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Los drones se encuentran cada vez más integrados en la vida diaria de las personas. Desde usos industriales como la inspección de líneas de alta tensión o refinerías, pasando por aplicaciones de reconocimiento aéreo como las operaciones de búsqueda y rescate en desastres natural, hasta llegar a un uso recreativo de los mismos, como la grabación de eventos o los espectáculos lumínicos. Uno de los campos en los que el uso de drones autónomos tiene un gran prospecto es en el envío de paquetería y mercancías en entornos urbanos y remotos. Para poder navegar en dichos entornos, el dron necesita conocer su posición GNSS en todo momento, además del punto al que debe desplazarse para realizar la entrega. Dicha localización se obtiene de receptores que indicar directamente la posición del dron en latitud y longitud. Sin embargo, a la hora de implementar algoritmos de posicionamiento junto a otros sensores, esa posición devuelta por el receptor no puede ser utilizada, ya que los algoritmos requieren la posición del dron sin ningún tipo de filtrado adicional, ya que estos se implementarán dentro del propio algoritmo de posicionamiento. El objetivo de este Trabajo Fin de Grado es el de desarollar una aplicación en C++ que obtenga de un receptor una serie de medidas denominadas pseudorangos, que son la distancia aparente entre cada satélite y el receptor, y a través de ellos aplicar un algoritmo de posicionamiento que sea capaz de la posición instantánea del dron sin aplicar ningún filtro o post-procesado extra al posicionamiento. Una vez desarrollado, se comprobarán los resultados obtenidos realizando distintas pruebas de vuelo con el receptor tomando datos abordo de un dron. Se probarán distintas soluciones a la ecuación de posicionamiento, incluyendo un método de ajuste por mínimos cuadrados ponderados. Drones are increasingly integrated into people’s daily lives. From industrial uses such as the inspection of power lines or refineries, through aerial reconnaissance applications such as search and rescue operations in natural disasters, to recreational uses such as the recording of events or light shows. One of the fields in which the use of autonomous drones has great prospects is in the delivery of parcels and goods in urban and remote environments. In order to navigate in such environments, the drone needs to know its GNSS position at all times, as well as the point to which it must travel to make the delivery. This location is obtained from receivers that directly indicate the drone’s latitude and longitude. However, when it comes to implementing localization algorithms fused with other sensors, this position returned by the receiver isn’t suitable, due to the algorithm requiring the position of the drone without any additional filtering, which will be implemented when fusing the localization obtained with other sensors. The objective of this Project is to develop a C++ application that obtains from a receiver a series of measurements called pseudoranges, which are the apparent distance between each observed satellite and the receiver, and feed them to the localization algorithm which should be able to obtain the instantaneous position of the drone without applying any extra filtering or post-processing to the positioning itself. Once developed, the application will be verified by performing different flight tests with the receiver taking data onboard a drone. Different solutions to the positioning equation will be tested, including a weighted least squares fitting method. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Ingeniería Electrónica, Robótica y Mecatrónica.

The aim of this study was to determine the metabolizable energy requirements for maintenance (MEm) and growth (MEg) of llamas and alpacas, by the comparative slaughter technique, at 4200 m above sea level. Twenty male llamas (106.6 ± 7.7 kg live weight, LW) and 20 male alpacas (55.7 ± 4.9 kg LW), both of two years of age, were subdivided into 5 groups of 4 animals each, per species. One group was slaughtered at the beginning of the study to measure the initial body energy content, and the remaining four groups were fed over a period of 55 days on a mixture of chopped hay of oats and Lucerne at four levels of feed (94.2% dry matter, DM): maintenance, intermediate low, intermediate high and ad libitum; corresponding to 40, 50, 60 and 70 g DM/kg LW0.75, respectively. All animals were slaughtered at the end of the experiment to determine retained energy (RE). Another group of four animals per species were used in a parallel in vivo metabolism study to determine the metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diet. Samples of the diet, faeces, and the animal body, were analysed for gross energy contents. The ME content of the diet did not differ between levels if feeding or species, 2226 ± 206 and 2212 ± 165 kcal/kg DM for llamas and alpacas, respectively. The requirements of MEm estimated as heat production at zero RE differed between species (p, El objetivo del estudio fue determinar los requerimientos de energía metabolizable de mantenimiento (EMm) y ganancia de peso vivo (EMg) de llamas y alpacas, mediante la técnica de sacrificio comparativo, a 4200 m de altitud. Se utilizaron 20 llamas machos (106.6 ± 7.7 kg de peso vivo, PV) y 20 alpacas machos (55.7 ± 4.9 kg PV), ambos grupos de 2 años de edad, divididos en 5 grupos de 4 animales por especie. Un grupo fue sacrificado al inicio del estudio para medir la energía corporal inicial, mientras que los cuatro grupos restantes fueron alimentados durante 55 días con una mezcla de heno picado de avena y alfalfa, en cuatro niveles de oferta de dieta (94.2% materia seca, MS): mantenimiento, intermedio bajo, intermedio alto y ad libitum; correspondientes a 40, 50, 60 y 70 g MS/kg PV0.75, respectivamente. Todos los animales fueron sacrificados al final del experimento para determinar la retención de energía (RE). Otro grupo de 4 animales por especie acompañó en paralelo con experimentos de metabolismo convencional in vivo, para determinar la energía metabolizable (EM) de la dieta. Las muestras de la dieta, heces y del cuerpo animal se analizaron mediante calorimetría de bomba. El contenido de EM de la dieta fue similar entre niveles de consumo y entre especies, 2226 ± 206 y 2212 ± 165 kcal/kg MS para llamas y alpacas, respectivamente. El requerimiento de EMm, estimado como la producción de calor en retención cero de energía, fue diferente entre especies (p

