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The current investigation was conducted at Shandaweel Agric. Res. Station, Sohag governorate, Egypt during 2018/2019 to 2020/2021 seasons. Pedigree selection of grain yield plant-1 was practiced independently from the F2 to F4 generations under normal and late planting dates. Evaluation was under both planting dates in the F4 generation. The phenotypic variance was slightly higher than the genotypic variance, and reduced from the F2 to F4 generation. Broad-sense heritability was 83.47 and 86.73% under normal planting compared to 88.22 and 89.03% under late planting after the first and second cycle of selection, respectively. The realized heritability was 37.75 and 40.63% under normal planting compared to 57.75 and 83.48% under late planting after cycle 1 and 2, respectively. The average observed gain of grain yield plant-1 after two cycles of pedigree selection was 12.59 and 25.33% from bulk sample and 7.45 and 2.69% from the better parent for normal planting selections, while it was 22.05 and 47.18% from bulk sample and 16.48 and 20.59% from the better parent for late planting selections, when the selected families were evaluated under normal and late planting conditions, respectively. The antagonistic selection increased the mean and decreased the sensitivity compared to the synergistic selection either evaluation was under normal or late planting conditions. Based on the path-coefficient analysis, number of spikes plant-1 had the greatest positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1 followed by number of kernels spikes-1 and 100-kernel weight in the base population and cycle two of selection under both planting dates.

Recurrent selection is a cyclical breeding procedure in which selection is made generation after generation, with a reunion of selected plants to produce a new population for the next cycle of selection. Maize (Zea mays L.) base population 'PSEV3' was developed by using selfed progeny recurrent selection in spring and summer crop seasons during 2014 to 2016. During Summer 2017, two improved maize populations [PSEV3-(S1)-C1 and PSEV3-(S2)-C2], original genotype (PSEV3-C0) and three check varieties (two OPV - open-pollinated varieties - Azam and Jalal, and HV - hybrid variety - Kiramat) were assessed for silking and yield traits across four environments including two planting dates and two sites i.e., Cereal Crops Research Institute (CCRI), Pirsabak - Nowshera, and University of Agriculture (UAP), Peshawar, Pakistan. Genotypes and planting dates enunciated significant (p≤0.01) differences for majority of the traits. Maize improved populations (C1 and C2) enunciated comparable values with early flowering and least cob height compared to base population and check genotypes. On average, PSEV3-(S2)-C2 was foremost and exhibited maximum mean values for yield traits with enhanced grain yield with optimum planting at CCRI, followed by PSEV3-(S1)-C1. Base population - C0 and check genotypes were observed with delayed silking and least grain yield across the environments. Selfed progeny recurrent selection was established as an efficient breeding method in improving maize base populations.

Throughout a selection experiment, which extended over five generations: the base and four generations of selection for augmenting early growth rate (GR) during the period from hatch to 21 days of age in Japanese quail, a total number of 8724 birds were used: 1726 in the base population, 5176 for the selected line (HGR1-21) and 1822 for the control line. The most important results obtained as follows: Genetically, heritability (h2) for all body weights (BW) showed moderate h2 ranged from 0.19 to 0.29. The GR1-21 positively correlated with all body weights weekly measured except BW at hatch (BW1) with genetic correlations (rg) ranged from 0.06 to 0.47, and a wide range of phenotypic correlation (rp ) ranged from 0.18 to 0.52. The GR during different periods of growth had medium h2 ranged from 0.17 to 0.28 and showed a wide range of moderate to high rg with the selection criterion (0.15 to 0.70) and had a broader range of rp ranged from 0.03 to 0.67. The HGR1-21 line in the 4th generation had the best growth performance for each of BW7, BW21, BW28, GR during the periods 1-7, 1-14, 1-28 and 1-35 days of age with significant differences. The realized cumulative response after four generations of selection was 0.063 (6.30%) for GR1-21, the cumulative correlated responses for BW s and GR s ranged from 1.19,g to 23.94,g and from 3.10% to 17.00%, respectively. So, the current study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the selection program through estimation of direct and correlated responses to selection for fast GR1-21, and determination of correlations between selection criterion and either body weights at different ages or GRs during different growth periods for Japanese quail.

