J. C., primary, Nagel, E., primary, Pallé, E., primary, Pérez-Medialdea, D., primary, Perger, M., primary, Rebolo, R., primary, Reffert, S., primary, Rosich, A., primary, Sabotta, S., primary, Schäfer, S., primary, Schiller, J., primary, Schweitzer, A., primary, Solano, E., primary, Stahl, O., primary, Tala Pinto, M., primary, Trifonov, T., primary, Yan, F., primary, Zechmeister, M., primary, Abellán, F. J., primary, Abril, M., primary, Alonso-Floriano, F. J., primary, Ammler-von Eiff, M., primary, Anglada-Escudé, G., primary, Anwand-Heerwart, H., primary, Berdiñas, Z. M., primary, Bergondy, D., primary, del Burgo, C., primary, Cárdenas, M. C., primary, Casal, E., primary, Claret, A., primary, Ferro, I. M., primary, Gálvez-Ortiz, M. C., primary, Gesa, L., primary, Gómez Galera, V., primary, Guijarro, A., primary, Hedrosa, R. P., primary, Hermann, D., primary, Hermelo, I., primary, Hernández Arabí, R., primary, Hidalgo, D., primary, Huber, A., primary, Huber, K., primary, Kehr, M., primary, Klein, R., primary, Klüter, J., primary, Klutsch, A., primary, Labarga, F., primary, Labiche, N., primary, Lamert, A., primary, Lemke, U., primary, Lenzen, R., primary, Lizon, J.-L., primary, Lodieu, N., primary, López-Morales, M., primary, López Salas, J. F., primary, López-Santiago, J., primary, Martínez-Rodríguez, H., primary, Maroto Fernández, D., primary, Marvin, C. J., primary, Mirabet, E., primary, Moreno-Raya, M. E., primary, Moya, A., primary, Naranjo, V., primary, Pascual, J., primary, Pérez-Calpena, A., primary, Perryman, M. A. C., primary, Rohloff, R.-R., primary, Sánchez Carrasco, M. A., primary, Schmidt, C., primary, Strachan, J. B. P., primary, Tal-Or, L., primary, Tulloch, S. M., primary, Veredas, G., primary, Vilardell, F., primary, Wagner, K., primary, Zhao, Z., primary, Reiners, A., primary, Baroch, D., primary, Bauer, F., primary, Cardona Guillén, C., primary, Cifuentes, C., primary, Dreizler, S., primary, Fuhrmeister, B., primary, Hatzes, A. P., primary, Hauschildt, P. H., primary, Helmling, J., primary, Herbort, O., primary, Johnson, E. N., primary, de Juan, E., primary, Kürster, M., primary, Lafarga, M., primary, Sairam, L., primary, Lampón, M., primary, Lara, L. M., primary, Launhardt, R., primary, López del Fresno, M., primary, López-Puertas, M., primary, Luque, R., primary, Mandel, H., primary, Nortmann, L., primary, Nowak, G., primary, Passegger, V.-M., primary, Pavlov, A., primary, Pedraz, S., primary, Rodríguez, E., primary, Rodríguez López, C., primary, Sadegi, S., primary, Salz, M., primary, Sánchez-López, A., primary, Sanz-Forcada, J., primary, Sarkis, P., primary, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., primary, Schöfer, P., primary, Shulyak, D., primary, Zapatero Osorio, M. R., primary, Arroyo-Torres, B., primary, Blümcke, M., primary, Cano, J., primary, Carro, J., primary, Díez-Alonso, E., primary, Doellinger, M., primary, Dorda, R., primary, Feiz, C., primary, Fernández, M., primary, Gaisné, G., primary, Gallardo, I., primary, García-Piquer, A., primary, García-Vargas, M. L., primary, Garrido, R., primary, González-Álvarez, E., primary, González-Cuesta, L., primary, Grohnert, S., primary, Grözinger, U., primary, Guàrdia, J., primary, Hernández Hernando, F., primary, Holgado, G., primary, Huke, P., primary, Kim, M., primary, Laun, W., primary, Lázaro, F. J., primary, Llamas, M., primary, López González, M. J., primary, Magán Madinabeitia, H., primary, Mall, U., primary, Mancini, L., primary, Marín Molina, J. A., primary, Mundt, R., primary, Panduro, J., primary, Pluto, M., primary, Ramón, A., primary, Redondo, P., primary, Reinhart, S., primary, Rhode, P., primary, Rix, H.-W., primary, Rodler, F., primary, Sánchez-Blanco, E., primary, Sarmiento, L. F., primary, Storz, C., primary, Stürmer, J., primary, Suárez, J. C., primary, Tabernero, H. M., primary, Ulbrich, R.-G., primary, Vico Linares, J. L., primary, Vidal-Dasilva, M., primary, Winkler, J., primary, Wolthoff, V., primary, and Xu, W., primary

