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Purpose: The study aimed to provide an overview of tomato loss during road transportation with specific interest in the causes of the postharvest loss, postharvest loss mitigation measures, as well as research focus and trends over the past few decades. Findings: Transport conditions significantly affect tomato quality, influenced by factors like vehicle specifications and road conditions, which contribute to mechanical damage. Post-harvest losses stem from various factors such as the usage of inadequate harvesting tools, inefficient handling and transport equipment, usage of inappropriate packaging materials, poor temperature management and rough handling of fresh fruits as well as substandard road infrastructure. These issues collectively result in substantial losses, reaching up to 60%, notably impacting developing countries. Limitations: The study focused on existing literature published in English. Consequently, it may not offer a comprehensive overview, as other studies with abundant information on the subject might be written in languages not covered by this study’s language restriction. Directions for future research: Future research should prioritize investigating the impact of mechanical stress, such as vibration and impact loads, experienced by fruits like fresh tomatoes during road transport and material handling. Additionally, there is a need to assess the effectiveness of different packaging materials in safeguarding transported tomatoes against mechanical stress.

Abstract This study evaluated the impact of differential sowing windows and improved weed management strategies on weed dynamics, productivity, and economic viability of direct drum seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.) in the temperate agro-ecosystem of Kashmir. A two-year field experiment was conducted utilizing a split-plot design with two sowing dates (May 10 and June 3) as main plots and six weed management practices as sub-plots. The earlier sowing date (May 10) resulted in significantly enhanced leaf area index, crop growth rate, relative growth rate, net assimilation rate, and grain and straw yields compared to the later sowing (June 3). Among weed management treatments, four mechanized conoweedings (equivalent to weed-free conditions) and sequential application of bensulfuron methyl + pretilachlor (60 and 600 g a.i. ha−1) as pre-emergence followed by 2,4-D (0.75 kg a.i. ha−1) as post-emergence demonstrated superior efficacy in weed suppression and augmentation of crop growth parameters and yield attributes. These treatments also exhibited the lowest weed index and highest benefit–cost ratio. The May 10 sowing, coupled with efficacious weed control measures, significantly reduced weed density and biomass while concomitantly improving nutrient uptake and economic returns. The results indicate that adopting a May 10 sowing date for direct seeded rice, in conjunction with either four conoweedings or the aforementioned sequential herbicide application, can optimize agronomic productivity and economic profitability under the temperate conditions of Kashmir. The study aided in choosing the best sowing window and efficient weed management strategy for attaining higher productivity and profitability of direct seeded rice in temperate conditions.

The effect of binary blending of recycled aggregates and nylon fibers on the workability and flexural strength of concrete has been investigated in this work. An equal dosage of recycled aggregates from demolished wastes and conventional aggregates was used with 0.5 water cement ratio in preparing a mix of 1:2:4. Nylon fibers were used from 0% to 2% with an increment of 0.25% by weight of cement to reinforce the concrete. The slump cone test was determined for all nine batches of the concrete. Workability was observed to reduce with an increase in the content of nylon fibers. Flexural strength was evaluated by testing three prism specimens of 150mm x 150mm x 500mm size in each batch. A comparison of test results with control concrete (0% nylon fibers) and recycled aggregate concrete (with 50% recycled aggregates and without fibers) showed that nylon fibers helped in overcoming the loss of flexural strength due to the addition of recycled aggregates. The optimum dosage was recorded as equal to 1.5% with an increase in strength equal to 19.13% and 52.45% in comparison to conventional and recycled aggregate concrete.