The investigation was conducted during three successive seasonsof2016/2017, 2018/2019 and 2019/202020 to study the effect ofselection in Giza 3 variety for increasing seed yield of broad bean. The selected genotypes were evaluated in an experimental farm at the Faculty of Agriculture at Al-Azhar University, Assiut Branch. The results showed that the average values ​​in cycle 2 were higher than the averages in cycle 1 for all studied traits, except for the number of days to maturity, its average values ​​in the cycle 1 were higher than the average values in the cycle 2. Also, the selected plants recorded higher values​​than the average values ​​of the base population and the check cultivar. The actual response to selection was higher than the expected response to selection in all studied traits. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variability recorded lower values ​​in cycle 2 and higher values ​​in cycle 1 of all the studied traits. The phenotypic and genotypic correlation coefficients were positive and significant between seed yield per plant , plant height , number of pods per plant and weight of 100 seeds , except for days to maturity were negative and significant. High heritability values ​​were recorded in the narrow sense (

A total of 78 day-old Random-bred Nigerian local turkey poults were used as parent stock to generate 232, 1 day-old poults ( ) used in the evaluation of the Nigerian local turkey phenotypes based on egg quality parameters. Three phenotypic classes (black, white and spotted) were obtained as base population and used to generate F progeny for the study. Experimental design for the experiment was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with phenotypic class as major factor of interest. Results showed that Initial body weights were 62.39g, 62.56g and 62.43g in black, white and spotted respectively, whereas final body weights were 2761.25g, 2586g and 2697.58g in black, white and spotted respectively, and differed significantly (p0.05) in bodyweights of the phenotypes in all other weeks. With the exception of weeks 3 and 13 in which there were significant differences (p0.05) in average daily feed intake (ADFI) in all other weeks. It was therefore, concluded that for rapid improvement of these traits, the black variety could be used to enhance growth of Nigerian local turkeys in the study area. The present findings could assist in the design of long-term genetic improvement programmes for turkey production in Nigeria.

Turkey is one of the poultry species that is declining in Nigeria due to its importation as frozen turkey. In this study, a total of 78 day-old random-bred Nigerian local turkey poults were used to generate another 232 day-old poults to discriminate Nigerian local turkey based on linear body measurements. Three phenotypic classes (Black, White and Spotted) were obtained as base population and used to generate F1 progeny. Experimental design was a randomized complete block (RCBD) with phenotypic class as major factor of interest and hatch as block. Linear body measurements (LBMs), namely body length (BDL), shank length (SHL), keel length (KLL), breast width (BW), wing length (WGL) and drumstick length (DSL) were significantly different at weeks 7, 9, 11 and 19. There were two discriminant functions. The variance ratio (eigenvalue) of each of the two discriminant functions were not significant (p>0.05). The percentage of the total variance explained was 87.7% and 12.3% for the two functions respectively. Group centroids for the phenotypic classes were 7.210, -1.254 and -5.956 for Black, White and Spotted turkeys respectively. The magnitudes and signs of the group centroids indicate that the three phenotypes are distinctly different from one another when BDL (weeks 7, 11, 13 and 15), WGL (weeks 7, 9 and 11), KLL (weeks 7, 9 and 15) and SHL (weeks 11 and 21) are used as the discriminating factors. The study shows that linear body measurement is a reliable classification criterion for discriminating among the phenotypes, which are therefore, correctly described as different breeds/strains. Therefore, for rapid improvement in local turkeys and breed development, these linear body traits could be used to enhance its discrimination, classification and appropriate grouping into breeds. The present findings could assist in the design of long-term genetic improvement programmes for local turkey breeding and production in Nigeria.