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2018
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42. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Reiners, A., primary, Zechmeister, M., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Seifert, W., additional, Abril, M., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Alonso-Floriano, F. J., additional, Ammler-von Eiff, M., additional, Antona, R., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, Anwand-Heerwart, H., additional, Arroyo-Torres, B., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Barrado, D., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Becerril, S., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Benítez, D., additional, Berdinas̃, Z. M., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Blümcke, M., additional, Brinkmöller, M., additional, del Burgo, C., additional, Cano, J., additional, Cárdenas Vázquez, M. C., additional, Casal, E., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Claret, A., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Díez-Alonso, E., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Feiz, C., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Ferro, I. M., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Garcia-Piquer, A., additional, García Vargas, M. L., additional, Gesa, L., additional, Gómez Galera, V., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, González-Peinado, R., additional, Grözinger, U., additional, Grohnert, S., additional, Guàrdia, J., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Guijarro, A., additional, de Guindos, E., additional, Gutiérrez-Soto, J., additional, Hagen, H.-J., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Hauschildt, P. H., additional, Hedrosa, R. P., additional, Helmling, J., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Hermelo, I., additional, Hernández Arabí, R., additional, Hernández Castaño, L., additional, Hernández Hernando, F., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Huber, A., additional, Huke, P., additional, Johnson, E. N., additional, de Juan, E., additional, Kim, M., additional, Klein, R., additional, Klüter, J., additional, Klutsch, A., additional, Kürster, M., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lamert, A., additional, Lampón, M., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, Laun, W., additional, Lemke, U., additional, Lenzen, R., additional, Launhardt, R., additional, López del Fresno, M., additional, López-González, J., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, López Salas, J. F., additional, López-Santiago, J., additional, Luque, R., additional, Magán Madinabeitia, H., additional, Mall, U., additional, Mancini, L., additional, Mandel, H., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Marín Molina, J. A., additional, Maroto Fernández, D., additional, Martín, E. L., additional, Martín-Ruiz, S., additional, Marvin, C. J., additional, Mathar, R. J., additional, Mirabet, E., additional, Montes, D., additional, Moreno-Raya, M. E., additional, Moya, A., additional, Mundt, R., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Naranjo, V., additional, Nortmann, L., additional, Nowak, G., additional, Ofir, A., additional, Oreiro, R., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Panduro, J., additional, Pascual, J., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Pérez-Calpena, A., additional, Pérez Medialdea, D., additional, Perger, M., additional, Perryman, M. A. C., additional, Pluto, M., additional, Rabaza, O., additional, Ramón, A., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Redondo, P., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Reinhart, S., additional, Rhode, P., additional, Rix, H.-W., additional, Rodler, F., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, Rodríguez Trinidad, A., additional, Rohloff, R.-R., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Sadegi, S., additional, Sánchez-Blanco, E., additional, Sánchez Carrasco, M. A., additional, Sánchez-López, A., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Sarkis, P., additional, Sarmiento, L. F., additional, Schäfer, S., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Schiller, J., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Solano, E., additional, Stahl, O., additional, Strachan, J. B. P., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Suárez, J. C., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tala, M., additional, Trifonov, T., additional, Tulloch, S. M., additional, Ulbrich, R. G., additional, Veredas, G., additional, Vico Linares, J. I., additional, Vilardell, F., additional, Wagner, K., additional, Winkler, J., additional, Wolthoff, V., additional, Xu, W., additional, Yan, F., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional

Published
2018
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43. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Author