Background: Epilepsy is a persistent tendency to experience epileptic seizures and can lead to various neurobiological disorders, with an elevated risk of premature mortality. This study evaluates the efficacy of brivaracetam adjuvant therapy in patients with epilepsy. Methods: A prospective observational multicentre study that was conducted in Pakistan from March to September 2022, by using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. The population consisted of 543 individuals with a diagnosis of epilepsy for whom adjunctive brivaracetam (Brivera; manufactured by Helix Pharma Pvt Ltd., Sindh, Pakistan) was recommended by the treating physician. The research sample was drawn from various private neurology clinics of Karachi, Lahore, Rawalpindi, Islamabad and Peshawar. Data originating from routine patient visits, and assessments at three study time points, were recorded in the study case report form. Results: Across four clinical sites, 543 individuals participated, with a mean age of 32.9 years. The most prescribed dosages were 50 mg BD, followed by 100 mg BD. Notably, brivaracetam combined with divalproex sodium was the most prevalent treatment, followed by brivaracetam with levetiracetam. At both the 14th and 90th day assessments, a significant reduction in seizure frequency was observed, with 63.1% of individuals showing a favourable response by day 90. Treatment-naive individuals exhibited higher rates of seizure freedom and response compared with treatment-resistant individuals. Conclusions: The study demonstrates the effectiveness of brivaracetam combination therapy in epilepsy management, with notable reductions in seizure frequency and favourable clinical responses observed, particularly in treatment-naive individuals.

Introduction: Sheehan syndrome (SS) typically involves the loss of anterior pituitary cells and rarely affects the posterior pituitary. The water deprivation test (WDT) is the gold standard for diagnosing central diabetes insipidus (CDI), but it is cumbersome. Serum copeptin measurements are an alternative for CDI diagnosis. In this study, we measured hypoglycaemia-stimulated serum copeptin in SS patients to assess posterior pituitary function alongside anterior pituitary hormone levels. Methods: This study recruited 43 patients with SS on stable hormonal replacement except for growth hormone (GH), 18 patients with CDI, and 19 body mass index (BMI) and parity-matched controls. All patients with SS and four patients with CDI underwent an insulin tolerance test (ITT), and hypoglycaemia-stimulated copeptin levels were measured at 0, 30, 45, and 90 minutes after insulin injection. Results: The mean serum copeptin level among patients with SS (26.01 ± 12.41 pmol/L) was significantly lower than that in healthy controls (31.92 ± 7.85 pmol/L) and higher than that in patients with CDI (1.81 ± 0.14 pmol/L). Using pre-defined cut-offs for CDI, basal serum copeptin 2.69 pmol/L and stimulated copeptin

This study introduces an environmentally sustainable approach for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones (DHPMs), via the Biginelli reaction. A heterogeneous catalyst, Heteropolyacid-Clay (HPA-Clay), is developed by immobilizing H5PV2W10O40 on Montmorillonite KSF clay. The catalyst exhibits enhanced stability and catalytic efficiency, confirmed through X-ray powder diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Utilizing a one-pot multi-component strategy under solvent-free conditions, various aldehydes, urea or thiourea, and ethylacetoacetate generate DHPMs with excellent yields and reduced reaction times. Catalysed by 2 mol% HPA-Clay, the process aligns with green chemistry principles, emphasizing cost-efficiency, environmental sustainability, and recyclability. The catalyst demonstrates consistent activity over multiple cycles, highlighting its potential for advancing Biginelli reactions.

Abstract Background To evaluate the clinical and functional outcome of patients having benign vocal fold lesions who were treated with carbon dioxide laser. Methods For this Study a total of 41 Patients who had hoarseness of voice and satisfied the inclusion criteria were included. A detailed medical history and a thorough ENT examination was performed. Voice evaluation was done using (G)rade, (R)oughness, (B)reathiness, (A)sthenia….weakness (S)train (GRBAS), voice handicap index (VHI), and maximum phonation time scores. Results All 41 patients reported hoarseness of voice as their primary complaint, and most of them developed their symptoms gradually. The following causes seem to have contributed to the presence of hoarseness of voice: LPR in 8 patients, smoking in 25 patients, voice abuse in 14 patients, and irritation exposure in 6 patients. The most frequent lesion in 25 (60.97 percent) of the subjects was a vocal polyp. This study showed majority of patients 35 (85.4%) had posterior phonatory gap and six (14.6%) had anterior gap preoperatively. All patients had incomplete glottic closure preoperatively, whereas glottic closure was complete at first follow-up postoperatively. The mean preoperative GRBAS score in study subjects was 10.972 with an SD (standard deviation) of 2.1724 and a median of 10.000. The mean postoperative GRBAS score at six months was 0.268 with an SD of 0.4486, median 0.000, Z score − 5.618, and p value