The work was performed on meat and egg chickens of domestic selection, breeding work with which was carried out in the DDSP NAAN. With prolonged breeding "in itself" by methods of mass selection, the economically useful characteristics of meat and egg chickens of domestic selection have deteriorated somewhat. In this regard, an urgent need arose to improve the main productive characteristics of meat and egg chickens by crossing highly productive crosses of foreign selection with poultry. Crossings of meat and egg chickens with males of the parental form of the Cobb-500 cross significantly increased the live weight of F1 hybrid offspring, the weight of eggs at 52 weeks of age, but decreased egg production compared to the initial base population. Hybridization of meat and egg chickens with roosters of the Ross-308 cross only increased the growth energy of F1 young stock up to 10 weeks of age. Breeding F1 hybrids "in itself" and reverse crossing of F1 females with over-eaten males of the "Cobb-500" cross contributed to an increase in live weight in F2 offspring, egg weight, but at the same time reduced egg production by 7.7-10.1 eggs (or 8.19-11.03%) compared to the original maternal form. Breeding "Ross" F1 birds "in itself" and reverse crossing of hybrid F1 females with roasted roosters of the Ross-308 cross helped to improve the live weight of F2 offspring by 5.21-11.89%, egg production by 6.2-7.4 eggs in comparison with meat and egg hens of the base population. When poultry of different genotypic groups were combined, a heterogeneous subpopulation was created, the productive characteristics of which improved in comparison with previous generations (F9-F11) of the original basic population. In comparison with previous generations, the live weight of poultry increased in young (males by 100-310 g, chickens by 50-180 g) and adult (males by 130-730 g, chickens by 150-650 g), the weight of eggs in different age periods, egg production (for the initial hen by 14.5-27.2 eggs, for the average hen - by 14.3-26.2 eggs), the viability of young stock (by 5.0-7.3%) and adult livestock (by 5.5-7.6%). The reproductive qualities of the chickens of the created heterogeneous population were good.

In plant breeding programs, the selection of potential progenies in early generations of inbreeding is an essential step. Considering that, the adoption of topcrosses helps the breeder in the selection, this study aimed to verify the potential of S2 strains for synthesis of synthetic varieties and to obtain experimental information on yield and agronomic potential of topcross hybrids. As such, 75 topcross hybrids were generated from crossing 75 S2 lines with F2 generation of the commercial hybrid. The 75 hybrids were grown in a field, along with two commercial hybrids in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates and in 4-meter plots. Flowering, plant height, height, diameter, length and weight in the ear, and grain yield traits were examined. Analysis of variance was performed, the combining ability was estimated, and, from the means, the Scott & Knott test was conducted. So, the topcross hybrids that distinguished themselves for grain yield were those composed by lines 67, 14, 44, and 69, presenting high CGA, therefore indicating good potential for producing synthetic or base population. For the other traits of agronomic interest that were assessed in maize, a potential for selection with different focuses was found: reduction of cycle and height and increase in length and diameter of the ear.

The base population for the recent study which is a yellow seed synthetic variety of maize was provided by Dr. M. Abd El-Sattar Ahmed, professor of crop science, Crop Science Department, faculty of Agriculture, Egypt. Two types of families had formulated, as a step before selection for high yielding ability. Those were half-sib (H.S) families and the first generation of self-pollination (S1) families. Variability in the base population gene pool had estimated depending on vari-ance components of the families. Reduction in mean values associated with S1 families relative to half-sib families reached 0.182, 1.18, 0.98, 3.88, 2.75 and 5.72% for leaves percentage, stem percentage, ear percentage, grain percentage, cob per-centage and husk percentage, respectively. Genotypic variances among S1 families was larger in magnitude than the respec-tive value for half-sib families in each measured botanical composition and dry matter partitioning characters. Meanwhile, within family’s variance, (σ2f), environmental variances (σ2e) had reduced in S1 families relative to half-sib families in each measured character. Genotypic variation among half-sib and S1 families were less than 20% of the studied botanical compo-sition and dry matter partitioning characters mean values, except for cob percentage and husk percentage that had a genotyp-ic variation amount to 24% and 26%, respectively. The estimates of additive variance (δ2A) were positive for all studied botanical composition and dry matter partitioning characters. While, the estimates of dominance variance (δ2D) were nega-tive for all characters, the ratio of δ2A/δ2G indicated that additive genetic variance was more effective in controlling all stud-ied botanical composition and dry matter partitioning characters. Estimates of heritability were higher in magnitude when calculated from first selfing generation (S1) compared to half-sib families, for all studied characters. Stem percentage ex-pressed the least estimate heritability among all studied characters in each family type (0.798 and 0.414 for half-sib and S1 families, respectively). This might indicate the influence of environment in the expression of that character. Meanwhile husk percentage had highest genetic control expressed on heritability estimates from the two studied types of families.