Trifonov, T., primary, Kürster, M., additional, Zechmeister, M., additional, Tal-Or, L., additional, Caballero, J. A., additional, Quirrenbach, A., additional, Amado, P. J., additional, Ribas, I., additional, Reiners, A., additional, Reffert, S., additional, Dreizler, S., additional, Hatzes, A. P., additional, Kaminski, A., additional, Launhardt, R., additional, Henning, Th., additional, Montes, D., additional, Béjar, V. J. S., additional, Mundt, R., additional, Pavlov, A., additional, Schmitt, J. H. M. M., additional, Seifert, W., additional, Morales, J. C., additional, Nowak, G., additional, Jeffers, S. V., additional, Rodríguez-López, C., additional, del Burgo, C., additional, Anglada-Escudé, G., additional, López-Santiago, J., additional, Mathar, R. J., additional, Ammler-von Eiff, M., additional, Guenther, E. W., additional, Barrado, D., additional, González Hernández, J. I., additional, Mancini, L., additional, Stürmer, J., additional, Abril, M., additional, Aceituno, J., additional, Alonso-Floriano, F. J., additional, Antona, R., additional, Anwand-Heerwart, H., additional, Arroyo-Torres, B., additional, Azzaro, M., additional, Baroch, D., additional, Bauer, F. F., additional, Becerril, S., additional, Benítez, D., additional, Berdiñas, Z. M., additional, Bergond, G., additional, Blümcke, M., additional, Brinkmöller, M., additional, Cano, J., additional, Cárdenas Vázquez, M. C., additional, Casal, E., additional, Cifuentes, C., additional, Claret, A., additional, Colomé, J., additional, Cortés-Contreras, M., additional, Czesla, S., additional, Díez-Alonso, E., additional, Feiz, C., additional, Fernández, M., additional, Ferro, I. M., additional, Fuhrmeister, B., additional, Galadí-Enríquez, D., additional, Garcia-Piquer, A., additional, García Vargas, M. L., additional, Gesa, L., additional, Gómez Galera, V., additional, González-Peinado, R., additional, Grözinger, U., additional, Grohnert, S., additional, Guàrdia, J., additional, Guijarro, A., additional, de Guindos, E., additional, Gutiérrez-Soto, J., additional, Hagen, H.-J., additional, Hauschildt, P. H., additional, Hedrosa, R. P., additional, Helmling, J., additional, Hermelo, I., additional, Hernández Arabí, R., additional, Hernández Castaño, L., additional, Hernández Hernando, F., additional, Herrero, E., additional, Huber, A., additional, Huke, P., additional, Johnson, E., additional, de Juan, E., additional, Kim, M., additional, Klein, R., additional, Klüter, J., additional, Klutsch, A., additional, Lafarga, M., additional, Lampón, M., additional, Lara, L. M., additional, Laun, W., additional, Lemke, U., additional, Lenzen, R., additional, López del Fresno, M., additional, López-González, M. J., additional, López-Puertas, M., additional, López Salas, J. F., additional, Luque, R., additional, Magán Madinabeitia, H., additional, Mall, U., additional, Mandel, H., additional, Marfil, E., additional, Marín Molina, J. A., additional, Maroto Fernández, D., additional, Martín, E. L., additional, Martín-Ruiz, S., additional, Marvin, C. J., additional, Mirabet, E., additional, Moya, A., additional, Moreno-Raya, M. E., additional, Nagel, E., additional, Naranjo, V., additional, Nortmann, L., additional, Ofir, A., additional, Oreiro, R., additional, Pallé, E., additional, Panduro, J., additional, Pascual, J., additional, Passegger, V. M., additional, Pedraz, S., additional, Pérez-Calpena, A., additional, Pérez Medialdea, D., additional, Perger, M., additional, Perryman, M. A. C., additional, Pluto, M., additional, Rabaza, O., additional, Ramón, A., additional, Rebolo, R., additional, Redondo, P., additional, Reinhardt, S., additional, Rhode, P., additional, Rix, H.-W., additional, Rodler, F., additional, Rodríguez, E., additional, Rodríguez Trinidad, A., additional, Rohloff, R.-R., additional, Rosich, A., additional, Sadegi, S., additional, Sánchez-Blanco, E., additional, Sánchez Carrasco, M. A., additional, Sánchez-López, A., additional, Sanz-Forcada, J., additional, Sarkis, P., additional, Sarmiento, L. F., additional, Schäfer, S., additional, Schiller, J., additional, Schöfer, P., additional, Schweitzer, A., additional, Solano, E., additional, Stahl, O., additional, Strachan, J. B. P., additional, Suárez, J. C., additional, Tabernero, H. M., additional, Tala, M., additional, Tulloch, S. M., additional, Veredas, G., additional, Vico Linares, J. I., additional, Vilardell, F., additional, Wagner, K., additional, Winkler, J., additional, Wolthoff, V., additional, Xu, W., additional, Yan, F., additional, and Zapatero Osorio, M. R., additional

Published
2018
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45. CARMENES: high-resolution spectra and precise radial velocities in the red and infrared