Abstract Background Liver transplant (LT) recipients are classified as a high-risk group and should receive regular surveillance for COVID-19 and are expected to have higher viral load and prolonged viral shedding. Virus-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAb), induced by infection, can prevent viral infection by deactivating viral access to host receptors. Aim To estimate the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections and ascertain the levels of NAb among LT recipients. Method This cross-sectional study included LT recipients. The survey included 14 parameters about demography, date since operation, and immunosuppressant medications and 11 parameters about COVID-19 infection. NAb was done by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Results Only 39 LT recipients responded to this survey. Their median age was 57, and 74.4% of them were men. Comorbidities were present in 64% of cases, and DM was the most common comorbidity. Immunosuppressants used were Tacrolimus in 56.4% and Tacrolimus with mycophenolate mofetil in 15.4%. Fifteen cases (38.5%) had suspected infection, and 2 (5.1%) had confirmed infection. Three patients (17.6%) were hospitalized with no mortality. NAb was done in 34 cases, and it was positive in 5 cases (14.7%) with a median level (range) of 0.075 (0.04–27). Three out of 5 cases with a positive NAb test did not give a history of either suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection. Conclusion COVID-19 surveillance in LT recipients is important and suggests a relatively favorable clinical course despite the presumed challenges of immunosuppression. COVID-19 was associated with low hospitalization in LT recipients. NAb indicates a potential immune response even in asymptomatic LT recipients. Trial registration Clinical Trial.gov NCT04565782. September 15 2022.

Abstract Apple, a vital fruit crop worldwide and a major crop grown in northern parts of India, acts as a backbone for the survival and livelihood of the farming community. However, it is prone to severe damage from insect pests and diseases. In the past few years, due to erratic weather patterns, there has been an alarmingly increased infestation of different insect pests, both invasive and non-invasive, resulting in substantial economic losses to this industry. One similar case was seen in the Himalayan region of India, where the apple crop in Karewas was heavily damaged by some invasive fruit borer, feeding on pulp and making galleries to reach the seed locules, thereby destroying the seed material. To ascertain the true identity of this pest, a study based on morpho-molecular characterization of this pest was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, SKUAST Kashmir, India, during the years 2021 and 2022. The invasive fruit samples were collected from apple orchards at different locations (experimental sites) in North India by installing delta sticky traps @ 5 traps/ha for moth collection. The fruit-boring larvae and pupa were also collected and reared in confined chambers of the laboratory with controlled temperature and humidity. All the laboratory investigations were conducted at the Division of Entomology, FoA, Wadura, SKUAST Kashmir. During the investigation, it was confirmed that the invasive borer is a codling moth (Cydia pomonella L.), a member of the family Tortricidae, order Lepidoptera, which was earlier having quarantine importance in India, as it was only present in the Ladakh region of India. From the phylogenetic analysis of sample sequences, the species of codling moth present at all experimental sites was more identical to the codling moth sequence from Leh (the northernmost arid region), India. Further, the study of life cycle and voltinism revealed that codling moth completes three generations per year in Kashmir, with a single cycle lasting up to 2.5 months. However, the timing of various generations varies, depending on prevailing weather conditions at specific locations and times. The number of generations completed by codling moth in Kashmir conditions during apple growing season was three full and a half overwintering generations. The study of the life cycle of this important pest was necessary to know the weak link for its effective management and to prevent the economic loss in apple fruit.