The present research was carried out through the three successive seasons from 2016/17 to 2018/19 at Shandaweel Agric. Res. Stat., Sohag Governorate, Egypt, to study the efficiency of pedigree selection in improving grain yield in bread wheat under normal and drought conditions. Two cycles of selection were completed under each condition for F2 to F4-generations. At the last season, the selected F4 families under each condition were evaluated under both conditions. The genotypic variance was slightly less than the phenotypic variance under both conditions and generally decreased from the base population (F2) to F4-generation. Broad-sense heritability was 78.33 and 71.93% under normal irrigation compared to 86.44 and 58.48% under water stress after cycle1 and 2, respectively. The realized heritability was 29.93 and 90.88% under normal irrigation compared to 36.47 and 89.48% under water deficit after cycle1 and 2, respectively. The average observed gains of normal irrigation selections were 40.29 and 66.34% from bulk sample and 29.92 and 35.27% from the better parent, while the average observed gains of water stress selections were 32.89 and 40.42% from bulk sample and 23.07 and 14.19% from the better parent, when evaluation practiced under normal irrigation and water stress, respectively. The results indicated that the synergistic selection was better than antagonistic selection in changing the mean and decreased the sensitivity

Direct and indirect selection for grain yield through 1000grain weight, spikelet fertility and spike density were achieved in bread wheat at the Exper. Farm Fac. Agric., Minia Univ. Egypt during the three successive seasons of 2016/17 to 2018/19. After two cycles of pedigree selection phenotypic variation of grain yield/plant, 1000grain weight, spikelet fertility and spike density decreased rapidly from F2 base population to F4. Indirect selection through high 1000 grain weight resulted in the highest grain yield/plant (23.62g) followed by direct selection for grain yield/plant (20.66 g). Average direct gain for the ten selected families of direct selection for grain yield showed highly significant increase in percentage of the bulk sample of 62.95% and the better parent of 39.25%. Pedigree selection was effective in detecting the high yielding families. Family No. 145 gave significant (P≤0.01) grain yield in percentage of the better parent and bulk sample by 77.09 and 107.23%, respectively. Average direct response in percentage of the bulk sample was significant and reached 21.08% for 1000 grain weight, 31.12% for spikelet fertility and 7.27% for spike density. Three families; No. 15, No. 72 and No. 153 surpassed significantly the bulk sample by 33.83, 43.01 and 29.28%, respectively, when selection practiced for 1000 grain weight. Family No. 145 considered to be a promising line in grain yield and spikelet fertility. High strong positive genotypic correlation was found between grain yield with each of weight of spikes/plant (0.81), no. of grains/spike(0.71), weight of grains/spike (0.91), 1000grain weight(0.92) and spikelet fertility(0.70).

The present experiment has been carried out at the Poultry Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt, during the period from 2013 to 2017 on Norfa chickens. Total number of 475 dams were used in the present experiment in the base population, first and second generations. Independent culling levels (ICL) method of selection has been applied on the selected flock (+0.5sd). The criterion of ICL method of selection was to select hens having at least average EN90d + 0.5 sd on condition that egg size and body weight should be around the average flock. Results obtained and conclusions can be summarized as follows: The heritability estimates (h2) showed that AgeSM had low h2 estimates, both of BWSM and BWM showed moderate h2 estimates, EWSM showed moderate to high h2 estimates while EWM had moderate h2 estimates and the heritability estimates for EN90d and EN42wk were moderate to high. The expected genetic changes for AgeSM, BWSM, BWM, EWSM, EWM, EN90d and EN42WK in the base population were -1.12 d. ، 41.82 g، 22.28 g ، 1.19 g ،0.46g ، 3.57egg and 1.70 eggs respectively. While the actual genetic gains were7.79، 17.9، -0.093، -1.60، -1.60، 5.18 egg and 8 eggs respectively. The expected genetic changes for AgeSM, BWSM, BWM, EWSM, EWM, EN90d and EN42WK) in the first generation of Norfa chicken were 1.69 d ، 22.43 g،31.01 g ، .89 g ،.32g ، 1.8 egg and 1.27 eggs respectively. While the actual genetic gains were -13، -29.9،-38، -1، -1.180،5.8 egg and 5.24eggs, in the same order. The expected genetic changes for AgeSM, BWSM, BWM, EWSM, EWM, EN90d and EN42WK in the first generation of Norfa chicken were 1.31 d., 26.14 g, .27 .73 g ,0 .87 g ,0.26 g , 2.95 egg and 2.91 eggs respectively. While the actual genetic gains were -10، -30، -22،-1.4، 1، 14.05 egg and 19.72 eggs respectively. The actual genetic gains for EN90d and EN42WK were high than the expected genetic changes through the base population, first and second generations by applied the Independent culling levels. The selected line was better than the control line for productive traits in Norfa laying hens.

