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Despite the importance of viral strains/variants as agents of emerging diseases, genetic and evolutionary processes affecting their ecology are not fully understood. To get insight into this topic, we assessed the population and spatial dynamic parameters of citrus leprosis virus C (CiLV-C, genus Cilevirus, family Kitaviridae). CiLV-C is the etiological agent of citrus leprosis disease, a non-systemic infection considered the main viral disorder affecting citrus orchards in Brazil. Overall, we obtained 18 complete or near-complete viral genomes, 123 complete nucleotide sequences of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding the putative coat protein, and 204 partial nucleotide sequences of the ORF encoding the movement protein, from 430 infected Citrus spp. samples collected between 1932 and 2020. A thorough examination of the collected dataset suggested that the CiLV-C population consists of the major lineages CRD and SJP, unevenly distributed, plus a third one called ASU identified in this work, which is represented by a single isolate found in an herbarium sample collected in Asuncion, Paraguay, in 1937. Viruses from the three lineages share about 85% nucleotide sequence identity and show signs of inter-clade recombination events. Members of the lineage CRD were identified both in commercial and non-commercial citrus orchards. However, those of the lineages SJP were exclusively detected in samples collected in the citrus belt of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, the leading Brazilian citrus production region, after 2015. The most recent common ancestor of viruses of the three lineages dates back to, at least, ?1500 years ago. Since citrus plants were introduced in the Americas by the Portuguese around the 1520s, the Bayesian phylodynamic analysis suggested that the ancestors of the main CiLV-C lineages likely originated in contact with native vegetation of South America. The intensive expansion of CRD and SJP lineages in Brazil started probably linked to the beginning of the local citrus industry. The high prevalence of CiLV-C in the citrus belt of Brazil likely ensues from the intensive connectivity between orchards, which represents a potential risk toward pathogen saturation across the region. Made available in DSpace on 2021-11-17T02:10:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 fmicb-12-641252.pdf: 2022500 bytes, checksum: a6c8e0bda620f64c25a37cf380a427d3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2021

The genetic diversity of cultivated rice in farmers' fields remains understudied in West Africa despite the importance of rice for food security in this region. In this study, we genotyped rice samples from Burkina Faso using the C6AIR SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) array (IRRI), including 27 registered cultivars and 50 rice samples collected in rice fields from three geographical zones in western Burkina Faso. Most of the registered cultivars clustered with the indica genetic group, except seven assigned to japonica and one admix. All but one of the rice samples from farmers' fields belonged to the indica group. The other field sample, which unexpectedly clustered with the Aus genetic group, originated from a rainfed lowland site known to differ in terms of agronomic practices, and which revealed to be highly differentiated from the five other sites. Apart from this peculiar site, the rice grown in irrigated areas did not differ from rice sampled in rainfed lowlands. Finally, obtained genetic data confirmed the high frequency of one cultivar, in congruence with farmers' interviews. We argue on the importance to document and preserve the high agro-biodiversity observed in rice from Burkina Faso as a prerequisite to face the current challenges of growing rice demand and global change.

Il s'agit d'une synthèse des résultats d'une recherche sur les medias italiens pendant les années 2000-2010 sur l’Europe. Il y a différentes modèles du discours sur l’Europe : la droite est critique vers l’Union Européenne ; la gauche et le centre, au contraire, ont une attitude positive et souligne la contribution italienne à formation de l’Union.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of ART of the mother and the child on the HIV status of children born to HIV positive mothers in compliance with the policy of mother-child transmission (PMTCT) adopted in Burkina Faso. Method: It is a prospective cohort study. 214 HIV-positive mother - infant pairs were involved over a period of 14 months (2011-2013). Early pediatric laboratory biologic diagnosis of HIV infection with children aged from 6 weeks to 18 months was carried out by RNA/PCR of HIV1 (Kit Biocentric®). Children with viral load lower than 300 copies/mL (>2.48 Log) were considered uncontaminated. All the children were clinically and biologically followed up to 18 months, the age at which an immunochromatographic test (Determine®) and an ELISA test (Immunocoomb II BiSpot HIV1 2®) were made to confirm their serological status. We determined the immunological status of positive mothers through a numeration of TCD4 + lymphocytes on a flow cytometer (FacscountV1.5). HIV positive Women were dispatched following treatment systems in accordance with options A and B + (mothers on nevirapine alone, mothers on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)/mothers without HAART). Results: The median age of the children was 6 months (1.5-18 months). The sex ratio was 0.79. The infection rate was 11.2% (24/214). The MTCT was significantly higher among mothers without HAART on Nevirapine only (22/41) than among those on HAART (2/172) p=0.0000 2. The proportion of children infected through breastfeeding whose mothers were not on HAART (23/23) was significantly higher than those whose mothers were on HAART (0/139) p=0.0000 12. Conclusion: According to the guidelines combined on the use of antiretroviral for the treatment and prevention of HIV infection (June 2013), we also recommend for Burkina Faso, the abandonment of Option A and the adoption of option B + with all pregnant women whatever their immune-clinical status.

