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No one wants to question the scientific method, which is the method science uses to proceed and expand our knowledge of the reality. However, we can ask ourselves if scientific research has limits that we cannot overcome? In 1942, Julius Robert Oppenheimer, who ran the Manhattan project to develop the first atomic bomb, was the first to understand that the limits should not be overcome in scientific research. With the discovery of the molecular structure of the nucleic acid, and its meaning in the transmission of information in living beings, we have entered the knowledge of the "mysteries" of life. We have learned to read DNA, to write it and to modify it, cutting defective parts with the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. With genetic editing we can not only avoid many diseases, but also modify the DNA sequence in future generations. Have we reached a point where we must stop? Perhaps we must begin to consider that science must progress together with philosophical and ethical thought in the interest of the community. (Clinical_Management), No one wants to question the scientific method, which is the method science uses to proceed and expand our knowledge of the reality. However, we can ask ourselves if scientific research has limits that we cannot overcome? In 1942, Julius Robert Oppenheimer, who ran the Manhattan project to develop the first atomic bomb, was the first to understand that the limits should not be overcome in scientific research. With the discovery of the molecular structure of the nucleic acid, and its meaning in the transmission of information in living beings, we have entered the knowledge of the "mysteries" of life. We have learned to read DNA, to write it and to modify it, cutting defective parts with the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. With genetic editing we can not only avoid many diseases, but also modify the DNA sequence in future generations. Have we reached a point where we must stop? Perhaps we must begin to consider that science must progress together with philosophical and ethical thought in the interest of the community. (Clinical_Management)

The history of man and that of medicine are a compendium that links the past to the present with one main difference: the past has been characterized by a slow progression of the medical sciences that has necessarily taken long time to establish a solid foundation for our knowledge; instead, the present is characterized by a fast-paced progress of knowledge that uses innovative tools and methods. In the past, progress and knowledge have been linked to revolutionary scientists who, alone, anticipated and imagined the future. In the present, knowledge and progress are the result of large organizations, Universities, biotechnology laboratories, and the ability to study big data. But at the basis of medical training remain logical knowledge, probabilistic reasoning, in-depth study of the functioning of the human body and its alterations. Both past and present must always coexist in a doctor’s culture. (Clinical_Management), non disponibile (Clinical_Management)

The digital revolution, computer science and artificial intelligence are pervading all aspects of our lives. The world of health is no exception, starting with the digitization of images, through the collection of data from major clinical trials, up to the building of Big Data that contain the clinical histories of millions of patients. Then came cognitive computers and machine learning. Artificial intelligence has begun to occupy spaces previously occupied by doctors, with automatic reporting of radiographic images, support for diagnosis, quick database consultation with decision-making algorithms, and many other applications. At the same time, the reliability of these systems has improved. Like any change that alters old balances, this revolution must also be governed by the redefining of roles and priorities. The need is emerging for a new humanism that redefines the role of doctors in their relationship with patients. It will give patients the certainty that artificial intelligence, so important to health, will always remain within human decisions. (Clinical_Management), non disponibile (Clinical_Management)

During these years we face changes to which we were not prepared, despite these changes have already been addressed elsewhere. Health care costs are becoming progressively higher and somewhat unsustainable because demographic changes are leading to a gradual aging of our population, due to low birth rates and longer life expectancy. Increasingly, longer life is lived in solitude. Therefore, the higher amounts of resources invested do not match the desired health outcomes. The simultaneous aging of the population, the status of well-being that has eliminated many diseases, and a sedentary lifestyle that has brought others, have altogether increased the incidence of degenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as tumors, along with the conditions of obesity and diabetes. Consequently, more organs get sick simultaneously, for the same reasons, and for the same risk factors. Therefore, we need to start aggregating the several fragmented medical cultures as to put man at the centre of care. Thus, we should recognize that the organizational models must adapt to these epidemiological changes, and that these changes involve not only the professions, doctors and nurses, but also the roles, powers, responsibilities, and the way we work, not as individual actors, but as protagonists in the care of sick patients with multiple organs involved, and no longer treating a single diseased organ. (Clinical_Management), non disponibile (Clinical_Management)

During the last years we have been facing several changes to which we were not prepared, despite elsewhere these changes had already been addressed. Health care costs are becoming progressively higher and somewhat unsustainable due to demographic changes that are leading to a gradual aging of our population thanks to the low birth rates and longer life expectancy. Very often, however, longer life is lived in solitude. Therefore, the larger resources invested do not match the desired health outcomes. The aging of the population, the general well-being that has eradicated many diseases, and a sedentary lifestyle that has determined other conditions, all have increased degenerative and cardiovascular diseases, as well as tumors, along with the increasing incidence of obesity and diabetes. Therefore, more organs are simultaneously affected for the same reasons and by the same risk factors. Thus, we need to start aggregating the many fragmented medical cultures to put the human being at the centre of the health care system. Therefore, we should recognize that the organizational models must adapt to the epidemiological changes. These adaptations involve different professions, doctors, and nurses that need to change their role, power, and responsibilities, as well as the approach to their work. This requires them to work not as individual actors, but as protagonists in the care of sick patients, with multiple organs affected, and no longer as purely treating the diseased organs. (Clinical_Management), In questi anni ci troviamo di fronte a cambiamenti a cui non eravamo preparati, anche se, altrove, questi cambiamenti erano già stati affrontati. I costi sanitari stanno diventando progressivamente più alti e, per certi versi, insostenibili perché i cambiamenti demografici stanno portando a un progressivo invecchiamento della popolazione a causa di bassi tassi di natalità e dell'aspettativa di vita più lunga. Sempre più, però, la vita più lunga è vissuta in solitudine. A più risorse investite, quindi, non corrispondono i risultati di salute desiderati. L'invecchiamento della popolazione, il benessere che ha cancellato molte malattie e uno stile di vita sedentario che ne ha portato di nuove hanno aumentato sia le malattie degenerative che quelle cardiovascolari insieme ai tumori, con il collante di obesità e diabete. Per cui, più organi si ammalano, contemporaneamente, per gli stessi motivi e per gli stessi fattori di rischio. Quindi, bisogna iniziare ad aggregare culture mediche frammentate e a mettere l'uomo al centro delle cure. Dobbiamo riconoscere, dunque, che i modelli organizzativi devono adattarsi ai cambiamenti epidemiologici e che questi cambiamenti coinvolgono le professioni, medici e infermieri, cambiandone il ruolo, i poteri e le responsabilità e il modo di lavorare. Essi non dovranno più occuparsi solamente della cura degli organi ammalati, come hanno sempre fatto, ma sempre più dovranno prendersi cura di pazienti ammalati a più organi. (Clinical_Management)