Author

Evans, Christopher J., Simard, Luc, Takami, Hideki, Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Seifert, W., Aceituno, J., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Bauer, F., Becerril, S., Bèjar, V. J. S., Benítez, D., Brinkmöller, M., Cardona Guillén, C., Cifuentes, C., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Dreizler, S., Frölich, K., Fuhrmeister, B., Galadí-Enríquez, D., González Hernández, J. I., González Peinado, R., Guenther, E. W., de Guindos, E., Hagen, H.-J., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Helmling, J., Henning, Th., Herbort, O., Hernández Castaño, L., Herrero, E., Hintz, D., Jeffers, S. V., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kaminski, A., Klahr, H., Kürster, M., Lafarga, M., Sairam, L., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Launhardt, R., López del Fresno, M., López-Puertas, M., Luque, R., Mandel, H., Marfil, E. G., Martín, E. L., Martín-Ruiz, S., Mathar, R. J., Montes, D., Morales, J. C., Nagel, E., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Pallé, E., Passegger, V.-M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Medialdea, D., Perger, M., Rebolo, R., Reffert, S., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez López, C., Rosich, A., Sabotta, S., Sadegi, S., Salz, M., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Schäfer, S., Schiller, J., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Shulyak, D., Solano, E., Stahl, O., Tala Pinto, M., Trifonov, T., Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Yan, F., Zechmeister, M., Abellán, F. J., Abril, M., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Anglada-Escudé, G., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergondy, G., Blümcke, M., del Burgo, C., Cano, J., Carro, J., Cárdenas, M. C., Casal, E., Claret, A., Díez-Alonso, E., Doellinger, M., Dorda, R., Feiz, C., Fernández, M., Ferro, I. M., Gaisné, G., Gallardo, I., Gálvez-Ortiz, M. C., García-Piquer, A., García-Vargas, M. L., Garrido, R., Gesa, L., Gómez Galera, V., González-Álvarez, E., González-Cuesta, L., Grohnert, S., Grözinger, U., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., Hedrosa, R. P., Hermann, D., Hermelo, I., Hernández Arabí, R., Hernández Hernando, F., Hidalgo, D., Holgado, G., Huber, A., Huber, K., Huke, P., Kehr, M., Kim, M., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Labarga, F., Labiche, N., Lamert, A., Laun, W., Lázaro, F. J., Lemke, U., Lenzen, R., Llamas, M., Lizon, J.-L., Lodieu, N., López González, M. J., López-Morales, M., López Salas, J. F., López-Santiago, J., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Mall, U., Mancini, L., Marín Molina, J. A., Martínez-Rodríguez, H., Maroto Fernández, D., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Moya, A., Mundt, R., Naranjo, V., Panduro, J., Pascual, J., Pérez-Calpena, A., Perryman, M. A. C., Pluto, M., Ramón, A., Redondo, P., Reinhart, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Rodler, F., Rohloff, R.-R., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sánchez Carrasco, M. A., Sarmiento, L. F., Schmidt, C., Storz, C., Strachan, J. B. P., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tal-Or, L., Tulloch, S. M., Ulbrich, R.-G., Veredas, G., Vico Linares, J. L., Vidal-Dasilva, M., Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Winkler, J., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., and Zhao, Z.

Published
2018
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46. Two temperate Earth-mass planet candidates around Teegarden’s Star

Author

Zechmeister, M., Dreizler, S., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., Caballero, J. A., Bauer, F. F., Béjar, V. J. S., González-Cuesta, L., Herrero, E., Lalitha, S., López-González, M. J., Luque, R., Morales, J. C., Pallé, E., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez López, C., Tal-Or, L., Anglada-Escudé, G., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Abril, M., Aceituno, F. J., Aceituno, J., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Ammler-von Eiff, M., Antona Jiménez, R., Anwand-Heerwart, H., Arroyo-Torres, B., Azzaro, M., Baroch, D., Barrado, D., Becerril, S., Benítez, D., Berdiñas, Z. M., Bergond, G., Bluhm, P., Brinkmöller, M., del Burgo, C., Calvo Ortega, R., Cano, J., Cardona Guillén, C., Carro, J., Cárdenas Vázquez, M. C., Casal, E., Casasayas-Barris, N., Casanova, V., Chaturvedi, P., Cifuentes, C., Claret, A., Colomé, J., Cortés-Contreras, M., Czesla, S., Díez-Alonso, E., Dorda, R., Fernández, M., Fernández-Martín, A., Fuhrmeister, B., Fukui, A., Galadí-Enríquez, D., Gallardo Cava, I., Garcia de la Fuente, J., Garcia-Piquer, A., García Vargas, M. L., Gesa, L., Góngora Rueda, J., González-Álvarez, E., González Hernández, J. I., González-Peinado, R., Grözinger, U., Guàrdia, J., Guijarro, A., de Guindos, E., Hatzes, A. P., Hauschildt, P. H., Hedrosa, R. P., Helmling, J., Henning, T., Hermelo, I., Hernández Arabi, R., Hernández Castaño, L., Hernández Otero, F., Hintz, D., Huke, P., Huber, A., Jeffers, S. V., Johnson, E. N., de Juan, E., Kaminski, A., Kemmer, J., Kim, M., Klahr, H., Klein, R., Klüter, J., Klutsch, A., Kossakowski, D., Kürster, M., Labarga, F., Lafarga, M., Llamas, M., Lampón, M., Lara, L. M., Launhardt, R., Lázaro, F. J., Lodieu, N., López del Fresno, M., López-Puertas, M., López Salas, J. F., López-Santiago, J., Magán Madinabeitia, H., Mall, U., Mancini, L., Mandel, H., Marfil, E., Marín Molina, J. A., Maroto Fernández, D., Martín, E. L., Martín-Fernández, P., Martín-Ruiz, S., Marvin, C. J., Mirabet, E., Montañés-Rodríguez, P., Montes, D., Moreno-Raya, M. E., Nagel, E., Naranjo, V., Narita, N., Nortmann, L., Nowak, G., Ofir, A., Oshagh, M., Panduro, J., Parviainen, H., Pascual, J., Passegger, V. M., Pavlov, A., Pedraz, S., Pérez-Calpena, A., Pérez Medialdea, D., Perger, M., Perryman, M. A. C., Rabaza, O., Ramón Ballesta, A., Rebolo, R., Redondo, P., Reffert, S., Reinhardt, S., Rhode, P., Rix, H.-W., Rodler, F., Rodríguez Trinidad, A., Rosich, A., Sadegi, S., Sánchez-Blanco, E., Sánchez Carrasco, M. A., Sánchez-López, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Sarkis, P., Sarmiento, L. F., Schäfer, S., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Schöfer, P., Schweitzer, A., Seifert, W., Shulyak, D., Solano, E., Sota, A., Stahl, O., Stock, S., Strachan, J. B. P., Stuber, T., Stürmer, J., Suárez, J. C., Tabernero, H. M., Tala Pinto, M., Trifonov, T., Veredas, G., Vico Linares, J. I., Vilardell, F., Wagner, K., Wolthoff, V., Xu, W., Yan, F., and Zapatero Osorio, M. R.

