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This paper aims at discussing the renewable energy resource facilities in delivering parts of the energy needs in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Renewable energy resources include biomass, hydraulic, solar, wind, geothermal, wave, tidal, biogas, and ocean thermal energy. Biomass is used to meet a variety energy needs, including generating electricity, heating homes, fueling vehicles, and providing process heat for industrial facilities. KSA is the world’s largest crude oil exporter. The KSA government has developed an energy policy aimed at diversifying energy sources and suppliers and attracting private sector. Special attention in the government’s energy policy is renewable and nuclear power generation. The kingdom has developed and implemented several energy efficiency projects, aiming to increase energy efficiency in industry, transport, and residential sectors. The review provides information on the government’s developing energy policy by using renewable energy potential. Saudi Arabia plans to increase renewable energy production in the near future. The sharp growth of the energy sector has been accompanied by institutional reforms. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This work was undertaken to assess and model the influence of ethanol concentration (0–96 v/v %), extraction temperature (40–80 °C) and extraction time (20–60 min) on total phenolic content (TPC) values of ultrasound‐assisted extracts using response surface methodology (RSM) and fuzzy models. Both models exhibited good estimations; however, the outcomes of the fuzzy model were marginally more accurate. The maximization of TPC (149.3 mg GAE/g dry weight) was therefore performed based on fuzzy optimization which corresponded to ethanol concentration of 72%, extraction time of 50 min and temperature of 70 °C. For this reason, the cinnamon extract samples with maximum TPC calculated by using the fuzzy modeling were analyzed and characterized in terms of molecular (FT‐IR) and compositional (HPLC) properties. The FTIR results revealed characteristic bands while HPLC analysis indicated presence of two major components; trans‐cinnamic acid (41 mg/g) and p‐coumaric acid (2 mg/g) contents. These results verified that the fuzzy model is an effectual tool to model and optimize TPC of ultrasound‐assisted cinnamon extract. Practical applications: In the food industry, it is always necessary to design and develop novel functional foods, food supplements, or innovative health‐healing products using functional additives or extracts such as phenolic‐rich cinnamon extracts. The employment of novel process engineering techniques like ultrasound technology to extract valuable functional compounds like phenolics increases extraction efficiency and enhances the functionality of such compounds, offering a more cost‐effective process. In this respect, it is of great importance to discover and determine the optimized conditions for processing of phenolics with the maximum phenolic yield. Therefore, employment of predictive methods in different food processes has been regarded as suitable tools to enhance efficiency of the processes and quality of the final product. In this respect, the fuzzy model as a novel predictive analytic tool, along with response surface methodology (RSM) are applied and compared in this study. The fuzzy model established to be more effective prediction tool was applied to model and optimize extraction process parameters with respect to achievement of maximum phenolics yield. Therefore, optimization and estimation of the optimized conditions of phenolic extraction is assumed to improve the quality of the extracted phenolics and to increase performance of the extraction process with the maximum yield by application extraction process parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]