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Este informe presenta un análisis de la conversación con contenido xenófobo en la red social Twitter, en cinco dimensiones de política pública: salud, educación, trabajo, seguridad y xenofobia, en donde los tomadores de decisión tienen influencia, con el fin de establecer unas recomendaciones puntuales para cinco ciudades del país: Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, Barranquilla y Cúcuta. Adicionalmente, se abordaron algunos problemas públicos que ocurren con el fenómeno migratorio y se propusieron algunas recomendaciones de política pública para atenderlos. Sumado a lo anterior, se plantearon dos secciones especiales, una enfocada al estudio de medios de comunicación y otra, al análisis de la taxonomía de la comunicación violenta y discurso de odio. Estas secciones especiales permitieron ampliar el análisis con el fin de contextualizar los resultados obtenidos de la minería de datos en las redes sociales. Finalmente, se generó un análisis de la conversación relacionada con migrantes venezolanos en la red social Facebook, que no había sido abordado por el Barómetro, a pesar de que esta red representa una gran posibilidad de generar estudios relevantes acerca del contenido de las publicaciones de los migrantes. En este sentido se propone un estudio de la conversación de los migrantes venezolanos en Facebook, con el objetivo de generar un análisis piloto que permita establecer pautas metodológicas para futuras investigaciones. This report presents an analysis of the conversation with xenophobic content on the social network Twitter, in five dimensions of public policy: health, education, work, security and xenophobia, where decision makers have influence, in order to establish recommendations for five cities of the country: Bogotá, Cali, Medellín, Barranquilla and Cúcuta. Additionally, some public problems that occur with the migratory phenomenon were addressed and some public policy recommendations were proposed to address them. In addition to the above, two special sections were proposed, one focused on the study of the media and the other on the analysis of the taxonomy of violent communication and hate speech. These special sections allowed to expand the analysis in order to contextualize the results obtained from data mining in social networks. Finally, an analysis of the conversation related to Venezuelan migrants in the social network Facebook was generated, which had not been addressed by the Barometer, despite the fact that this network represents a great possibility of generating relevant studies about the content of the publications of the migrants. In this sense, a study of the conversation of Venezuelan migrants on Facebook is proposed, with the aim of generating a pilot analysis that allows establishing methodological guidelines for future research. Maestría Facultad Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales::Magíster en Gerencia para el Desarrollo

En el presente documento se propone un estudio patológico del puente No. 15 - Caño Frutillo localizado en el corredor férreo Bogotá – Belencito, cuya tipología corresponde a una estructura mixta, las luces laterales son arcos en concreto simple, tímpanos en mampostería y la luz central son vigas metálicas de alma llena. Este puente goza de importancia estratégica por cuanto hace parte de un corredor que tuvo relevancia en el desarrollo del país, y que estuvo en funcionamiento hasta los años 90, transportando gran parte de las riquezas al centro y norte del país. En un primer lugar, se realizará diagnóstico del paciente evaluando cada uno de sus elementos por medio de ensayos apropiados, con el fin de determinar las causas de su patología y de esta forma poder proyectar una intervención adecuada para el tipo de construcción y la importancia que representa por su valor histórico. El corredor férreo actualmente está fuera de servicio, sin embargo se tiene proyectado rehabilitarlo y repotenciarlo, para su puesta en funcionamiento. Especialista en Patología de la construccion Especialización

