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The Pandora Software Development Kit and algorithm libraries perform reconstruction of neutrino interactions in liquid argon time projection chamber detectors. Pandora is the primary event reconstruction software used at the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment, which will operate four large-scale liquid argon time projection chambers at the far detector site in South Dakota, producing high-resolution images of charged particles emerging from neutrino interactions. While these high-resolution images provide excellent opportunities for physics, the complex topologies require sophisticated pattern recognition capabilities to interpret signals from the detectors as physically meaningful objects that form the inputs to physics analyses. A critical component is the identification of the neutrino interaction vertex. Subsequent reconstruction algorithms use this location to identify the individual primary particles and ensure they each result in a separate reconstructed particle. A new vertex-finding procedure described in this article integrates a U-ResNet neural network performing hit-level classification into the multi-algorithm approach used by Pandora to identify the neutrino interaction vertex. The machine learning solution is seamlessly integrated into a chain of pattern-recognition algorithms. The technique substantially outperforms the previous BDT-based solution, with a more than 20\% increase in the efficiency of sub-1\,cm vertex reconstruction across all neutrino flavours., Comment: 32 pages, 18 figures

In this paper, we investigate the influence of the spacetime curvature on the Yukawa potential, focusing on boson-boson interactions derived from the {\Phi^3} theory. Using the Bunch-Parker propagator expansion within Born's first approximation, we derive a Yukawa-like potential in a curved spacetime. We analyze the impact of the curvature on the propagator in momentum space, revealing modifications to the potential and showing that the corrections are determined by geometric quantities from Einstein's equations, like the Ricci scalar and tensor. We illustrate this using the Reissner-Nordstr\"om metric, highlighting the corrections' magnitude for specific parameters. Our results underscore the nuanced interplay between spacetime curvature and quantum interactions, providing insights into nucleon-nucleon systems in curved spacetimes or near strong gravitational fields., Comment: 23 pages, 11 figures, submitted paper

Studying the composition of exoplanets is one of the most promising approaches to observationally constrain planet formation and evolution processes. However, this endeavour is complicated for small exoplanets by the fact that a wide range of compositions is compatible with their bulk properties. To overcome this issue, we identify triangular regions in the mass-radius space where part of this degeneracy is lifted for close-in planets, since low-mass H/He envelopes would not be stable due to high-energy stellar irradiation. Planets in these Hot Water World triangles need to contain at least some heavier volatiles and are therefore interesting targets for atmospheric follow-up observations. We perform a demographic study to show that only few well-characterised planets in these regions are currently known and introduce our CHEOPS GTO programme aimed at identifying more of these potential hot water worlds. Here, we present CHEOPS observations for the first two targets of our programme, TOI-238 b and TOI-1685 b. Combined with TESS photometry and published RVs, we use the precise radii and masses of both planets to study their location relative to the corresponding Hot Water World triangles, perform an interior structure analysis and study the lifetimes of H/He and water-dominated atmospheres under these conditions. We find that TOI-238 b lies, at the 1-sigma level, inside the corresponding triangle. While a pure H/He atmosphere would have evaporated after 0.4-1.3 Myr, it is likely that a water-dominated atmosphere would have survived until the current age of the system, which makes TOI-238 b a promising hot water world candidate. Conversely, TOI-1685 b lies below the mass-radius model for a pure silicate planet, meaning that even though a water-dominated atmosphere would be compatible both with our internal structure and evaporation analysis, we cannot rule out the planet to be a bare core., Comment: 25 pages, 16 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

We investigated the influence of the massive scalar field on the information degradation concerning the Unruh-DeWitt (UDW) detectors. In this conjecture, we adopted a system with a finite and large interaction time. To accomplish our purpose, one examines the quantum coherence of a uniformly accelerated qubit and the probability of finding the detector in the ground state. In this framework, we consider a quantum interferometric circuit to obtain the probability, visibility, and coherence. Naturally, these measurements provide us with wave-like information. Besides, one modifies the circuit to describe the path distinguishability and the particle-like information. These results are promising, as they allow us to understand the influence of the Unruh effect on the wave-particle duality. Thus, our findings announce that the increase in the scalar field mass induces a decrease in information degradation. Finally, we noted that the information concerning the Unruh effect remains preserved when $m \geq \Omega$. Therefore, the detector cannot absorb particles with mass equal to or greater than its energy gap. These results indicate that the scalar field mass is a protective factor against information degradation for systems under high acceleration conditions., Comment: 22 pages, 9 figures

Machine learning inter-atomic potentials (MLIPs) are revolutionizing the field of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Recent MLIPs have tended towards more complex architectures trained on larger datasets. The resulting increase in computational and memory costs may prohibit the application of these MLIPs to perform large-scale MD simulations. Here, we present a teacher-student training framework in which the latent knowledge from the teacher (atomic energies) is used to augment the students' training. We show that the light-weight student MLIPs have faster MD speeds at a fraction of the memory footprint compared to the teacher models. Remarkably, the student models can even surpass the accuracy of the teachers, even though both are trained on the same quantum chemistry dataset. Our work highlights a practical method for MLIPs to reduce the resources required for large-scale MD simulations.

We analyze the spacetime metric associated with a black string surrounded by a cloud of strings and an anisotropic fluid of quintessence in cylindrically symmetric AdS spacetime. We solve Einstein's equation to obtain the explicit form of the metric, investigate typical values for its parameters, and determine their role in the event horizon formation. Within our findings, we show that the intensity of the cloud of strings regulates the size of the event horizon and, when the cloud is absent, the horizon increases drastically for larger values of the quintessence's state parameter $\alpha_{Q}$. Additionally, the metric shows that, unless $\alpha_{Q}$ is close to its lower bound, the contribution from the quintessence fluid is only significant at large distances from the black string. Finally, to explore the quantum implications of this dark energy candidate, we use the confluent Heun function to solve the Klein-Gordon equation for a spin-0 particle near the event horizon. Our results indicate that the presence of quintessence alters the particle's radial wave function. This modification, in principle, could give rise to an observable that we termed as \enquote{dark phase}., Comment: Original version, submitted to Annals of Physics on December, 15th, 2024