Aims: The aim of this study was to characterize and select plants with ornamental potential and resistant to pathogens in generation F2. Study Design: For genetic divergence analysis, Tocher's grouping method was used, based on the standardized Euclidean distance. Analyses were carried out for the quantitative and qualitative data separately and also for the data together. In addition, the relative importance of the characteristics evaluated for genetic divergence was calculated using SINGH's Methodology (1981). All analyses were performed using the computational Genes program. Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse of the Plant Biotechnology Laboratory of the Center of Agrarian Sciences (CCA) of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB). The treatments consisted of 354 progenies, an F2 generation of ornamental peppers (Capsicum annuum L), belonging to the Germplasm Bank of UFPB, derived from the controlled self-fertilization of F1 and obtained from the crossing between the parents UFPB390 X UFPB137. Plants grown in vessels of 900 mL filled with commercial substrate. There was variability among genotypes for the evaluated characters. Methodology: Genotypes were characterized according to the descriptors for Capsicum suggested by IPGRI. 20 quantitative characters and 4 qualitative in ornamental peppers were evaluated. Leaves identified from an optical microscope using the illustrated descriptor of imperfect fungus. Results: The variability between genotypes was higher for qualitative characters related to disease resistance. It is possible to select individual plants for opening lines in Generation F3. 7 plants; 7; 15; 50; 69; 120; 155; 157; 196; 314; 326; 331; 347 should be selected for not presenting symptoms of fungi diseases. Conclusion: Greater diversity among genotypes was detected when the incidence of diseases in the plants was evaluated. The plants 7; 15; 50; 69; 120; 155; 157; 196; 314; 326; 331; 347 should be selected because they do not present symptoms of fungal diseases.

A main objective in conservation programs is to maintain genetic variability. This can be achieved using the Optimal Contributions (OC) method that optimizes the contributions of candidates to the next generation by minimizing the global coancestry. However, it has been argued that maintaining allele frequencies is also important. Different genomic coancestry matrices can be used on OC and the choice of the matrix will have an impact not only on the genetic variability maintained, but also on the change in allele frequencies. The objective of this study was to evaluate, through stochastic simulations, the genetic variability maintained and the trajectory of allele frequencies when using two different genomic coancestry matrices in OC to minimize the loss of diversity: (i) the matrix based on deviations of the observed number of alleles shared between two individuals from the expected numbers under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (θLH); and (ii) the matrix based on VanRaden's genomic relationship matrix (θVR). The results indicate that the use of θLH resulted in a higher genetic variability than the use of θVR. However, the use of θVR maintained allele frequencies closer to those in the base population than the use of θLH., The research leading to these results has received funding from the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades, Spain (grant CGL2016-75904-C2-2-P). R. Pong-Wong is funded by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Grant Agreement n◦772787 (SMARTER) and the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council through Institute Strategic Programme Grant funding (BBS/E/D/30002275).

Base population allele frequencies (AF) should be used in genomic evaluations. A program named Bpop was implemented to estimate base population AF using a generalized least squares (GLS) method when the base population individuals can be assigned to groups. The required dense matrix products involving (A22 )-1v were implemented efficiently using sparse submatrices of A-1, where A and A22 are pedigree relationship matrices for all and genotyped animals, respectively. Three approaches were implemented: iteration on pedigree (IOP), iteration in memory (IM), and direct inversion by sparsity preserving Cholesky decomposition (CHM). The test data had 1.5 million animals genotyped using 50240 markers. Total computing time (the product (A22)-11) was 53 min (1.2 min) by IOP, 51 min (0.3 min) by IM, and 56 min (4.6 min) by CHM. Peak computer core memory use was 0.67 GB by IOP, 0.80 GB by IM, and 7.53 GB by CHM. Thus, the IOP and IM approaches can be recommended for large data sets because of their low memory use and computing time.

