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Simple Summary: Animals can detect threats through their vigilance. Many studies indicate that traits such as vigilance are repeatable among individuals over time suggesting differences in the ways individuals respond to risk. Little is known about individual consistency in the ways vigilance is achieved from one moment to another and whether among-individual differences in vigilance are related to survival. Using sentinels of a cooperative breeder, the Florida scrub-jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens), we examined the occurrence of stable individual patterns of vigilance during sentinel bouts and their association with survival. During sentinel bouts from vantage points, Florida scrub-jays turn their heads from side to side to monitor their surroundings for threats such as intruding neighbours or predators. Using data from three field seasons, we found that the head-turning frequency was repeatable in breeders but not in younger birds and was not clearly associated with survival. Younger birds typically have less experience with threats, which might mitigate against the occurrence of consistent individual differences at that age. The lack of association between the head-turning frequency and survival was not expected. Future studies are needed to validate this crucial assumption of vigilance in animals. Vigilance is a common behavioural adaptation to increase the chances of detecting predators before it is too late to escape. Behavioural traits are often repeatable among individuals over the long term, suggesting differences in personality. Earlier studies have documented individual consistency in the time allocated to vigilance. However, little is known about individual consistency in the ways vigilance is achieved from one moment to another and whether different patterns of vigilance among individuals are associated with survival. We aimed to determine whether sentinels of a cooperative breeder showed individual consistency in their vigilance and if individual variation was related to annual survival. During sentinel bouts from vantage points, Florida scrub-jays (Aphelocoma coerulescens) turn their heads from side to side to monitor their surroundings. Over three field seasons, we found that the head-turning frequency was repeatable in breeders but not in juveniles or non-breeding helpers. The moderate repeatability in breeders was not related to survival. Our results suggest that the head-turning frequency in sentinels of the Florida scrub-jay is repeatable in breeders but not in less experienced juveniles or helpers and, therefore, likely becomes more repeatable as individuals age. The assumption that individual variation in vigilance is related to survival was unsupported in our study and requires further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article discusses the nesting behavior of the Florida Scrub-Jay (Aphelocoma coerulescens) at Archbold Biological Station in Florida. The researchers observed a pair of Scrub-Jays constructing a nest at the top of a slash pine, which was recorded as the highest nest on record at the site. The height of the nest, 10.48 meters, had not been previously recorded at Archbold or other study sites in Florida. The researchers speculate that nesting higher may help prevent predation by ground predators, but further research is needed to understand the reasons behind this nesting behavior. [Extracted from the article]

Advances in data‐logging technologies have provided a way to monitor the movement of individual animals at unprecedented spatial and temporal scales. When used in conjunction with social network analyses, these data can provide deep insight into the structure and dynamics of animal social systems. Emergence of these new technologies demands concomitant progress in workflows to translate data streams from automated systems to social networks, based on biologically relevant metrics.Here we outline key considerations for constructing social networks from automated telemetry data. We highlight the need for paying particular attention to the spatial arrangement of receiver stations with respect to the ecology of study system and developing appropriate criteria for quantifying associations.We provide a case study for constructing social networks from automated telemetry data collected over 1 month during a study of acorn woodpeckers Melanerpes formicivorus, a cooperatively breeding bird. The data consisted of detections of known birds near receiver stations placed within core areas of group territories. We use this system to demonstrate how to build social networks to investigate biological questions about patterns of associations between group members and territory visitors across the landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the last few decades, biologists have made remarkable progress in understanding the fundamental processes that shape life. But despite the unprecedented level of knowledge now available, large gaps still remain in our understanding of the complex interplay of eco-evolutionary mechanisms across scales of life. Rapidly changing environments on Earth provide a pressing need to understand the potential implications of eco-evolutionary dynamics, which can be achieved by improving existing eco-evolutionary models and fostering convergence among the sub-fields of biology. We propose a new, data-driven approach that harnesses our knowledge of the functioning of biological systems to expand current conceptual frameworks and develop corresponding models that can more accurately represent and predict future eco-evolutionary outcomes. We suggest a roadmap toward achieving this goal. This long-term vision will move biology in a direction that can wield these predictive models for scientific applications that benefit humanity and increase the resilience of natural biological systems. We identify short, medium, and long-term key objectives to connect our current state of knowledge to this long-term vision, iteratively progressing across three stages: (1) utilizing knowledge of biological systems to better inform eco-evolutionary models, (2) generating models with more accurate predictions, and (3) applying predictive models to benefit the biosphere. Within each stage, we outline avenues of investigation and scientific applications related to the timescales over which evolution occurs, the parameter space of eco-evolutionary processes, and the dynamic interactions between these mechanisms. The ability to accurately model, monitor, and anticipate eco-evolutionary changes would be transformational to humanity's interaction with the global environment, providing novel tools to benefit human health, protect the natural world, and manage our planet's biosphere., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology.)

Cooperative breeding strategies lead to short-term direct fitness losses when individuals forfeit or share reproduction. The direct fitness benefits of cooperative strategies are often delayed and difficult to quantify, requiring data on lifetime reproduction. Here, we use a longitudinal dataset to examine the lifetime reproductive success of cooperative polygamy in acorn woodpeckers ( Melanerpes formicivorus ), which nest as lone pairs or share reproduction with same-sex cobreeders. We found that males and females produced fewer young per successful nesting attempt when sharing reproduction. However, males nesting in duos and trios had longer reproductive lifespans, more lifetime nesting attempts and higher lifetime reproductive success than those breeding alone. For females, cobreeding in duos increased reproductive lifespan so the lifetime reproductive success of females nesting in duos was comparable to those nesting alone and higher than those nesting in trios. These results suggest that for male duos and trios, reproductive success alone may provide sufficient fitness benefits to explain the presence of cooperative polygamy, and the benefits of cobreeding as a duo in females are higher than previously assumed. Lifetime individual fitness data are crucial to reveal the full costs and benefits of cooperative polygamy.