K-dwarf stars are promising targets in the exploration of potentially habitable planets. Their properties, falling between G and M dwarfs, provide an optimal trade-off between the prospect of habitability and ease of detection. The KOBE experiment is a blind-search survey exploiting this niche, monitoring the radial velocity of 50 late-type K-dwarf stars. It employs the CARMENES spectrograph, with an observational strategy designed to detect planets in the habitable zone of their system. In this work, we exploit the KOBE data set to characterize planetary signals in the K7V star HIP 5957 (KOBE-1) and to constrain the planetary population within its habitable zone. We used 82 CARMENES spectra over a time span of three years. We employed a GLS periodogram to search for significant periodic signals that would be compatible with Keplerian motion on KOBE-1. We carried out a model comparison within a Bayesian framework to ensure the significance of the planetary model over alternative configurations of lower complexity. We also inspected two available TESS sectors in search of planetary signals. We identified two signals: at 8.5d and 29.7d. We confirmed their planetary nature through ruling out other non-planetary configurations. Their minimum masses are 8.80+/-0.76ME and 12.4+/-1.1ME, corresponding to absolute masses within the planetary regime at a high certainty (>99.7%). By analyzing the sensitivity of the CARMENES time series to additional signals, we discarded planets above 8.5ME within the habitable zone. We identified a single transit-like feature in TESS, whose origin is still uncertain, but still compatible within 1sigma with a transit from planet c. We have explored future prospects for characterizing this system, concluding that nulling interferometry with the LIFE mission could be capable of directly imaging both planets and characterizing their atmospheres in future studies., Comment: 29 pages, 21 figures, 10 tables, published in Astronomy & Astrophysics

NCORES was a large observing program on the ESO HARPS spectrograph, dedicated to measuring the masses of Neptune-like and smaller transiting planets discovered by the TESS satellite using the radial velocity technique. This paper presents an overview of the programme, its scientific goals and published results, covering 35 planets in 18 planetary systems. We present spectrally derived stellar characterisation and mass constraints for five additional TOIs where radial velocity observations found only marginally significant signals (TOI-510.01, $M_p=1.08^{+0.58}_{-0.55}M_\oplus$), or found no signal (TOIs 271.01, 641.01, 697.01 and 745.01). A newly detected non-transiting radial velocity candidate is presented orbiting TOI-510 on a 10.0d orbit, with a minimum mass of $4.82^{+1.29}_{-1.26}M_\oplus$, although uncertainties on the system architecture and true orbital period remain. Combining the NCORES sample with archival known planets we investigate the distribution of planet masses and compositions around and below the radius gap, finding that the population of planets below the gap is consistent with a rocky composition and ranges up to a sharp cut-off at $10M_\oplus$. We compare the observed distribution to models of pebble- and planetesimal-driven formation and evolution, finding good broad agreement with both models while highlighting interesting areas of potential discrepancy. Increased numbers of precisely measured planet masses in this parameter space are required to distinguish between pebble and planetesimal accretion., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS. Minor updates to text, references, affiliations

AU Mic is a very active M dwarf with an edge-on debris disk and two transiting sub-Neptunes with a possible third planetary companion. The two transiting planets exhibit significant transit-timing variations (TTVs) that are caused by the gravitational interaction between the bodies in the system. Using photometrical observations taken with the CHaracterizing ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS), our goal is to constrain the planetary radii, the orbital distances and periods of AU Mic b and c. We aim to determine the superperiod of the TTVs for AU Mic b and to update the transit ephemeris for both planets. Based on the observed TTVs, we study the possible presence of a third planet in the system. We conducted high precision photometric observations with CHEOPS in 2022 and 2023. We used Allesfitter to fit the planetary transits and to constrain the planetary and orbital parameters. We combined our new measurements with results from previous years to determine the periods and amplitudes of the TTVs. We applied dynamical modelling based on TTV measurements from the 2018-2023 period to reconstruct the perceived variations. The orbital distances and periods for AU Mic b and c agree with the results from previous works. However, the values for the planetary radii deviate slightly from previous values, which we attribute to the effect of stellar spots. AU Mic c showed very strong TTVs, with transits that occurred ~80 minutes later in 2023 than in 2021. Through dynamical analysis of the system, we found that the observed TTVs can be explained by a third planet with an orbital period of ~12.6 days and a mass of 0.203+0.022-0.024 M_E. We explored the orbital geometry of the system and found that AU Mic c has a misaligned retrograde orbit. Due limited number of observations the exact configuration and planetary parameters could not be determined. Further monitoring with CHEOPS may improve these results., Comment: 15 pages, 10 figures

Sunny is a Julia package designed to serve the needs of the quantum magnetism community. It supports the specification of a very broad class of spin models and a diverse suite of numerical solvers. These include powerful methods for simulating spin dynamics both in and out of equilibrium. Uniquely, it features a broad generalization of classical and semiclassical approaches to SU(N) coherent states, which is useful for studying systems exhibiting strong spin-orbit coupling or local entanglement effects. Sunny also offers a well-developed framework for calculating the dynamical spin structure factor, enabling direct comparison with scattering experiments. Ease of use is a priority, with tools for symmetry-guided modeling and interactive visualization.

AI algorithms have become valuable in aiding professionals in healthcare. The increasing confidence obtained by these models is helpful in critical decision demands. In clinical dermatology, classification models can detect malignant lesions on patients' skin using only RGB images as input. However, most learning-based methods employ data acquired from dermoscopic datasets on training, which are large and validated by a gold standard. Clinical models aim to deal with classification on users' smartphone cameras that do not contain the corresponding resolution provided by dermoscopy. Also, clinical applications bring new challenges. It can contain captures from uncontrolled environments, skin tone variations, viewpoint changes, noises in data and labels, and unbalanced classes. A possible alternative would be to use transfer learning to deal with the clinical images. However, as the number of samples is low, it can cause degradations on the model's performance; the source distribution used in training differs from the test set. This work aims to evaluate the gap between dermoscopic and clinical samples and understand how the dataset variations impact training. It assesses the main differences between distributions that disturb the model's prediction. Finally, from experiments on different architectures, we argue how to combine the data from divergent distributions, decreasing the impact on the model's final accuracy., Comment: 10 pages, 1 figure