Abstract The biosynthesis of nanoparticles offers numerous advantages, including ease of production, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friendliness. In our research, we focused on the bioformation of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a combination of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. growth. These AgNPs were then evaluated for their biological activities against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Our study involved the isolation of Bacillus sp. from soil samples and Lactobacillus sp. from raw milk in Dhamar Governorate, Yemen. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using various techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The antibacterial properties of the AgNPs were assessed using the modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method against multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our results demonstrated that the use of a bacterial mixture for biosynthesis led to faster and more effective production of AgNPs compared to using a single bacterium. The UV–visible spectra showed characteristic peaks indicative of silver nanoparticles, while XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline nature of the synthesized particles. FTIR results suggested the presence of capping proteins that contribute to the synthesis and stability of AgNPs. Furthermore, TEM images revealed the size and morphology of the AgNPs, which exhibited spherical shapes with sizes ranging from 4.65 to 22.8 nm. Notably, the antibacterial activity of the AgNPs was found to be more pronounced against Staphylococcus aureus than Pseudomonas aeruginosa, indicating the potential of these nanoparticles as effective antimicrobial agents. Overall, our study highlights the promising antibacterial properties of AgNPs synthesized by a mixture of Lactobacillus sp. and Bacillus sp. growth. Further research is warranted to explore the potential of utilizing different bacterial combinations for enhanced nanoparticle synthesis.

Background: Stroke presents as the second most prominent factor contributing to global mortality. Immediate brain imaging can be valuable for assessing functional recovery potential. This study investigated the association between Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score (ASPECTS) and functional outcomes in patients with left and right-hemisphere strokes. Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in July-Dec2 022, at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi including patients of either gender presenting within 2 days of stroke while excluding posterior circulation strokes, TIA & unwilling patients using a non-probability consecutive sampling technique. A total of 152 patients with acute ischemic stroke involving anterior circulation were analyzed and patients were categorized into two groups: the left hemisphere group (n=76) and the right hemisphere group (n=76) accordingly. ASPECTS scores were calculated from brain CT scans, while functional outcomes were measured using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at the three-month mark. Descriptive analysis and chi-square test were applied using SPSS vr25. Results: Patients (n=152) had a mean age of 61.75 ± 13 years, with males comprising 67% of the cohort. ASPECTS scores were notably higher in left hemisphere strokes (median 9, IQR 2) than right hemisphere strokes (median 8, IQR 3) (p=0.036). Higher ASPECTS scores (≥7) correlated with improved outcomes (mRS ≤2) in both hemispheres. There was no statistically significant difference in both groups’ functional outcomes (p=0.182). Conclusion: ASPECTS predicts functional outcomes in acute ischemic strokes equally well regardless of the affected hemisphere.

A new class of nonlocal boundary value problems consisting of multi-term delay fractional differential equations and multipoint-integral boundary conditions is studied in this paper. We derive a more general form of the solution for the given problem by applying a fractional integral operator of an arbitrary order $ \beta_{\xi} $ instead of $ \beta_{1} $; for details, see Lemma 2. The given problem is converted into an equivalent fixed-point problem to apply the tools of fixed-point theory. The existence of solutions for the given problem is established through the use of a nonlinear alternative of the Leray-Schauder theorem, while the uniqueness of its solutions is shown with the aid of Banach's fixed-point theorem. We also discuss the stability criteria, icluding Ulam-Hyers, generalized Ulam-Hyers, Ulam-Hyers-Rassias, and generalized Ulam-Hyers-Rassias stability, for solutions of the problem at hand. For illustration of the abstract results, we present examples. Our results are new and useful for the discipline of multi-term fractional differential equations related to hydrodynamics. The paper concludes with some interesting observations.