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) A utilização de estratégias de manejo, como o ajuste da intensidade de pastejo e a adubação nitrogenada, são fundamentais para o sucesso da produção de novilhos em Integração Lavoura- Pecuária (ILP). O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da intensidade de pastejo e adubação nitrogenada sobre a produção e composição nutricional da forragem, desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e padrões de deslocamento dos animais, em ILP. O experimento foi realizado em uma área de 14 ha, sistema ILP implantado em 2012 em Abelardo Luz - SC. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições, distribuídos em um esquema fatorial (2x2). Foram estudados os fatores altura de pasto: alta altura (25 cm) e baixa altura (10 cm) e o segundo fator foi a época de adubação de N no sistema: N aplicado na pastagem (NP) e N aplicado na cultura de grãos (NG). Ambas aplicações corresponderam à dose de 200 kg de N ha-1. A altura do pasto foi regulada por meio da lotação contínua e taxa de lotação variável de bovinos de corte Nelore x Charolês. Antes da entrada dos animais, as pastagens adubadas com N, apresentaram maior altura de pasto, massa de forragem, acúmulo de forragem, densidade populacional de perfilhos, interceptação de radiação, densidade de forragem, massa de folha, massa de colmo e índice de área foliar. Com adubação nitrogenada de 200 kg ha-1 na pastagem, é possível manejar a pastagem de azevém ‘Winter Star’ com uma altura média de 12,2 cm. A massa de forragem foi maior para pastagens manejadas com 25 cm de altura e aplicação de N na pastagem. A adubação nitrogenada da pastagem derivou em maior conteúdo de proteína bruta, e menor de fibra detergente neutra e de fibra detergente ácida no final do pastejo. Com avanço do período de pastejo e da fenologia do azevém para o período final, se observou diminuição da proteína bruta e aumento da fibra detergente neutra e ácido. O ganho médio diário não apresentou diferença entre tratamentos. O ganho médio por área, a carga animal e a taxa de lotação foram maiores nas pastagens manejadas a 10 cm de altura e adubação nitrogenada na pastagem. A espessura de gordura subcutânea ao final do período de avalição, em todos os tratamentos foi maior que 3,0 mm. Os animais intensificaram os processos de busca e apreensão da forragem em pastos manejados a 10 cm e nitrogênio aplicado na pastagem, devido a menor massa e oferta de forragem. Em BANP, houve aumento da velocidade de ingestão, menor permanência dos animais na estação alimentar, menos bocados por estação e visitando mais estações. No final do período de pastejo, com menor massa de forragem, o animal caminhou menos entre estacoes alimentares aumentado o número total de bocados e modificando seus padrões de comportamento em função da fenologia da pastagem. The use of management strategies, such as adjustment of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization, are fundamental for the success of the production of steers in integrated crop- livestock systems (ICLS). The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of grazing intensity and nitrogen fertilization on the production and nutritional composition of forage, performance, ingestive behavior and patterns of movement of the animals, in ICLS. The experiment was carried out in an area of 14 ha, ILP system implemented in 2012 in Abelardo Luz - SC. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with three replications, distributed in a factorial scheme (2x2). The following factors were studied: Sward height: high (HH - 25 cm) and low (LH -10 cm), and the second factor was the N fertilization season in the system: N applied to pasture (NP) and N applied to grain crops (NG). Both applications corresponded to the dose of 200 kg of N ha-1. The height of the pasture was regulated by means of continuous stocking and variable stocking rate of Charolais x Nellore beef cattle. Before the entry of the animals, pastures fertilized with N (NP) showed higher grass height, forage mass, forage accumulation, population density of tillers, radiation interception, forage density, leaf mass, stalk mass and area index were larger. With nitrogen fertilization of 200 kg ha-1 in the pasture, it is possible to manage the 'Winter Star' ryegrass pasture with an average height of 12.2 cm. The forage mass was higher for pastures managed with 25 cm of height and application of N in the pasture (NP). At the end of grazing, nitrogen fertilization of pasture (NP) resulted in higher crude protein content, lower neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber at the end of grazing. With advance of the grazing period and ryegrass phenology for the final period, it was observed decrease of the crude protein and increase of neutral and acid detergent fiber. The mean daily gain did not show differences between treatments. The average gain per area, the animal load and the stocking rate were higher in pastures managed at 10 cm in height and nitrogen fertilization in the pasture (NP). The thickness of subcutaneous fat at the end of the evaluation period in all treatments was greater than 3.0 mm. The animals intensified the foraging and seizure processes in pastures managed at 10 cm and nitrogen applied to the pasture, due to the lower mass and forage supply. In LHBP, there was an increase in the speed of ingestion, shorter stay of the animals in the food season, fewer mouths per season and visiting more stations. At the end of the grazing period, with lower forage mass, the animal walked less between food stations, increasing the total number of bites and modifying their behavior patterns according to the pasture phenology.