Recently, interest has been growing in studies on discrete or "pixelated" space-time that, through modifications in the dispersion relation, can treat the vacuum as a dispersive medium. Discrete spacetime considers that spacetime has a cellular structure on the order of the Planck length, and if this is true we should certainly have observable effects. In this paper, we investigated the effects caused by the dispersive vacuum on the decoherence process of an Unruh-DeWitt detector, our setup consists of a uniformly accelerated detector, initially in a qubit state, which interacts with a massless scalar field during a time interval finite. We use dispersion relations drawn from doubly special relativity and Ho\v{r}ava-Lifshitz gravity, with these modifications the vacuum becomes dispersive and has a corresponding refractive index. We calculate the probability transition rates, the probability of finding the detector in the ground state, and the quantum coherence variation. Our results indicate that the decoherence process occurs more quickly in cases with changes in the dispersion relation in the regime of high accelerations and interaction time. Additionally, the decoherence increases as the vacuum becomes more dispersive due to the increase in the order of modification in the dispersion relation, and this happens because the dispersive vacuum amplifies the effects of quantum fluctuations that are captured by the detector when interacting with the field., Comment: 23 pages and 4 figures

In capitalist societies, only a single right can be fully exerted without constraints of any kind: the limitless accumulation of wealth. Such imperative or prime axiom is the ultimate cause of the raising waves of inequalities observed today. In this work we extended the agent-based model proposed by Castro de Oliveira arXiv:1711.06164 to study the effects of non-uniform income redistribution policies and tax evasion on the final steady-state wealth distribution of economic agents. Our simulational results strongly support that well designed policies of income redistribution and rigid control of tax planning possibilities are unavoidable instruments to promote the raise of more economically egalitarian and sustainable societies., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures

Neutron scattering is frequently used to look for evidence of features indicative of quantum-entangled phases of matter such as continua from fractionalisation or quantised excitations. However, the non-specificity of these features and difficulty of both fully quantum treatments and semiclassical models of disorder, make the diagnosis of such states problematic. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of semiclassical treatments of disordered systems for supercells of $\sim 10,000$ spins. By examining a number of classically disordered models we show the presence of quantised excitations, broad continua and anomalous damping originating from quenched disorder or large classical degeneracies., Comment: 24 pages, 9 figures

Artificial intelligence (AI) has enabled agents to master complex video games, from first-person shooters like Counter-Strike to real-time strategy games such as StarCraft II and racing games like Gran Turismo. While these achievements are notable, applying these AI methods in commercial video game production remains challenging due to computational constraints. In commercial scenarios, the majority of computational resources are allocated to 3D rendering, leaving limited capacity for AI methods, which often demand high computational power, particularly those relying on pixel-based sensors. Moreover, the gaming industry prioritizes creating human-like behavior in AI agents to enhance player experience, unlike academic models that focus on maximizing game performance. This paper introduces a novel methodology for training neural networks via imitation learning to play a complex, commercial-standard, VALORANT-like 2v2 tactical shooter game, requiring only modest CPU hardware during inference. Our approach leverages an innovative, pixel-free perception architecture using a small set of ray-cast sensors, which capture essential spatial information efficiently. These sensors allow AI to perform competently without the computational overhead of traditional methods. Models are trained to mimic human behavior using supervised learning on human trajectory data, resulting in realistic and engaging AI agents. Human evaluation tests confirm that our AI agents provide human-like gameplay experiences while operating efficiently under computational constraints. This offers a significant advancement in AI model development for tactical shooter games and possibly other genres.

In this work, we focus on the dynamics of a massive one-form field, \textbf{B}, often referred to simply as a vector field, that is minimally coupled to standard Einstein gravity. In the framework of four-dimensional spacetimes, the theory of a massive one-form propagates three massive vector degrees of freedom. The inclusion of a self-interacting potential in this theory results in the breaking of gauge invariance. The breaking of such a fundamental symmetry in Classical Electromagnetism may introduce a ghost mode in massive vector theories, which generally leads to their instability. However, in the context of wormhole physics, the existence of at least one ghost degree of freedom turns out to be a necessary condition to support these exotic geometries within effective field theories. This requirement serves as a strong motivation for our work, wherein we explore the role and phenomenology of massive one-forms, minimally coupled to Einstein gravity, in providing the necessary conditions to sustain wormhole spacetimes. We further analyze the coupling of matter fields to such a vector field through conformal couplings and explore their impact on energy conditions and the physical viability of wormhole solutions., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

Aims: We aim to observe the transits and occultations of WASP-33b, which orbits a rapidly-rotating $\delta$ Scuti pulsator, with the goal of measuring the orbital obliquity via the gravity-darkening effect, and constraining the geometric albedo via the occultation depth. Methods: We observed four transits and four occultations with CHEOPS, and employ a variety of techniques to remove the effects of the stellar pulsations from the light curves, as well as the usual CHEOPS systematic effects. We also performed a comprehensive analysis of low-resolution spectral and Gaia data to re-determine the stellar properties of WASP-33. Results: We measure an orbital obliquity 111.3 +0.2 -0.7 degrees, which is consistent with previous measurements made via Doppler tomography. We also measure the planetary impact parameter, and confirm that this parameter is undergoing rapid secular evolution as a result of nodal precession of the planetary orbit. This precession allows us to determine the second-order fluid Love number of the star, which we find agrees well with the predictions of theoretical stellar models. We are unable to robustly measure a unique value of the occultation depth, and emphasise the need for long-baseline observations to better measure the pulsation periods., Comment: 18 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