The demolishing waste generated due to demolishing of the structures has proved difficult to handle due to scarcity of the dumping space particularly in urban areas. Its use in new concrete solves the problem to some extent but developed products differ in properties both at fresh and hardened states. To overcome the deficiency nylon fibers are proposed in this work. The compressive and tensile strength of the proposed concrete at a hardened state and workability as fresh properties of concrete are studied. Conventional and recycled aggregates were used in equal proportions. Nylon fibers of 1 mm diameter and 25 mm length were used from 0.25% to 2% with a 0.25% increment in each successive batch were used. Using 1:2:4 mix with water cement ratio equal to 0.5, a total of 10 mixes were designed. The workability of each mix was evaluated by the slump cone test. Water curing for 28 days was used for five samples in each batch. Compressive and tensile strength were computed from the crushing load determined in the universal testing machine. Comparison of the results with those of control concrete revealed that 1.5% of nylon fibers along with 50% recycled aggregates produce maximum compressive strength of 930.16 (MPa) with 24% more than conventional concrete (24.16 MPa) and 56% more than recycled aggregate concrete (19.27 MPa) without nylon fibers. The tensile strength of the proposed concrete (3.66 MPa) was noticed 22% and 55% higher than the conventional concrete (3.0 MPa) and recycled aggregate concrete (2.36 MPa) at optimum dosage. Hence the impact of optimized doze of the nylon fiber shows improved strength properties of the concrete.

High-stiffness and high-strength natural fibres are commonly utilized in thermoplastic matrices to manufacture biobased thermoplastic composites. Low-end applications such as construction and furniture industries do not require a high load-bearing capacity, thus favoring cost-effective, moderately strong, sustainable natural materials and quickly manufacture thermoplastic composites. Recycled biobased cotton fibres collected from the denim industry can effectively penetrate this composite industry due to their cost-effectiveness and desirable physical and mechanical properties. However, retaining structural integrity and enhancing the reinforcing efficiency of recycled yarns in composites pose challenges. Addressing these issues, we propose a new method of extracting recycled cotton from denim waste fabric and transforming it into dry preform with minimal damage to the structural integrity of cotton fibres. Jute fibres have been introduced alongside recycled denim fibers within a polypropylene matrix to optimize the hybrid reinforcing efficacy of the composites. The effect of denim fibre length on composite quasi-static tensile and flexural test results showed that a yarn length of 20 mm yielded the highest tensile strength (⁓27.83 MPa), tensile modulus (⁓ 1.76 GPa), flexural strength (⁓62.35 MPa), and flexural modulus (⁓1.17 GPa). Composites comprising recycled denim yarn and jute fibre improved the tensile modulus to approximately ⁓2.1 GPa and the impact strength to approximately ⁓66.1 kJ/m2, following the hybrid rule of mixture, while jute fiber serves to increase the stiffness and toughness of the composites. This work demonstrates that recycled denim cotton fibre and strong jute fibre can be successfully integrated into thermoplastic composites to achieve tailored mechanical properties.

The exposure of human beings to various respiratory diseases has sparked an interest among scientists to propose and promote inhalable nanoparticle-based pharmaceutical products. This new drug delivery system will be an effective and prompt therapy for next-generation respiratory therapeutics. There are many available formulations on account of the treatments for lung diseases, i.e., oral, injectable, aerosol, nebulizer-based, etc. But, due to extended distribution and elimination, repeated intake, and complex systems of application, these treatments create overload on patients along with other expenses of daily life. Amid these treatments, inhalable nanoparticle-based dry powder formulations are considered superior owing to their simplicity, convenience of use, and long-term stability. This review aims to formulate an inhalable nanoparticle dry powder formulation to attain confined distribution of the remedy to the respiratory system. Dry powder formulations based on inhalable nanoparticles provide a novel and cutting-edge method of treating lung conditions. This novel drug delivery system is an improved treatment for lung disorders in terms of its efficacy and reduced dose requirement. Subsequently, the availability of this formulation will be an alternative option for patients to improve treatment compliance and, foremost, therapeutic outcomes in different lung ailments. The salient features of dry formulations that illustrate their uniqueness are deep penetration to lung tissues, enhanced deposition in lung regions, improved solubility, elevated bioavailability, targeted drug delivery, stability at storage, convenient to use, versatile and customizable formulation. This novel inhalable formulation is based on finely dried nanoparticles or freeze-dried particles. This formulation will contain an excessive amount of dried nanoparticles, and if it is combined with a beneficial tool, i.e., a spray, pump, or puffer, it will be a pleasant way to apply drugs directly to the lungs.