Introduction: In recent years, a number of African countries, including Niger, have adopted policies abolishing user fees at point of service, targeting categories of people or services. These policies do not take account of geographical and financial accessibility for cases that require medical evacuation from primary to secondary level. This paper documents an experiment illustrating the importance of considering the place of medical evacuation in fee exemption schemes for vulnerable population groups. Methods: Quantitative analysis of routine statistical data was performed pre- and post-experiment. The data was taken from monthly activity and financial reports supplied by the 16 IHCs , the district hospital and the regional hospital for the period from 2008 to 2010, and was analyzed using MS Excel. Results: A medical evacuation reserve fund was set up, with 77% of it made up of “extra centime” payments from the free-healthcare target groups. A large increase (more than twofold) was recorded in the number of cases evacuated, from 191 in 2008 to 460 in 2009. Detailed analysis shows that more than 72% of the people evacuated belong to the free-healthcare target groups. The average transportation cost for an evacuation is about €37. Conclusion: The introduction of a solidarity-based financing mechanism resulted in an increase in the number of evacuations, for which the average cost was too high for most rural households. Policies aimed at abolishing direct user fees by integrating the cost of medical evacuations offer an effective strategy for health risk coverage and for counteracting the impoverishment caused by ill health. Introduction : Depuis quelques années, certains pays africains dont le Niger ont adopté des politiques d’abolition du paiement direct au point de service en ciblant des catégories de personnes ou de services. Elles ne prennent pas en compte l’accessibilité géographique et financière pour les cas nécessitant une évacuation sanitaire du niveau primaire vers le niveau secondaire. Dans cet essai nous documentons une expérience qui a porté sur l’importance de considérer la place des évacuations sanitaires dans les mécanismes d’exemption de l’accès aux soins des populations vulnérables. Méthodes : Nous avons réalisé une analyse quantitative des statistiques de routine avant et après la mise en place de cette expérience. Les données sont issues des rapports mensuels d’activités et financiers fournis par les 16 CSI, l’HD et le CHR pour la période allant de 2008 à 2010. Les données ont été analysées avec MS EXCEL. Résultats : Un fonds d’évacuation sanitaire excédentaire fut constitué dont 77% proviennent des centimes additionnels des populations cibles de la gratuité. Une forte augmentation (plus du double) du nombre de cas évacués a été enregistrée, passant de 191 en 2008 à 460 en 2009. Une analyse approfondie montre que plus de 72% des personnes évacuées sont représentées par les populations cibles de la gratuité. Le coût moyen du transport d’un cas à évacuer est d’environ 37€. Conclusion : L’introduction d’un mécanisme de financement solidaire a eu pour effet d’augmenter le nombre de cas évacués dont le coût moyen du transfert était trop élevé pour la plupart des ménages ruraux. Les politiques visant à abolir le paiement direct des usagers, en intégrant le coût des évacuations sanitaires constituent une stratégie efficace de couverture du risque maladie et de prévention des effets appauvrissants de la mauvaise santé. Introducción: Desde hace unos años, algunos países africanos, entre ellos Níger, han adoptado políticas destinadas a la abolición del pago directo en el centro de atención y han establecido unas categorías de personas o de servicios. No tienen en cuenta la accesibilidad geográfica ni financiera para los casos que precisan una evacuación sanitaria de nivel primario al nivel secundario. En este ensayo ilustramos una experiencia que refleja la importancia de considerar el lugar de las evacuaciones sanitarias en los mecanismos de exención del acceso a los cuidados de las poblaciones vulnerables. Métodos: Hemos realizado un análisis cuantitativo de las estadísticas rutinarias anteriores y posteriores a la implantación de esta experiencia. Los datos han sido extraídos de los informes mensuales de actividades y financieros facilitados por los 16 CSI, el HD y el CHR para el período comprendido entre 2008 y 2010. Los datos han sido analizados con el programa MS EXCEL. Resultados: Se constituyó un fondo de evacuación sanitaria excedente, del cual el 77% procede de los céntimos adicionales de las poblaciones objeto de la gratuidad. Se ha registrado un considerable aumento (más del doble) del número de casos evacuados, que pasaron de los 191 del año 2008 a los 460 del 2009. Un análisis en profundidad demuestra que más del 72% de las personas evacuadas pertenecen a las poblaciones objeto de la gratuidad. El coste medio del transporte de evacuación de un caso es de aproximadamente 37 euros. Conclusión: La introducción de un mecanismo de financiación solidario ha redundado en un aumento del número de casos evacuados, cuyo coste medio de traslado era excesivamente elevado para la mayoría de los hogares rurales. Las políticas destinadas a la abolición del pago directo de los usuarios, integran el coste de las evacuaciones sanitarias y constituyen una estrategia eficaz de cobertura del riesgo de enfermedad y de prevención de los efectos ruinosos de una mala salud.