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47. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs: Convective shift and starspot constraints from chromatic radial velocities

Author

A. Kaminski, F. F. Bauer, M. Perger, Andreas Schweitzer, D. Galadí-Enríquez, Ansgar Reiners, A. Rosich, Artie P. Hatzes, Ignasi Ribas, D. Montes, Mathias Zechmeister, Carlos Cifuentes, M. Cortés-Contreras, J. A. Caballero, Martin Kürster, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, P. J. Amado, M. Lafarga, J. Colomé, Juan Carlos Morales, V. M. Passegger, S. V. Jeffers, Th. Henning, Andreas Quirrenbach, D. Baroch, Stefan Dreizler, Cristina Rodríguez-López, Víctor J. S. Béjar, Enrique Herrero, German Research Foundation, Max Planck Society, European Commission, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España), Thuringian Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Klaus Tschira Foundation, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Junta de Andalucía, European Research Council, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Generalitat de Catalunya, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFÍSICA DE CANARIAS (IAC), SEV-2015-0548, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709, Baroch, D. [0000-0001-7568-5161], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Union through FEDER/ERF, FICTS-2011-02 AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P PGC2018-098153-B-C33 BES-2017-080769, German Research Foundation (DFG), FOR2544, Centro de Excelencia Científica Severo Ochoa Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía CSIC, SEV-2015-0548 SEV-2017-0709, and National Aeronautics & Space Administration (NASA), NNX17AG24G

Subjects
Stars: activity, Astrofísica, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, Context (language use), Astrophysics, Convection, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, late type [Stars], 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Stars: late-Type, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), radial velocities [Techniques], Starspot, Astronomy and Astrophysics, late-Type [Stars], Light curve, Exoplanet, Redshift, Blueshift, Starspots, Radial velocity, Astronomía, Stars, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, Techniques: radial velocities, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, activity [Stars], Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context. Variability caused by stellar activity represents a challenge to the discovery and characterization of terrestrial exoplanets and complicates the interpretation of atmospheric planetary signals. Aims. We aim to use a detailed modeling tool to reproduce the effect of active regions on radial velocity measurements, which aids the identification of the key parameters that have an impact on the induced variability. Methods. We analyzed the effect of stellar activity on radial velocities as a function of wavelength by simulating the impact of the properties of spots, shifts induced by convective motions, and rotation. We focused our modeling effort on the active star YZ CMi (GJ 285), which was photometrically and spectroscopically monitored with CARMENES and the Telescopi Joan Oró. Results. We demonstrate that radial velocity curves at different wavelengths yield determinations of key properties of active regions, including spot-filling factor, temperature contrast, and location, thus solving the degeneracy between them. Most notably, our model is also sensitive to convective motions. Results indicate a reduced convective shift for M dwarfs when compared to solar-Type stars (in agreement with theoretical extrapolations) and points to a small global convective redshift instead of blueshift. Conclusions. Using a novel approach based on simultaneous chromatic radial velocities and light curves, we can set strong constraints on stellar activity, including an elusive parameter such as the net convective motion effect. © ESO 2020., Based on observations collected at the Centro Astronomico Hispano Aleman (CAHA) at Calar Alto, operated jointly by the Junta de Andalucia and the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC). CARMENES is funded by the German Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Spanish Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), the European Union through FEDER/ERF FICTS-2011-02 funds, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Insitut fur Astrophysik Gottingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiologia and Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman), with additional contributions by the Spanish Ministry of Economy, the German Science Foundation through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and DFG Research Unit FOR2544 "Blue Planets around Red Stars", the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucia. We acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and the European FEDER/ERF funds through projects AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, BES-2017-080769 and the Centre of Excellence "Severo Ochoa" and "Maria de Maeztu" awards to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (SEV-2015-0548), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709), and Centro de Astrobiologia (MDM-2017-0737), the Secretaria d'Universitats i Recerca del Departament d'Empresa i Coneixement de la Generalitat de Catalunya and the Agencia de Gestio d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca of the Generalitat de Catalunya, with additional funding from the European FEDER/ERF funds, L'FSE inverteix en el teu futur, the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme, and from NASA Grant NNX17AG24G. This work makes use of data from the 80 cm Telescopi Joan Oro (TJO) of the Montsec Astronomical Observatory (OAdM), owned by the Generalitat de Catalunya and operated by the Institut d'Estudis Espacials de Catalunya (IEEC), and includes data collected by the TESS mission. Funding for the TESS mission is provided by the NASA Explorer Program.