This work aimed to investigate the low velocity impact behaviour of short jute fibre non-woven preform epoxy matrix composites experimentally. Dry fibre preforms were developed using an optimised process and a laboratory made preforming device. The effects of alkali and poly vinyl alcohol (PVA binder) treatments on impact performances of jute composites were investigated and compared at 3 J and 6 J impact energy levels. To identify the failure modes of tested composites, the X-ray µCT tomography was employed. The results demonstrated that the developed untreated short jute fibre preform reinforced composites absorbed a higher impact energy, when they were compared to treated (alkali or PVA binder) composites. For untreated composites, maximum impact forces at 3 J and 6 J energies, were found as ⁓2478 N and ⁓2319 N, respectively; for the PVA treatment these values were measured as ⁓2457 N and ⁓2216 N, while, at same energy levels, alkali treated composites showed the lowest values as ⁓1683 N and ⁓1440 N, respectively. Untreated jute fibre contains natural matrices such as hemicellulose, lignin and waxes, which ensured a positive response to absorb more energy upon impact loading. In contrast, the alkali treatment facilitates a highly fibre packed composite structure, which accelerated the impact crack propagation in tested composites, resulting in lower resistance to impact energy. Although, PVA treated composites showed reduced impact properties compared to untreated composites due to the PVA polymer brittleness on the treated fibre surface during the impact incidents, this treatment demonstrated better impact responses over the alkali treatment. The application of PVA binder on alkali-treated fibres provided an extra support to fibres and a better fibre/matrix interface and hence, this combined treatment demonstrated a slightly better impact resistance (⁓2027 N and ⁓1874 N impact forces at 3 J and 6 J respectively) compared to only alkali treated fibre composites. The SEM fracture images and the X-ray µCT damage analysis revealed different impact damage modes, which supported the observed impact results. The obtained results from this investigation could be helpful for using short jute fibre composites in various load demanding applications where impact incidents are likely to be happened.

Background: Several clinical tools are used for preoperative airway assessment. Ultrasound is an emerging tool in anesthesia, and its role in the upper airway needs to be explored. Aims and Objectives: We aimed to assess the role of airway ultrasound in predicting difficult laryngoscopy and airway changes following induction of anesthesia. Materials and Methods: Clinical airway assessment was performed with a modified Mallampati score in 100 elective surgical patients. Ultrasound variables in pre- and post-induction of anesthesia were: distance between the skin and vocal cords at the hyoid bone (DSVC hb), distance from the skin to the thyroid isthmus, distance from the skin to the tracheal ring at suprasternal notch level, and distance between the skin and the cricothyroid (DSCM). Cormack–Lehane (CL) grades 3b and 4 were classified as having a DL. Association of clinical, ultrasonography (USG) indicators and CL grading was correlated. Dynamic changes in anterior neck tissues following induction of anesthesia were also measured. Results: Pre-induction USG variables were significantly higher in the DL group compared to the NDL group (P

Abstract The stool antigen test (SAT) and the serum Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) IgG antibody assays exhibit significant utility in the clinical diagnosis of H. pylori infection and in distinguishing between acute and chronic infections. The main objective of the current study was to identify the diagnostic value of serum H. pylori IgG antibody and SAT in the detection of H. pylori infections among chronic H. pylori-infected patients residing in Ibb Governorate, Yemen. 200 patients with H. pylori infection, confirmed through positive results in the serum immunochromatographic antibody test, were selected for H. pylori infection confirmation using serum H. pylori IgG antibodies and SAT across diverse hospitals, gastroenterology, and Hepatology clinics in Ibb Governorate. After the selection of patients, blood and stool specimens were obtained from all participants and underwent analysis via the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The prevalence of H. pylori infection demonstrated variability based on the confirmatory tests, with rates of 54% for SAT and 78.5% for serum H. pylori IgG antibody, contrasting with a 100% prevalence observed in the screening serum immunochromatographic antibody test. Clinically, the study categorized H. pylori infections into four stages, whereby a significant proportion of patients (40.5%) exhibited positivity for both serum H. pylori IgG antibody and SAT, indicative of active chronic infections. The majority of positive cases only manifested serum H. pylori IgG antibody presence (chronic infections) at 38%, whereas 13.5% exclusively tested positive for SAT, corresponding to acute infections. Moreover, 88% of patients did not have either serum H. pylori IgG antibody or SAT (absence of infections) during confirmatory tests. Noteworthy is the study's approach employing multiple tests for H. pylori infection detection, focusing predominantly on chronic infections-prevailing types caused by H. pylori. The results revealed a significant association between serum levels of H. pylori IgG antibody and SAT results with the presence of diverse gastrointestinal symptoms among patients, which increased with long H. pylori infection durations.