Base population of the evaluated Japanese quail was derived from a randomly mated flock. This flock was used for subsequent divergent body weight selection to produce the next three generations (G1, G2, and G3). The resultant investigational birds during the period from November 2016 to November 2017 were produced and raised at the experimental farm, Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Environmental Agricultural Sciences, Arish University, Al-Arish, North Sinai, Egypt. Individual selection for body weight at 4 wk of age was applied. The upmost 2/3 ranked birds were considered ‘the high body weight line (HL)’, while the lowest 1/3 ranked ones were considered ‘the low body weight line (LL)’. At 5 wk of age, the selected birds were transferred to cages (1 male and 2 female assigned at random from the same selection category along with avoiding sib mating). The same trend of body weight selection intensity was applied at each generation but within each line. The used experimental diet was a corn-soybean growing diet in a mash form with approximately 23% crude protein and 2850 kcal ME/kg. Feed and water were offered ad libitum. Results indicated that the interaction between body-weight-selection-type and sex was significant on most evaluated growth traits. Furthermore, line effect highly significant (P≤ 0.0001) on most evaluated growth traits. Also, the RGR decreased with the advancing in age, and higher values were recorded for both sexes and lines for RGR0-2 and reduced gradually by increasing age, also the high females was higher than males at most studied periods. However, the WG, the higher values were obtained for females in both selected lines where the HL showed higher values than the LL.

The aim of this study was to describe the population structure of Morada Nova sheep breed using pedigree analysis to support development strategies for conservation and breeding programs. Data was available on 10,015 Morada Nova animals born between 1973 and 2014, registered by ARCO (Brazilian Association of Sheep Breeders). The animals were divided into three categories: (1) Base: animals of unknown origin showing strong breed morphology; (2) Prov: animals with genealogy control for one (Prov I), two (Prov II) or three (Prov III) complete generations; (3) PO: animals with four or more complete generations of controlled genealogy. Data was analyzed using the ENDOG software v4.8 to determine individual inbreeding (F), effective population size (Ne), effective number of founders (fe), effective number of ancestors (fa) and number of founder genome equivalents (fg), generation intervals (Int) and genetic conservation index (GCI), of the Morada Nova sheep breed. The Base population (one or more unknown parents) contained 4,709 animals. Only 53.03% and 52.98% had known sire and dam, respectively. Most animals were found in the Brazilian Northeast, but in recent years numbers have increased in Sao Paulo State. Generation interval in this breed was approximately 3.6 years. Most farms buy rams or semen which helps maintain low inbreeding levels, as well as using their own rams. There is a need to increase registration beyond Base animals and use pedigree to avoid crosses between related animals. Nevertheless, no immediate problems were seen for maintenance of genetic diversity within the Morada Nova sheep breed.

The objective of the research is to investigate the selection response indirectly on the corn yield in dry land, and the yield improvements of yield due to seven cycles. The selection method used were mass selection with and without pollination controll. The method used to minimize environmental effect during selection was subdivided block that (subselection block divided into small plots). In each plot, there was 40 plants, and the number plants selected were 5 %. Randomized Completely Block Design was used to study the selection result. The data collected were analyzed using Analysis of Variance, and the difference between populations were tested using Least Significant Difference in 5 % significant level. The average of selection response per cycle every technique used was gained from polynomial regression coefficient among the characters observed with selection cycle The percentage of the corn yield improvement was gained from the difference between the seventh cycle and the base population, and then, substracted by the base population. The result showed that the response indirectly of mass selection with and without pollination controll were significantly linear, and the values were 47.88 and 72.80 g per plot, respectively. The yield improvements were 43.46 % and 79.21 %, respectively

The objectives of this study were to achieve phenotypic characterization of three domestic Egyptian goose populations collected from three different geographical zones (Kafr El-Sheikh, Fayoum and Luxor) and to perform genetic characterization of these three populations based on mtDNA D-loop and 12 microsatellite markers. The body measurements of 402 domestic mature geese belonging to these three governorates showed that the lengths of the head, culmen and tarsus and the live body weight varied significantly among the three studied Egyptian goose populations. After alignment of a 710-base-pair segment of the goose mtDNA control region, there was a single haplotype in the three Egyptian goose populations, indicating the same maternal origins. The genotyping of the 12 microsatellite markers showed low diversity indices, including average observed (NA) and effective (NE) number of alleles and observed (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) (3.333, 1.760, 0.277 and 0.352, respectively), and a high inbreeding coefficient (FIS = 0.203) across the three Egyptian goose populations. The high inbreeding and low genetic and morphological differentiation of Egyptian geese could be corrected by establishing a large base population through capturing small populations with the highest genetic variation. The findings of the current study can therefore serve as an initial guide to design further investigations for developing conservation programs of Egyptian geese genetic resources.