We present the study of seven systems, three of which TOI-2295, TOI-2537, and TOI-5110 are newly discovered planetary systems. Through the analysis of TESS photometry, SOPHIE radial velocities, and high-spatial resolution imaging, we found that TOI-2295b, TOI-2537b, and TOI-5110b are transiting warm Jupiters with orbital periods ranging from 30 to 94 d, masses between 0.9 and 2.9 MJ, and radii ranging from 1.0 to 1.5 RJ. Both TOI-2295 and TOI-2537 each harbor at least one additional, outer planet. Their outer planets TOI-2295c and TOI-2537c are characterized by orbital periods of 966.5 +/- 4.3 and 1920^{+230}_{-140} d, respectively, and minimum masses of 5.61^{+0.23}_{-0.24} and 7.2 +/- 0.5 MJ, respectively. We also investigated and characterized the two recently reported warm Jupiters TOI-1836b and TOI-5076b, which we independently detected in SOPHIE RVs. Additionally, we study the planetary candidates TOI-4081.01 and TOI-4168.01. For TOI-4081.01, despite our detection in radial velocities, we cannot rule out perturbation by a blended eclipsing binary and thus exercise caution regarding its planetary nature. On the other hand, we identify TOI-4168.01 as a firm false positive. Finally, we highlight interesting characteristics of these new planetary systems. The transits of TOI-2295b are highly grazing, with an impact parameter of 1.056$^{+0.063}_{-0.043}$. TOI-2537b, in turn, is a temperate Jupiter with an effective temperature of 307+/-15 K and can serve as a valuable low-irradiation control for models of hot Jupiter inflation anomalies. We also detected significant transit timing variations (TTVs) for TOI-2537b, which are likely caused by gravitational interactions with the outer planet TOI-2537c. Finally, TOI-5110b stands out due to its orbital eccentricity of 0.75+/- 0.03, one of the highest planetary eccentricities discovered thus far., Comment: 46 pages, 21 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

We present the discovery of two mini Neptunes near a 2:1 orbital resonance configuration orbiting the K0 star TOI-1803. We describe their orbital architecture in detail and suggest some possible formation and evolution scenarios. Using CHEOPS, TESS, and HARPS-N datasets we can estimate the radius and the mass of both planets. We used a multidimensional Gaussian Process with a quasi-periodic kernel to disentangle the planetary components from the stellar activity in the HARPS-N dataset. We performed dynamical modeling to explain the orbital configuration and performed planetary formation and evolution simulations. For the least dense planet, we define possible atmospheric characterization scenarios with simulated JWST observations. TOI-1803 b and TOI-1803 c have orbital periods of $\sim$6.3 and $\sim$12.9 days, respectively, residing in close proximity to a 2:1 orbital resonance. Ground-based photometric follow-up observations revealed significant transit timing variations (TTV) with an amplitude of $\sim$10 min and $\sim$40 min, respectively, for planet -b and -c. With the masses computed from the radial velocities data set, we obtained a density of (0.39$\pm$0.10) $\rho_{earth}$ and (0.076$\pm$0.038) $\rho_{earth}$ for planet -b and -c, respectively. TOI-1803 c is among the least dense mini Neptunes currently known, and due to its inflated atmosphere, it is a suitable target for transmission spectroscopy with JWST. We report the discovery of two mini Neptunes close to a 2:1 orbital resonance. The detection of significant TTVs from ground-based photometry opens scenarios for a more precise mass determination. TOI-1803 c is one of the least dense mini Neptune known so far, and it is of great interest among the scientific community since it could constrain our formation scenarios., Comment: 26 Pages, 21 Figures Accepted for Publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics

The aim of this article is to investigate the presence of a conformal vector $\xi$ with conformal factor $\rho$ on a compact Riemannian manifold $M$ with or without boundary $\partial M$. We firstly prove that a compact Riemannian manifold $(M^n, g)\,,n \geq 3,$ with constant scalar curvature, with boundary $\partial M$ totally geodesic, in such way that the traceless Ricci curvature is zero in the direction of $\nabla \rho,$ is isometric to a standard hemisphere. In the $4$-dimensional case, under the condition $\displaystyle\int_M|\mathring{Ric}|^2\langle \xi,\nabla \rho\rangle \,dM\leq0$, we show that, either $M$ is isometric to a standard sphere, or $M$ is isometric to a standard hemisphere. Finally, we give a partial answer for the cosmic no-hair conjecture.

The design of fast reactors burning MOX fuels requires accurate capture and fission cross sections. For the particular case of neutron capture on 242Pu, the NEA recommends that an accuracy of 8-12% should be achieved in the fast energy region (2 keV-500 keV) compared to their estimation of 35% for the current uncertainty. Integral irradiation experiments suggest that the evaluated cross section of the JEFF-3.1 library overestimates the 242Pu(n,{\gamma}) cross section by 14% in the range between 1 keV and 1 MeV. In addition, the last measurement at LANSCE reported a systematic reduction of 20-30% in the 1-40 keV range relative to the evaluated libraries and previous data sets. In the present work this cross section has been determined up to 600 keV in order to solve the mentioned discrepancies. A 242Pu target of 95(4) mg enriched to 99.959% was irradiated at the n TOF-EAR1 facility at CERN. The capture cross section of 242Pu has been obtained between 1 and 600 keV with a systematic uncertainty (dominated by background subtraction) between 8 and 12%, reducing the current uncertainties of 35% and achieving the accuracy requested by the NEA in a large energy range. The shape of the cross section has been analyzed in terms of average resonance parameters using the FITACS code as implemented in SAMMY, yielding results compatible with our recent analysis of the resolved resonance region.The results are in good agreement with the data of Wisshak and K\"appeler and on average 10-14% below JEFF-3.2 from 1 to 250 keV, which helps to achieve consistency between integral experiments and cross section data. At higher energies our results show a reasonable agreement within uncertainties with both ENDF/B-VII.1 and JEFF-3.2. Our results indicate that the last experiment from DANCE underestimates the capture cross section of 242Pu by as much as 40% above a few keV., Comment: 20 pages, 19 figures, submitted to Phys. Rev. C

Recently, the covariant formulation of the geometric bifurcation theory, developed in a previous paper, has been applied to two elementary problems: the study of limit cycles of dynamical systems and the second part of Hilbert's sixteenth problem. First, it has been shown that dynamical systems with more than one limit cycle are understood to be those in which the scalar curvature $\mbox{R}$ is positive and its magnitude diverges to infinity at different singular points. In the second, it has been demonstrated that $n$th-degree polynomial systems have the maximum number of $2(n-1)(4(n-1)-2)$ limit cycles with their relative positions determined by the singularities of the magnitude of $\mbox{R}$, thus providing a successful response to the original Hilbert's challenge. It is the purpose of this letter to point out that Buzzi and Novaes's note is incorrect and leads to erroneous results as an immediate consequence of their superficial reading of our work, the omission of critical aspects of the GBT to induce doubt, and reliance on incorrect assumptions or interpretations that deviate from those established in the framework of GBT.