Purpose: Despite the worldwide rise in annual tomato production, approximately 15-50% of harvested tomatoes are lost each year, posing a significant challenge to global food security. This review seeks to assess the efficacy of biochemical treatments in preserving tomatoes to mitigate post-harvest losses. A machine-based search mapped articles on "Chitosan coating and tomato preservation," "Calcium chloride and tomato preservation," and "Potassium permanganate and tomato preservation" using Google Scholar. Seventy relevant articles published between 1995 and 2024 were included in the systematic literature review. Findings: Calcium chloride, Chitosan coating, and Potassium permanganate exhibit promise in enhancing tomato shelf life, yet their efficacy is contingent upon variables like tomato variety and storage conditions. Achieving a universally effective treatment proves challenging due to variations in study outcomes, highlighting the complexity of preserving tomatoes optimally. Limitations: The variability observed in reported outcomes poses significant challenges when it comes to discerning the most effective and optimal treatment. This inherent inconsistency in results not only complicates the identification of a universally applicable solution but also underscores the intricate nature of the factors influencing treatment effectiveness. Directions for Future Research: Future research should examine treatment combinations, consider responses to tomato cultivars, assess ecological impacts, implement safety protocols, and utilize advanced analytical techniques to refine tomato preservation methods.

This paper was concerned with the existence and uniqueness results for a coupled system of nonlinear generalized fractional differential equations supplemented with a new class of nonlocal coupled multipoint boundary conditions containing Riemann-Stieltjes and generalized fractional integrals. The nonlinearities in the given system depend on the unknown functions as well as their lower order generalized fractional derivatives. We made use of the Leray-Schauder alternative and Banach contraction mapping principle to obtain the desired results. An illustrative example was also discussed. The paper concluded with some interesting observations.

Abstract Aim To evaluate the computed tomography (CT) findings in patients having a symptomatic deviated nasal septum (DNS) and their comparison with intraoperative findings. Methods Cross-sectional, observational study done in the department of ENT and HNS at a tertiary care center, over a period of 16 months. Patients presenting with nasal obstruction as the chief complaint and findings of deviated nasal septum on anterior rhinoscopy without clinical features of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) were included in the present study. All patients underwent CT scans of paranasal sinuses (PNS) as per the govt. scheme for approval of surgery. Surgery was planned as per the indication based on history, clinical examination, and non-contrast CT scan PNS findings. The average duration from CT scan to surgery was 4.5 weeks. Results All 200 (100%) patients had DNS with inferior turbinate hypertrophy in 103 (52.5%), concha bullosa in 22 (11.0%), pneumatized superior turbinate in 6 (3.0%), and PMT (paradoxical middle turbinate) in 22 (11.0%). On comparing CT scan findings with intraoperative findings, it was found that maxillary sinus involvement had been seen in 28 (14.0%) patients on CT scan and only 8 (4.0%) patients intraoperatively. Similarly, CT scan involvement compared to and intraoperative involvement of anterior ethmoidal sinus was seen in 20 (10.0%) compared to 6 (3.0%) patients intraoperatively, posterior ethmoid in 12 (6.0%) compared to 3 (1.5%) frontal sinus in 4 (2.0%) compared to 1 (0.5%), sphenoid in 11 (5.5%) compared to 2 (1.0%), and osteomeatal complex (OMC) in 27 (13.5%) compared to 6 (3.0%) patients intraoperatively. Involvement of PMT, enlarged inferior, and concha bullosa was similar on CT scan and intraoperatively. Conclusion From this study, we concluded that a preoperative CT scan is a poor tool in predicting sinus disease in patients without clinical features of sinus disease and has a limited role in patients with symptomatic DNS. Insurance companies and government agencies should review their policies of ordering CT scans for approving septal surgeries.