Dietary intake of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) increases circulating and tissue levels of these substances, contributing to a state of increased oxidative stress and inflammation. A low dietary AGE intervention has been shown to reduce body AGE content. Mediterranean diets (MD) are theoretically considered low in AGEs, but the specific effects of a MD on AGEs serum levels has not been tested. Methodology: forty-seven overweight and obese premenopausal women underwent a three-month calorie restriction treatment (20 kcal / kg initial weight) with a Mediterranean-type diet that excluded wine intake. The adherence to the MD was assessed before and at the end of treatment using an on-line questionnaire, which scores from 0 to 14 (minimal to maximal adherence). Body composition, insulin resistance, lipoproteins and carboxymethyl- lisine (CML) serum levels were measured at both time periods. Serum CML was assessed through ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Compliance to calorie restriction was assessed according to weight loss (< or > 5 % initial weight). Results: mean body weight, body fat, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides and serum CML fell significantly, together with an increase in the Mediterranean score, although none of the patients reached the highest score. Significant changes in CML and insulin resistance were observed in 17 women classified as compliant to caloric restriction, but not in the 27 participants who were considered adherent to the MD (according to improvement of the Mediterranean Score).Conclusions: CML serum levels can be reduced through calorie restricted - Mediterranean-type diet. We could not reach a high enough MD score, so we cannot conclude whether the MD itself has an additive effect to caloric restriction. La ingesta dietaria de productos finales de glicación avanzada (AGEs) aumenta los niveles séricos y tisulares de estas sustancias, lo que contribuye a un estado de mayor estrés oxidativo e inflamación. Una intervención dietaria con bajo contenido de AGEs ha demostrado reducir el contenido de AGEs en el cuerpo. La dieta mediterránea (DM) se considera teóricamente baja en AGEs, pero los efectos específicos de este tipo de intervención en los niveles séricos de AGEs no ha sido probado. Metodología: cuarenta y siete mujeres premenopáusicas con sobrepeso u obesidad se sometieron a tres meses de restricción calórica (20 kcal por kg de peso corporal inicial) con una dieta de tipo mediterráneo que excluía la ingesta de vino. La adherencia a la DM se evaluó al comienzo y al final del tratamiento utilizando una encuesta on-line, con puntuaciones de 0 a 14 (mínima a máxima adherencia a la DM). La composición corporal, la resistencia a la insulina, los niveles séricos de lipoproteínas y carboximetil-lisina (CML) se midieron en ambos períodos. El CML sérico se evaluó mediante ELISA (ensayo inmunoenzimático). La adherencia a la restricción calórica se evaluó de acuerdo con la pérdida de peso (< o > 5% del peso inicial). Resultados: la media de peso corporal, grasa corporal, circunferencia de la cintura, colesterol total, triglicéridos y CML sérica disminuyeron significativamente, junto con un aumento en el puntaje de adherencia a la DM, aunque ninguno de los pacientes alcanzó la máxima puntuación. Hubo cambios significativos en los niveles de CML y de resistencia a la insulina en 17 mujeres clasificadas como adherentes a la restricción calórica, pero no en las 27 participantes que fueron consideradas adherentes a la DM (de acuerdo con la mejoría en el puntaje de la encuesta).Conclusiones: los niveles séricos de CML disminuyeron tras la restricción calórica con una dieta tipo mediterránea. Dado que no se pudo alcanzar la puntuación máxima en la encuesta de DM, no podemos concluir si la propia DM tiene un efecto aditivo a la restricción calórica.

Energy expenditure (EE) may decrease in subjects on hypocaloric diets, in amounts that exceed body mass loss, favoring weight regain. Objective: to verify if a short-term caloric restriction lowers Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) more than predicted by changes in body composition, and if this reduction of EE is related with compliance to the diet. Methods: twenty-two women aged 23-44 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25-32 kg/m², underwent a three-month calorie restriction treatment (20 kcal / kg initial weight) and were encouraged to increase their physical activity. At the beginning and end of the intervention, body composition (DEXA), REE, Physical Activity Energy Expenditure (PAEE) and TEE were assessed, through a combination of indirect calorimetry and actigraphy. Participants, who lost more or equal than 5% of their initial weight were considered compliant with the diet. Results: in the compliant group, REE decreased, when expressed in absolute numbers or when adjusted by fat free mass (FFM) [-164 ± 168 kcal/day (10,6%) and -4,3 ± 4,6 kcal/kg FFM (10,5%)]. This decline was significantly greater than that observed in the non-compliant group [-6,2 ± 1.42 Kcal/day (0.16%) and -0,5 ± 3,4/Kg FFM (0.96%)]. FFM did not change in any of the two groups. At baseline, there was a significant correlation between FFM and REE (r = 0, 56 p < 0,05), which was lost at the end of the intervention. Conclusions: compliant women showed a significant reduction in both absolute and adjusted REE, which together with the loss of correlation between REE and FFM at the end of the intervention suggests a metabolic adaptation. El gasto energetico (GE) puede disminuir en sujetos sometidos a dietas hipocaloricas, en una magnitud que excede la reduccion explicada por los cambios en la composicion corporal; dificultando la mantencion del peso perdido. Objetivo: verificar si el Gasto Energetico en Reposo (GER) y Total (GET) experimentan una disminucion mayor a lo atribuible a cambios en la composicion corporal y dependen de la adherencia al tratamiento dietario. Metodologia: veintidos mujeres (23-44 anos) con Indice de Masa Corporal (IMC) entre 25 y 32 kg/m² fueron sometidas a tres meses de restriccion calorica (20 kcal/kg de peso inicial) y motivadas a aumentar su actividad fisica. Al inicio y al final se evaluo: peso, masa grasa (MG) y masa libre de grasa (MLG) con DEXA, GER (calorimetria indirecta), Gasto Energetico por Actividad Fisica (GEAF) y GET (actigrafia). Las participantes que perdieron . 5% del peso inicial fueron consideradas como adherentes a la dieta. Resultados: el grupo adherente tuvo una disminucion significativa del GER absoluto [-164 �± 168 kcal/dia (10,6%) y -4,3 �± 4,6 kcal/kg MLG (10,5%)]. Esta disminucion fue significativamente mayor que la observada en el grupo no adherente [-6,2 ± 1.42 kcal/dia (0.16%) y -0,5 ± 3,4/kg FFM (0.96%)]. La MLG no cambio en ninguno de los dos grupos. Existio asociacion significativa entre MLG y GER (r = 0,56; p < 0,05) solo al inicio en el grupo total. Conclusiones: las mujeres adherentes a la restriccion calorica mostraron una reduccion en el GER tanto absoluto como ajustado por la MLG, lo cual, junto con la perdida de correlacion entre el GER y la MLG al final de la intervencion, sugieren adaptacion metabolica.