Published
2020

48. A giant exoplanet orbiting a very-low-mass star challenges planet formation models

Author

Jesus M. Carro, A. Guijarro, F. Hernández Otero, Javier López-Santiago, E. Mirabet, Eduardo L. Martín, Hugo M. Tabernero, H. Martínez-Rodríguez, Antonio Claret, Martin Kürster, Florian Rodler, Birgit Fuhrmeister, M. Llamas, Z. M. Berdiñas, Thomas Henning, A. Rosich, Otmar Stahl, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Luigi Mancini, E. W. Guenther, P. Huke, L. González-Cuesta, Ralf Launhardt, F. F. Bauer, Ignasi Ribas, D. Baroch, E. N. Johnson, M. Lafarga, Grzegorz Nowak, Priyanka Chaturvedi, M. Ammler-von Eiff, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, V. Wolthoff, E. Rodriguez, L. F. Sarmiento, E. Sánchez-Blanco, Luisa Lara, C. del Burgo, M. López del Fresno, Artie P. Hatzes, S. Lalitha, M. Kehr, Simon Tulloch, F. J. Lázaro, D. Montes, J. Klüter, Melvyn B. Davies, F. J. Aceituno, S. Martin-Ruiz, R. González-Peinado, Juan Luis Cano, Francesc Vilardell, Aviv Ofir, F. J. Abellán, J. Colomé, C. Cardona Guillén, Mathias Zechmeister, Urs Mall, D. Hintz, Richard P. Nelson, I. M. Ferro, V. M. Passegger, M. Cortés-Contreras, P. Martín-Fernández, M. Brinkmöller, Evangelos Nagel, Michael Perryman, Ovidio Rabaza, Jose Antonio Pascual, A. Kaminski, M. Perger, Gilles Bergond, D. Pérez Medialdea, Remo Burn, J. I. González Hernández, B. Arroyo-Torres, Rafael Luque, Martin Schlecker, Armin Huber, A. Fernández-Martín, M. J. López-González, S. Sabotta, G. Veredas, A. Ramón Ballesta, E. González-Álvarez, Fei Yan, Holger Mandel, J. Kemmer, J. I. Vico-Linares, S. Becerril-Jarque, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Paula Sarkis, R. P. Hedrosa, Rafael Rebolo, J. Stürmer, A. Sánchez-López, Trifon Trifonov, F. Labarga, Jürgen H. M. M. Schmitt, Núria Casasayas-Barris, Alexandre Emsenhuber, Sebastian Schafer, J. A. Marín Molina, Alexander J. Mustill, Anders Johansen, H. Magán Madinabeitia, Hubert Klahr, F. J. Alonso-Floriano, S. V. Jeffers, I. Gallardo Cava, E. de Juan, Andreas Schweitzer, Peter H. Hauschildt, Ricardo Dorda, P. Redondo, M. Azzaro, M. Salz, M. Abril, Juan Carlos Suárez, Hans-Walter Rix, Carlos Cifuentes, Walter Seifert, M. L. García Vargas, Pedro J. Amado, J. Winkler, R. Hernández Arabí, S. Sadegi, I. Hermelo, A. Rodríguez Trinidad, G. Holgado, Karl Wagner, Vianak Naranjo, S. Czesla, M. Kim, D. Benítez, Sabine Reffert, A. Pavlov, Lluis Gesa, Nicolas Lodieu, Lisa Nortmann, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. Moya, Andreas Quirrenbach, Jose A. Caballero, J. Aceituno, Enrique Herrero, Juan Carlos Morales, E. Casal, Emilio Marfil, Enrique Solano, Diana Kossakowski, E. Díez-Alonso, J.-L. Lizon, J. F. López Salas, M. Lampón, M. C. Cárdenas, P. Schöfer, Ansgar Reiners, R. Calvo-Ortega, T. Stuber, R. Antona, A. Garcia-Piquer, Lev Tal-Or, N. Labiche, Alfredo Sota, Ana Pérez-Calpena, David Barrado, Enric Palle, Stefan Dreizler, Cristina Rodríguez-López, Víctor J. S. Béjar, S. Stock, M. Fernandez, Chris Mordasini, E. de Guindos, S. Pedraz, H.-J. Hagen, Jaime Guardia, A. Klutsch, M. A. Sánchez Carrasco, Christopher Marvin, V. Casanova, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709, Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X], Mustill, A. J. [0000-0002-2086-3642], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Davies, M. B. [0000-0001-6080-1190], Bauer, F. F. [0000-0003-1212-5225], Herrrero, E. [0000-0001-8602-6639], Rodríguez, E. [0000-0001-6827-9077], López González, M. J. [0000-0001-8104-5128], Rodríguez López, C. [0000-0001-5559-7850], Guenther, E. W. [0000-0002-9130-6747], López Santiago, J. [0000-0003-2402-8166], Kaminski, A. [0000-0003-0203-8208], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Baroch, D. [0000-0001-7568-5161], Alonso Floriano, F. J. [0000-0003-1202-5734], Ammler-von Eiff, M. [0000-0001-9565-1698], Anglada Escudé, G. [0000-0002-3645-5977], Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Becerril Jarque, S. [0000-0001-9009-1150], Díez