This paper introduces a novel track-length extension fitting algorithm for measuring the kinetic energies of inelastically interacting particles in liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). The algorithm finds the most probable offset in track length for a track-like object by comparing the measured ionization density as a function of position with a theoretical prediction of the energy loss as a function of the energy, including models of electron recombination and detector response. The algorithm can be used to measure the energies of particles that interact before they stop, such as charged pions that are absorbed by argon nuclei. The algorithm's energy measurement resolutions and fractional biases are presented as functions of particle kinetic energy and number of track hits using samples of stopping secondary charged pions in data collected by the ProtoDUNE-SP detector, and also in a detailed simulation. Additional studies describe the impact of the dE/dx model on energy measurement performance. The method described in this paper to characterize the energy measurement performance can be repeated in any LArTPC experiment using stopping secondary charged pions.

Home-visitation programs have improved child development in low- and middle-income countries, but they are costly to scale due to their reliance on trained workers. We evaluated an inexpensive and low-tech alternative with 2,433 caregivers of children aged 6 to 30 months served by 250 public childcare centers in Uttarakhand, India: automated phone calls offering parenting advice. The intervention was implemented largely as intended, with more than two-thirds of caregivers completing at least 10 calls. Yet, counter to expectations, it had negative but statistically insignificant effects on caregivers' knowledge and interactions with their children, reduced their self-efficacy (by 0.11 standard deviations), and increased their anxiety (by 0.10 standard deviations). Consistent with this pattern, it had precisely estimated null effects on children's development and language. An analysis of program materials suggests four reasons why the program may not have had the desired effects. [Funding for this paper came from The Agency Fund and the Institute for Human Development and Social Change at New York University.]

The CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS) is a partnership between the European Space Agency and Switzerland with important contributions by 10 additional ESA member States. It is the first S-class mission in the ESA Science Programme. CHEOPS has been flying on a Sun-synchronous low Earth orbit since December 2019, collecting millions of short-exposure images in the visible domain to study exoplanet properties. A small yet increasing fraction of CHEOPS images show linear trails caused by resident space objects crossing the instrument field of view. To characterize the population of satellites and orbital debris observed by CHEOPS, all and every science images acquired over the past 3 years have been scanned with a Hough transform algorithm to identify the characteristic linear features that these objects cause on the images. Thousands of trails have been detected. This statistically significant sample shows interesting trends and features such as an increased occurrence rate over the past years as well as the fingerprint of the Starlink constellation. The cross-matching of individual trails with catalogued objects is underway as we aim to measure their distance at the time of observation and deduce the apparent magnitude of the detected objects. As space agencies and private companies are developing new space-based surveillance and tracking activities to catalogue and characterize the distribution of small debris, the CHEOPS experience is timely and relevant. With the first CHEOPS mission extension currently running until the end of 2026, and a possible second extension until the end of 2029, the longer time coverage will make our dataset even more valuable to the community, especially for characterizing objects with recurrent crossings., Comment: 9 pages, 8 figures, Special Issue of the Journal of Space Safety Engineering

The AU Microscopii planetary system is only 24 Myr old, and its geometry may provide clues about the early dynamical history of planetary systems. Here, we present the first measurement of the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect for the warm sub-Neptune AU Mic c, using two transits observed simultaneously with the European Southern Observatory's (ESO's) Very Large Telescope (VLT)/Echelle SPectrograph for Rocky Exoplanets and Stable Spectroscopic Observations (ESPRESSO), CHaracterising ExOPlanet Satellite (CHEOPS), and Next-Generation Transit Survey (NGTS). After correcting for flares and for the magnetic activity of the host star, and accounting for transit-timing variations, we find the sky-projected spin-orbit angle of planet c to be in the range $\lambda_c=67.8_{-49.0}^{+31.7}$\,degrees (1-$\sigma$). We examine the possibility that planet c is misaligned with respect to the orbit of the inner planet b ($\lambda_b=-2.96_{-10.30}^{+10.44}$\,degrees), and the equatorial plane of the host star, and discuss scenarios that could explain both this and the planet's high density, including secular interactions with other bodies in the system or a giant impact. We note that a significantly misaligned orbit for planet c is in some degree of tension with the dynamical stability of the system, and with the fact that we see both planets in transit, though these arguments alone do not preclude such an orbit. Further observations would be highly desirable to constrain the spin-orbit angle of planet c more precisely., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

TOI-396 is an F6V star ($V\approx6.4$) orbited by three transiting planets. The orbital periods of the two innermost planets are close to the 5:3 commensurability ($P_b \sim3.6$ d and $P_c \sim6.0$ d). To measure the masses of the three planets, refine their radii, and investigate whether planets b and c are in MMR, we carried out HARPS RV observations and retrieved photometric data from TESS. We extracted the RVs via a skew-normal fit onto the HARPS CCFs and performed an MCMC joint analysis of the Doppler measurements and transit photometry, while employing the breakpoint method to remove stellar activity from the RV time series. We also performed a thorough TTV dynamical analysis of the system. Our analysis confirms that the three planets have similar sizes: $R_b=2.004_{-0.047}^{+0.045}R_{\oplus}$; $R_c=1.979_{-0.051}^{+0.054}R_{\oplus}$; $R_d=2.001_{-0.064}^{+0.063}R_{\oplus}$. For the first time, we have determined the RV masses for TOI-396b and d: $M_b=3.55_{-0.96}^{+0.94}M_{\oplus}$ ($\rho_b=2.44_{-0.68}^{+0.69}$ g cm$^{-3}$) and $M_d=7.1\pm1.6M_{\oplus}$ ($\rho_d=4.9_{-1.1}^{+1.2}$ g cm$^{-3}$). Our results suggest a quite unusual system architecture, with the outermost planet being the densest. The Doppler reflex motion induced by TOI-396c remains undetected in our RV time series, likely due to the proximity of $P_c$ to the star's rotation period ($P_{\mathrm{rot}}=6.7\pm1.3$ d). We also discovered that TOI-396b and c display significant TTVs. While the TTV dynamical analysis returns a formally precise mass for TOI-396c ($M_{c,\mathrm{dyn}}=2.24^{+0.13}_{-0.67}M_{\oplus}$), the result might not be accurate owing to the poor sampling of the TTV phase. We also conclude that TOI-396b and c are close to but out of the 5:3 MMR. Our numerical simulation suggests TTV semi-amplitudes of up to 5 hours over a temporal baseline of $\sim$5.2 years., Comment: 25 pages (7 in the Appendix; also available electronically), 15 Figures (2 in the Appendix), 10 Tables (5 in the Appendix). Accepted for publication in A&A