Dietary intake of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) increases circulating and tissue levels of these substances, contributing to a state of increased oxidative stress and inflammation. A low dietary AGE intervention has been shown to reduce body AGE content. Mediterranean diets (MD) are theoretically considered low in AGEs, but the specific effects of a MD on AGEs serum levels has not been tested. Methodology: forty-seven overweight and obese premenopausal women underwent a three-month calorie restriction treatment (20 kcal / kg initial weight) with a Mediterranean-type diet that excluded wine intake. The adherence to the MD was assessed before and at the end of treatment using an on-line questionnaire, which scores from 0 to 14 (minimal to maximal adherence). Body composition, insulin resistance, lipoproteins and carboxymethyl- lisine (CML) serum levels were measured at both time periods. Serum CML was assessed through ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Compliance to calorie restriction was assessed according to weight loss (< or > 5 % initial weight). Results: mean body weight, body fat, waist circumference, total cholesterol, triglycerides and serum CML fell significantly, together with an increase in the Mediterranean score, although none of the patients reached the highest score. Significant changes in CML and insulin resistance were observed in 17 women classified as compliant to caloric restriction, but not in the 27 participants who were considered adherent to the MD (according to improvement of the Mediterranean Score).Conclusions: CML serum levels can be reduced through calorie restricted - Mediterranean-type diet. We could not reach a high enough MD score, so we cannot conclude whether the MD itself has an additive effect to caloric restriction.

Energy expenditure (EE) may decrease in subjects on hypocaloric diets, in amounts that exceed body mass loss, favoring weight regain. Objective: to verify if a short-term caloric restriction lowers Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) and Total Energy Expenditure (TEE) more than predicted by changes in body composition, and if this reduction of EE is related with compliance to the diet. Methods: twenty-two women aged 23-44 years with a body mass index (BMI) of 25-32 kg/m², underwent a three-month calorie restriction treatment (20 kcal / kg initial weight) and were encouraged to increase their physical activity. At the beginning and end of the intervention, body composition (DEXA), REE, Physical Activity Energy Expenditure (PAEE) and TEE were assessed, through a combination of indirect calorimetry and actigraphy. Participants, who lost more or equal than 5% of their initial weight were considered compliant with the diet. Results: in the compliant group, REE decreased, when expressed in absolute numbers or when adjusted by fat free mass (FFM) [-164 ± 168 kcal/day (10,6%) and -4,3 ± 4,6 kcal/kg FFM (10,5%)]. This decline was significantly greater than that observed in the non-compliant group [-6,2 ± 1.42 Kcal/day (0.16%) and -0,5 ± 3,4/Kg FFM (0.96%)]. FFM did not change in any of the two groups. At baseline, there was a significant correlation between FFM and REE (r = 0, 56 p < 0,05), which was lost at the end of the intervention. Conclusions: compliant women showed a significant reduction in both absolute and adjusted REE, which together with the loss of correlation between REE and FFM at the end of the intervention suggests a metabolic adaptation.

Background: Energy restriction (ER) extends life span in animals, by decreasing oxidative stress. Aim: To compare adiposity, metabolic variables and DNA oxidative damage, among adults, reporting a constant body weight (weight maintainers), versus those reporting a progressive increase (weight gainers). Subjects and Methods: Clinical history, dietary recall, anthropometric measures, abdominal CT scan and fasting blood samples (to measure lipoproteins, glucose and insulin), were obtained in 44 males. These subjects were classified as weight maintainers if they had a change in weight of 3 kg or less in the last 10 years, or weight gainers, if they had a weight increment of more than 6 kg in the same lapse. Oxidative damage was assessed by 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), in DNA extracted from circulating lymphocytes, in 5 weight maintainers, 8 weight gainers and 5 healthy elders. Results: Energy intake was 18% higher in weight gainers (p