NAOMI was developed by a consortium composed of IPAG and ESO. Its Provisional Acceptance Chile review was held in April 2019. The NAOMI systems that have been installed on the Auxiliary Telescopes make the Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI) and its instruments much less dependent on the atmospheric and dome seeing conditions. NAOMI increases the interferometer’s operability and improves the performance of its instruments and, very early on, was identified as being critical to the VLTI. In this article, we review the project, describe its principles and architecture, and offer a preview of the improvements it brings to VLTI instruments., Published in The Messenger vol. 177, pp. 19-23, September 2019.

Fuente TESIUNAM

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between body weight and body measurements of Corriedale sheep and get through these simple measurements in live animal models to predict weight. It was used 100 animals. There was a high correlation (r> 0.60) of body weight with body measurements, and the abdominal perimeter (PA) which showed greater correlation. It can be predicted body weight using the following equation: PV= -62.057 + 0.452PA + 0.222LoC + 0.557AH + 0.658LC + 0.578AL, resulting in a coefficient of determination of 0.76. El estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar las relaciones existentes entre el peso vivo y las medidas corporales de ovinos de la raza Corriedale, y obtener por medio de esas mediciones simples en el animal vivo, ecuaciones de predicción de peso. Fueron utilizados 100 animales, Se observó una alta correlación (r>0.60) del peso vivo con las medidas zoométricas, siendo el perímetro abdominal (PA) el que mostró mayor correlación. Se puede predecir el peso vivo utilizando la siguiente ecuación: PV= -62.057 + 0.452PA + 0.222LoC + 0.557AH + 0.658LC + 0.578AL, obteniéndose un coeficiente de correlación de 0.76. &nbsp

185-193 avarela@javeriana.edu.co semestral Referencia analítica

The density effect of Eucalyptus nitens on hydric balance was determined for a plantation located in the intermediate depression, in the north of the IX Region. Soil was red clay of the Collipulli type. Three, 0.25 ha plots were selected from an 8-year-old stand. The plots were thinned with different intensities so that they had 1560, 850 and 663 trees/ ha. The different components of precipitation distribution, and temporal and spatial variation of edaphic water content were determined down to 3 meters. Evapotranspiration in the tree stands, including water loss by interception, was equivalent to 861, 836 and 776 mm for the high, intermediate and low density stands respectively. Water loss due to interception was an important component of evapotranspiration. The amount of percolated water was in inverse relation with density. In the stand with highest density, percolation was 151 mm. This value increased in the intermediate and low density stands, reaching 216 and 282 mm, respectively., Se determinó el efecto que tiene la densidad de una plantación de Eucalyptus nitens sobre el balance hídrico. La plantación estaba ubicada en la depresión intermedia, en el norte de la IX Región, sobre un suelo rojo arcilloso de la serie Collipulli. En un rodal de 8 años de edad se delimitaron 3 parcelas de 0.25 ha, las cuales fueron raleadas con distinta intensidad, para quedar con 1.560, 850 y 663 árboles/ha. En el estudio se determinaron los diferentes componentes de la redistribución de las precipitaciones y la variación temporal y espacial del contenido de agua edáfica hasta los tres metros de profundidad. La evapotranspiración de los tres rodales, incluidas las pérdidas de agua por intercepción, fue equivalente a 861, 836 y 776 mm para los rodales de alta, mediana y baja densidad respectivamente. La pérdida de agua por intercepción fue un componente importante en la evapotranspiración. En el rodal de mayor densidad la percolación fue de 151 mm. Este valor se incrementó en el rodal de mediana y baja densidad, alcanzando los 216 y 282 mm respectivamente.