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are nanoporous materials with high surface-to-volume ratio that have potential applications as gas sorbents. Sample quality is, however, often compromised and it is unclear how defects and surface contaminants affect the spectral properties of single MOF crystals. Raman micro-spectroscopy is a powerful tool for characterizing MOFs, yet spatial spectral heterogeneity distributions of single MOF crystals have not been reported so far. In this work, we use Raman micro-spectroscopy to characterize spatially isolated, single crystals of the MOF species HKUST-1. In a first step, we validate HKUST-1's Raman spectrum based on DFT simulations and we identify a previously unreported vibrational feature. In a second step, we acquire diffraction-limited, mode-selective Raman images of a single HKUST-1 crystals that reveal how the spectral variations are distributed across the crystal surface. In a third step, we statistically analyze the measured spectral peak positions and line widths for quantifying the variability occurring within the same crystal as well as between different crystals taken from the same batch. Finally, we explore how multivariate data analysis can aid feature identification in Raman images of single MOF crystals. For enabling validation and reuse, we have made the spectroscopic data and simulation code publicly available.

The exponential growth of text-based data in domains such as healthcare, education, and social sciences has outpaced the capacity of traditional qualitative analysis methods, which are time-intensive and prone to subjectivity. Large Language Models (LLMs), powered by advanced generative AI, have emerged as transformative tools capable of automating and enhancing qualitative analysis. This study systematically maps the literature on the use of LLMs for qualitative research, exploring their application contexts, configurations, methodologies, and evaluation metrics. Findings reveal that LLMs are utilized across diverse fields, demonstrating the potential to automate processes traditionally requiring extensive human input. However, challenges such as reliance on prompt engineering, occasional inaccuracies, and contextual limitations remain significant barriers. This research highlights opportunities for integrating LLMs with human expertise, improving model robustness, and refining evaluation methodologies. By synthesizing trends and identifying research gaps, this study aims to guide future innovations in the application of LLMs for qualitative analysis., Comment: 8 pages, includes 1 figures and 3 tables. Submitted and Accepted to the WSESE 2025 ICSE Workshop

Hot Jupiters with close-by planetary companions are rare, with only a handful of them having been discovered so far. This could be due to their suggested dynamical histories, leading to the possible ejection of other planets. TOI-2109 b is special in this regard because it is the hot Jupiter with the closest relative separation from its host star, being separated by less than 2.3 stellar radii. Unexpectedly, transit timing measurements from recently obtained CHEOPS observations show low amplitude transit-timing variations (TTVs). We aim to search for signs of orbital decay and to characterise the apparent TTVs, trying to gain information about a possible companion. We fit the newly obtained CHEOPS light curves using TLCM and extract the resulting mid-transit timings. Successively, we use these measurements in combination with TESS and archival photometric data and radial velocity data to estimate the rate of tidal orbital decay of TOI-2109 b, as well as characterise the TTVs using the N-body code TRADES and the photodynamical approach of PyTTV. We find tentative evidence at $3\sigma$ for orbital decay in the TOI-2109 system, when we correct the mid-transit timings using the best-fitting sinusoidal model of the TTVs. We do not detect additional transits in the available photometric data, but find evidence towards the authenticity of the apparent TTVs, indicating a close-by, outer companion with $P_\mathrm{c} > 1.125\,$d. Due to the fast rotation of the star, the new planetary candidate cannot be detected in the available radial velocity (RV) measurements, and its parameters can only be loosely constrained by our joint TTV and RV modelling. TOI-2109 could join a small group of rare hot Jupiter systems that host close-by planetary companions, only one of which (WASP-47 b) has an outer companion. More high-precision photometric measurements are necessary to confirm the planetary companion., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 21 pages, 21 figures

Quantum electrodynamics in 1 + 1D (QED2) shares intriguing properties with QCD, including confinement, string breaking, and interesting phase diagram when the non-trivial topological $\theta$-term is considered. Its lattice regularization is a commonly used toy model for quantum simulations of gauge theories on near-term quantum devices. In this work, we address algorithms for adiabatic state preparation in digital quantum simulations of QED2. We demonstrate that, for specific choices of parameters, the existing adiabatic procedure leads to level crossing between states of different charge sectors, preventing the correct preparation of the ground state. We further propose a new adiabatic Hamiltonian and verify its efficiency in targeting systems with a nonzero topological $\theta$-term and in studying string breaking phenomena., Comment: 12 pages, 5 figures

The demand for real-time Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) management has increased recently, since low-cost and modern sensors such as Particulate Matter (PM), Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Radon (Rn), among others, have been put forward with considerable accuracy. Although these low-cost sensors cannot be considered measurement instruments, they are very useful for a vast number of application domains, such as home automation, smart building management, IAQ management, risk exposure assessment, to name a few. This paper presents a literature review and a prospective analysis and discussion regarding Internet of Things (IoT) technologies adopted to deal with scenarios that present known indoor Radon gas problems. Specifically, the main requirements for developing IoT-enabled radon management solutions are reviewed. Thus, a traditional IoT architecture is described, its main components are analyzed and some of the most recent academic solutions are reviewed. Finally, novel approaches for deploying IoT radon management architectures are presented together with the most relevant open challenges. In this way, this article presents a holistic review of the past, present, and future of indoor radon management in order to provide guidelines for future designers and developers., Comment: Paper accepted in Edge-IoT 2022

The supply of politicians affects the quality of democratic institutions. Yet little is known about the economic motivations that drive individuals into politics. This paper examines how experiencing a job loss affects individuals' decisions to enter political life and explores its implications for political selection. Using highly granular administrative data linking individual records of political participation with comprehensive employer-employee data for all formal workers in Brazil, and leveraging mass layoffs for causal identification, we find that job loss significantly increases the likelihood of joining a political party and running for local office. Layoff-induced candidates are positively selected on various competence measures, suggesting that economic shocks may improve the quality of political entrants. Further, we observe that the increase in candidacies is more pronounced among laid-off individuals with greater financial incentives from office holding and higher predicted income losses. Finally, using a regression discontinuity design, we find that eligibility for unemployment benefits increases the likelihood of becoming a party member and running for local office. These results are consistent with the reduction in private-sector opportunity costs and the increased time resources explaining the rise in political entry.