Alonso, E. [0000-0002-5826-9892], Passegger, V. M. [0000-0002-8569-7243], Bergond, G. [0000-0003-3132-9215], Burn, R. [0000-0002-9020-7309], García Vargas, M. L. [0000-0002-2058-3528], Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040], Cano, J. [0000-0003-1984-5401], Cardona Guillén, C. [0000-0002-2198-4200], Carro, J. [0000-0002-0838-3603], Abellán, F. J. [0000-0002-5724-1636], Chaturvedi, P. [0000-0002-1887-1192], Sabotta, S. [0000-0001-9078-5574], Cifuentes, C. [0000-0003-1715-5087], Colomé, J. [0000-0002-1678-2241], Arroyo Torres, B. [0000-0002-3392-4694], Emsenhuber, A. [0000-0002-8811-1914], Fuhrmeister, B. [0000-0001-8321-5514], Berdiñas, Z. M. [0000-0002-6057-6461], González Álvarez, E. [0000-0002-4820-2053], González Hernández, J. I. [0000-0002-0264-7356], Calvo Ortega, R. [0000-0003-3693-6030], Guàrdia, J. [0000-0002-7191-9001], Guijarro, A. [0000-0001-5518-1759], Lara, L. M. [0000-0002-7184-920X], Casasayas Barris, N. [0000-0002-2891-8222], Hermelo, I. [0000-0001-9178-694X], Hintz, D. [0000-0002-5274-2589], López del Fresno, M. [0000-0002-9479-7780], Czesla, S. [0000-0002-4203-4773], Johnson, E. [0000-0003-2260-5134], De Juan Fernández, E. [0000-0002-9382-4505], Kehr, M. [0000-0002-7420-7368], Galadí Enríquez, D. [0000-0003-4946-5653], Klüter, J. [0000-0002-3469-5133], González Cuesta, L. [0000-0002-1241-5508], Klutsch, A. [0000-0001-7869-3888], Labarga, F. [0000-0002-7143-0206], González Peinado, R. [0000-0002-6658-8930], Launhardt, R. [0000-0002-8298-2663], Lizon, J. L. [0000-0001-8928-2566], De Guindos, E. [0000-0002-8124-9101], Magan Madinabeitia, H. [0000-0003-1243-4597], Manici, L. [0000-0002-9428-8732], Huke, P. [0000-0001-5913-2743], Marín Molina, J. A. [0000-0002-3525-0806], Martín, E. [0000-0002-1208-4833], Rabaza, O. [0000-0003-2766-2103], Kim, M. [0000-0001-6218-2004], Martínez Rodríguez, H. [0000-0002-1919-228X], Marvin, C. J. [0000-0002-2249-2611], Rodríguez Trinidad, A. [0000-0002-3356-8634], Lampón, M. [0000-0002-0183-7158], Naranjo, V. [0000-0003-0097-1061], Nelson, R. [0000-0002-9687-8779], Nortmann, L. [0000-0001-8419-8760], Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968], Ofir, A. [0000-0002-9152-5042], Aceituno, F. J. [0000-0001-8074-4760], Pascual Granado, J. [0000-0003-0139-6951], Pedraz, S. [0000-0003-1346-208X], Marfil, E. [0000-0001-8907-4775], Ramón Ballesta, A. [0000-0002-4323-0610], Redondo, P. G. [0000-0001-5992-5778], Martín Ruiz, S. [0000-0002-9006-7182], Sadegi, S. [0000-0001-9897-6121], Sánchez Carrasco, M. A. [0000-0001-5533-3660], Moya, A. [0000-0003-1665-5389], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Sarkis, P. [0000-0001-8128-3126], Vilardell, F. [0000-0003-0441-1504], Nowak, G. [0000-0002-7031-7754], Schäfer, S. [0000-0001-8597-8048], Schlecker, M. [0000-0001-8355-2107], Béjar, V. J. S. [0000-0002-5086-4232], Pérez Calpena, A. [0000-0001-7361-9240], Schöfer, P. [0000-0002-5969-3708], Solano, E. [0000-0003-1885-5130], Sota, A. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-6952], Rodler, F. [0000-0003-0650-5723], Stuber, T. [0000-0003-2185-0525], García Piquer, A. [0000-0002-6872-4262], Suárez, J. C. [0000-0003-3649-8384], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], Sánchez López, A. [0000-0002-0516-7956], Winkler, J. [0000-0003-0568-8820], Yan, F. [0000-0001-9585-9034], Sarmiento, L. F. [0000-0002-8475-9705], Luque, R. [0000-0002-4671-2957], Perger, M. [0000-0001-7098-0372], Schmitt, J. H. M. M. [0000-0003-2554-9916], Klahr, H. [0000-0002-8227-5467], Mordasini, C. [0000-0002-1013-2811], Aceituno, J. [0000-0003-0487-1105], Stock, S. [0000-0002-1166-9338], Cortés Contreras, M. [0000-0003-3734-9866], Lafarga, M. [0000-0002-8815-9416], Nagel, E. [0000-0002-4019-3631], Tulloch, S. [0000-0003-0840-8521], Reffert, S. [0000-0002-0460-8289], Rosich, A. [0000-0002-9141-3067], Trifonov, T. [0000-0002-0236-775X], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Israel Science Foundation (ISF), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), European Research Council (ERC), Generalitat de Catalunya, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Queen Mary University of London, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Israel Science Foundation, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), Swiss National Science Foundation, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Spanish Ministry for Science, Ramón y Cajal programa, Israel Science Foundation grant, CONICYT-FONDECYT/Chile Postdoctorado, Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-un Raumfahrt (DLR), Italian Minister of Instruction, Mexican national council for science and technology, Centro de Excelencia Científica Severo Ochoa Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía CSIC, German Science Foundation (DFG) Research Unit, Priority Programs SPP, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets, Swiss National Science Foundation under grant, Queen Mary University of London Scholarship and STFC, Spanish MCIU FPI-SO predoctoral contract, and European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gas giant, 530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Minimum mass, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Multidisciplinary, 520 Astronomy, Giant planet, Astronomy, Planetary system, 620 Engineering, Accretion (astrophysics), Exoplanet, Orbit, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Surveys have shown that super-Earth and Neptune-mass exoplanets are more frequent than gas giants around low-mass stars, as predicted by the core accretion theory of planet formation. We report the discovery of a giant planet around the very-low-mass star GJ 3512, as determined by optical and near-infrared radial-velocity observations. The planet has a minimum mass of 0.46 Jupiter masses, very high for such a small host star, and an eccentric 204-day orbit. Dynamical models show that the high eccentricity is most likely due to planet-planet interactions. We use simulations to demonstrate that the GJ 3512 planetary system challenges generally accepted formation theories, and that it puts constraints on the planet accretion and migration rates. Disk instabilities may be more efficient in forming planets than previously thought.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science, This research was supported by the following programs, grants, and fellowships: Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) ESP2014-54062-R, ESP2014-54362P, AYA2015-69350-C3-2-P, BES-2015-074542, AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P, ESP2016-76076-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, ESP2017-87143-R, ESP2017-87676-C05-02-R, ESP-2017-87676-2-2, RYC-2012-09913 (>Ramon y Cajal> program), and FPU15/01476; Israel Science Foundation grant 848/16, CONICYT-FONDECYT/Chile Postdoctorado 3180405; Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-un Raumfahrt (DLR) 50OW0204 and 50OO1501; Italian Minister of Instruction, University and Research (MIUR), FFABR 2017; University of Rome Tor Vergata, >Mission: Sustainability 2016> fund; European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program 694513; Mexican national council for science and technology CONACYT, CVU 448248; the >Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa> award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA program; Fondo Europeo de Desarollo Regional (FEDER); German Science Foundation (DFG) Research Unit FOR2544 >Blue Planets around Red Stars> and Priority Programs SPP 1833, >Building a Habitable Earth> and SPP 1992, >Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets> NSF grants PHY17-48958 and PHY-1607761; Swiss National Science Foundation under grant BSGIO_155816 >PlaneltsInTime' and within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS; Queen Mary University of London Scholarship and STFC Consolidated Grant ST/P000592/1; Spanish MCIU FPI-SO predoctoral contract BES-2017-082610 and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

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