The Industry 5.0 paradigm focuses on industrial operator well-being and sustainable manufacturing practices, where humans play a central role, not only during the repetitive and collaborative tasks of the manufacturing process, but also in the management of the factory floor assets. Human factors, such as ergonomics, safety, and well-being, push the human-centric smart factory to efficiently adopt novel technologies while minimizing environmental and social impact. As operations at the factory floor increasingly rely on collaborative robots (CoBots) and flexible manufacturing systems, there is a growing demand for redundant safety mechanisms (i.e., automatic human detection in the proximity of machinery that is under operation). Fostering enhanced process safety for human proximity detection allows for the protection against possible incidents or accidents with the deployed industrial devices and machinery. This paper introduces the design and implementation of a cost-effective thermal imaging Safety Sensor that can be used in the scope of Industry 5.0 to trigger distinct safe mode states in manufacturing processes that rely on collaborative robotics. The proposed Safety Sensor uses a hybrid detection approach and has been evaluated under controlled environmental conditions. The obtained results show a 97% accuracy at low computational cost when using the developed hybrid method to detect the presence of humans in thermal images., Comment: Paper accepted in Edge-IoT 2022

We present new observations from CHEOPS and TESS to clarify the architecture of the planetary system hosted by the old Galactic thick disk star TOI-561. Our global analysis, which also includes previously published photometric and radial velocity data, incontrovertibly proves that TOI-561 is hosting at least four transiting planets with periods of 0.44 days (TOI-561 b), 10.8 days (TOI-561 c), 25.7 days (TOI-561 d), and 77.1 days (TOI-561 e) and a fifth non-transiting candidate, TOI-561f with a period of 433 days. The precise characterisation of TOI-561's orbital architecture is interesting since old and metal-poor thick disk stars are less likely to host ultra-short period Super-Earths like TOI-561 b. The new period of planet -e is consistent with the value obtained using radial velocity alone and is now known to be $77.14399\pm0.00025$ days, thanks to the new CHEOPS and TESS transits. The new data allowed us to improve its radius ($R_p = 2.517 \pm 0.045 R_{\oplus}$ from 5$\%$ to 2$\%$ precision) and mass ($M_p = 12.4 \pm 1.4 M_{\oplus}$) estimates, implying a density of $\rho_p = 0.778 \pm 0.097 \rho_{\oplus}$. Thanks to recent TESS observations and the focused CHEOPS visit of the transit of TOI-561 e, a good candidate for exomoon searches, the planet's period is finally constrained, allowing us to predict transit times through 2030 with 20-minute accuracy. We present an updated version of the internal structure of the four transiting planets. We finally performed a detailed stability analysis, which confirmed the long-term stability of the outer planet TOI-561 f., Comment: 13 pages, 10 Figures. Accepted on MNRAS. Updated the author list

The composition of rocky planets is strongly driven by the primordial materials in the protoplanetary disk, which can be inferred from the abundances of the host star. Understanding this compositional link is crucial for characterizing exoplanets. We aim to investigate the relationship between the compositions of low-mass planets and their host stars. We determined the primordial compositions of host stars using high-precision present-day stellar abundances and stellar evolutionary models. These primordial abundances were then input into a stoichiometric model to estimate the composition of planet-building blocks. Additionally, we employed a three-component planetary interior model (core, mantle, water in different phases) to estimate planetary compositions based only on their radius and mass. We found that although stellar abundances vary over time, relevant abundance ratios like Fe/Mg remain relatively constant during the main sequence evolution for low temperature stars. A strong correlation is found between the iron-to-silicate mass fraction of protoplanetary disks and planets, while no significant correlation was observed for water mass fractions. The Fe/Mg ratio varies significantly between planets and their stars, indicating substantial disk-driven compositional diversity, and this ratio also correlates with planetary radius. While stellar abundances, as a proxy of the composition of protoplanetary disk, provide a baseline for planetary composition, significant deviations arise due to complex disk processes, challenging the assumption of a direct, one-to-one elemental relationship between stars and their planets., Comment: Accepted by A&A

Field-induced assembly of colloidal particles into structures of desired configurations is extremely relevant from the viewpoint of producing field-assembled micro-swimmers and reconfigurable smart materials. However, the behaviour of colloidal particles under the influence of alternating current (AC) electric fields remains a topic of ongoing investigation due to the complex effects of various control parameters. Here we examine the role of several factors including particle size, zeta potential, voltage and frequency of the applied field in the formation of different structural configurations ranging from crystals to glasses, and observe interesting and unexpected behaviours in the structure formation. Additionally, we investigate the dynamics of structure formation; the nature of diffusion and active motion in these out-of-equilibrium systems, and show how that leads to the formation of close-packed or open structures. Lastly, we investigate the frequency-driven disorder-order-disorder phase transition in colloidal crystals, which is a starting point for building reconfigurable systems. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of the significant roles of various factors in electric field-induced assembly of colloidal particles, as well as pave the way for potential applications in micro-robotics and next-generation materials., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) is a key component of autonomous systems operating in environments that require a consistent map for reliable localization. SLAM has been a widely studied topic for decades with most of the solutions being camera or LiDAR based. Early LiDAR-based approaches primarily relied on 2D data, whereas more recent frameworks use 3D data. In this work, we survey recent 3D LiDAR-based Graph-SLAM methods in urban environments, aiming to compare their strengths, weaknesses, and limitations. Additionally, we evaluate their robustness regarding the LiDAR resolution namely 64 $vs$ 128 channels. Regarding SLAM methods, we evaluate SC-LeGO-LOAM, SC-LIO-SAM, Cartographer, and HDL-Graph on real-world urban environments using the KITTI odometry dataset (a LiDAR with 64-channels only) and a new dataset (AUTONOMOS-LABS). The latter dataset, collected using instrumented vehicles driving in Berlin suburban area, comprises both 64 and 128 LiDARs. The experimental results are reported in terms of quantitative `metrics' and complemented by qualitative maps., Comment: This work has been accepted for publication in ROBOT24

3D LiDAR-based place recognition has been extensively researched in urban environments, yet it remains underexplored in agricultural settings. Unlike urban contexts, horticultural environments, characterized by their permeability to laser beams, result in sparse and overlapping LiDAR scans with suboptimal geometries. This phenomenon leads to intra- and inter-row descriptor ambiguity. In this work, we address this challenge by introducing SPVSoAP3D, a novel modeling approach that combines a voxel-based feature extraction network with an aggregation technique based on a second-order average pooling operator, complemented by a descriptor enhancement stage. Furthermore, we augment the existing HORTO-3DLM dataset by introducing two new sequences derived from horticultural environments. We evaluate the performance of SPVSoAP3D against state-of-the-art (SOTA) models, including OverlapTransformer, PointNetVLAD, and LOGG3D-Net, utilizing a cross-validation protocol on both the newly introduced sequences and the existing HORTO-3DLM dataset. The findings indicate that the average operator is more suitable for horticultural environments compared to the max operator and other first-order pooling techniques. Additionally, the results highlight the improvements brought by the descriptor enhancement stage., Comment: This work has been accepted to IROS 2024

In this study, we meticulously construct a 3-form Lagrangian designed to mimic the dynamics of both dust matter in the past and dark energy driving the acceleration in the present era. A dynamical systems approach is used to investigate the underlying behavior of the cosmological background. By investigating the influence of the potential slope and initial conditions on the dynamical solutions, we identify distinct viable scenarios capable of replicating a De Sitter universe in the present epoch. An intriguing aspect of the model is the existence of solutions describing multiple inflationary phases in which the 3-form self-interacting potential decays rapidly., Comment: 12 pages, 6 figures, 2 tables. V2: matches published version

The NOvA collaboration reports cross-section measurements for $\nu_{\mu}$ charged-current interactions with low hadronic energy (maximum kinetic energy of 250 MeV for protons and 175 MeV for pions) in the NOvA Near Detector. The results are presented as a double-differential cross section as a function of the direct observables of the final-state muon kinematics. Results are also presented as a single-differential cross section as a function of the derived square of the four-momentum transfer, $Q^{2}$, and as a function of the derived neutrino energy. The data correspond to an accumulated 8.09$\times10^{20}$ protons-on-target (POT) in the neutrino mode of the NuMI beam, with a narrow band of neutrino energies peaked at 1.8 GeV. The analysis provides a sample of neutrino-nucleus interactions with an enhanced fraction of quasi-elastic and two-particle-two-hole (2p2h) interactions. This enhancement allows quantitative comparisons with various nuclear models. We find strong disagreement between data and theory-based models in various regions of the muon kinematic phase space, especially in the forward muon direction., Comment: 20 pages, 12 figures. The second version includes an additional citation and adds four previously missing authors

The recently discovered van der Waals material CeSiI exhibits both heavy fermion behavior and spiral order with strong magnetic anisotropy which makes it a potential host for topological spin textures such as skyrmions through electrical gating. A monolayer of CeSiI consists of two layers of Ce atoms on triangular lattices that sandwich a silicene layer. Motivated by the experiments, we explore magnetic phase diagram in van der Waals heavy fermion materials as a function of anisotropy and applied magnetic field using an effective spin model. We demonstrate that application of an external electric field can tune the Kondo coupling on each Ce layer differently, in turn allowing for controlling the intra- and interlayer magnetic couplings. Our analysis indicates that this fine-tuning leads to the coexistence of different magnetic orders in a single monolayer. In particular, we show that a novel vortex phase can be stabilized only in the presence of an external electric field. Our results highlight the unique advantages and the tunability of van der Waals heavy fermion materials for manipulation of chiral magnetic phases., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Double- and single-differential cross sections for inclusive charged-current neutrino-nucleus scattering are reported for the kinematic domain 0 to 2 GeV/c in three-momentum transfer and 0 to 2 GeV in available energy, at a mean muon-neutrino energy of 1.86 GeV. The measurements are based on an estimated 995,760 muon-neutrino CC interactions in the scintillator medium of the NOvA Near Detector. The subdomain populated by 2-particle-2-hole reactions is identified by the cross-section excess relative to predictions for neutrino-nucleus scattering that are constrained by a data control sample. Models for 2-particle-2- hole processes are rated by chi-square comparisons of the predicted-versus-measured muon-neutrino CC inclusive cross section over the full phase space and in the restricted subdomain. Shortfalls are observed in neutrino generator predictions obtained using the theory-based Val`encia and SuSAv2 2p2h models., Comment: 20 pages, 14 figures

The Internet of Things (IoT) empowers small devices to sense, react, and communicate, with applications ranging from smart ordinary household objects to complex industrial processes. To provide access to an increasing number of IoT devices, particularly in long-distance communication scenarios, a robust low-power wide area network (LPWAN) protocol becomes essential. A widely adopted protocol for this purpose is 6TiSCH, which builds upon the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. It introduces time-slotted channel hopping (TSCH) mode as a new medium access control (MAC) layer operating mode, in conjunction with IEEE 802.15.4g, which also defines both MAC and physical layer (PHY) layers and provides IPv6 connectivity for LPWAN. Notably, 6TiSCH has gained adoption in significant standards such as Wireless Intelligent Ubiquitous Networks (Wi-SUN). This study evaluates the scalability of 6TiSCH, with a focus on key parameters such as queue size, the maximum number of single-hop retries, and the slotframe length. Computational simulations were performed using an open-source simulator and obtained the following results: increasing the transmission queue size, along with adjusting the number of retries and slotframe length, leads to a reduction in the packet error rate (PER). Notably, the impact of the number of retries is particularly pronounced. Furthermore, the effect on latency varies based on the specific combination of these parameters as the network scales.

The recent development of deep learning (DL) methods for computer vision has been driven by the creation of open benchmark datasets on which new algorithms can be tested and compared with reproducible results. Although DL methods have many applications in geophysics, few real seismic datasets are available for benchmarking DL models, especially for denoising real data, which is one of the main problems in seismic data processing scenarios in the oil and gas industry. This article presents a benchmark dataset composed of synthetic seismic data corrupted with noise extracted from a filtering process implemented on real data. In this work, a comparison between two well-known DL-based denoising models is conducted on this dataset, which is proposed as a benchmark for accelerating the development of new solutions for seismic data denoising. This work also introduces a new evaluation metric that can capture small variations in model results. The results show that DL models are effective at denoising seismic data, but some issues remain to be solved.