Abstract Background This study evaluated an early warning, alert and response system for a crisis-affected population in Doolo zone, Somali Region, Ethiopia, in 2019–2021, with a history of epidemics of outbreak-prone diseases. To adequately cover an area populated by a semi-nomadic pastoralist, or livestock herding, population with sparse access to healthcare facilities, the surveillance system included four components: health facility indicator-based surveillance, community indicator- and event-based surveillance, and alerts from other actors in the area. This evaluation described the usefulness, acceptability, completeness, timeliness, positive predictive value, and representativeness of these components. Methods We carried out a mixed-methods study retrospectively analysing data from the surveillance system February 2019–January 2021 along with key informant interviews with system implementers, and focus group discussions with local communities. Transcripts were analyzed using a mixed deductive and inductive approach. Surveillance quality indicators assessed included completeness, timeliness, and positive predictive value, among others. Results 1010 signals were analysed; these resulted in 168 verified events, 58 alerts, and 29 responses. Most of the alerts (46/58) and responses (22/29) were initiated through the community event-based branch of the surveillance system. In comparison, one alert and one response was initiated via the community indicator-based branch. Positive predictive value of signals received was about 6%. About 80% of signals were verified within 24 h of reports, and 40% were risk assessed within 48 h. System responses included new mobile clinic sites, measles vaccination catch-ups, and water and sanitation-related interventions. Focus group discussions emphasized that responses generated were an expected return by participant communities for their role in data collection and reporting. Participant communities found the system acceptable when it led to the responses they expected. Some event types, such as those around animal health, led to the community’s response expectations not being met. Conclusions Event-based surveillance can produce useful data for localized public health action for pastoralist populations. Improvements could include greater community involvement in the system design and potentially incorporating One Health approaches.

Shafii Abdullahi Maalim Mohamed,1– 3 Ahmed Muhammad Bashir2– 4 1Indian Management School and Research Centre, Mumbai, India; 2Center for Postgraduate Studies, Horseed International University, Mogadishu, Somalia; 3Focus Healthcare Initiative, Mogadishu, Somalia; 4Mogadishu Somali Turkey Training and Research Hospital, Mogadishu, SomaliaCorrespondence: Shafii Abdullahi Maalim Mohamed, Email alshafi45@gmail.comAim: This study explores the roles, challenges, and collaborative efforts of key stakeholders engaged in addressing substance abuse.Methods: Using a qualitative narrative approach, the study examined stakeholder roles in tackling substance abuse in Mogadishu, Somalia. Purposive sampling was utilised to select all available community stakeholders actively addressing substance abuse. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data, allowing participants the freedom to share their experiences openly. Thematic analysis was employed to identify patterns, commonalities, and diversities in the stakeholders’ roles. The study focused on a population of five key stakeholders, including the Somali police force, a National Medicines Regulatory Authority officer, two social workers, and a representative from the Ministry of Endowments & Religious Affairs.Results: The research reveals a significant prevalence of psychoactive substances in Mogadishu, with emerging trends like the misuse of pregabalin driven by accessibility and affordability. Emphasising collaborative efforts, the study highlights the importance of effective communication and coordination among stakeholders to provide comprehensive support for individuals with substance abuse issues. Despite these challenges, such as limited resources, evolving drug trends, and addiction complexity, ongoing efforts and adaptation are crucial. Additionally, the research elucidates the established link between substance abuse and criminal behaviour, emphasising the potential consequences of drug addiction on financial desperation, violent acts, drug trafficking, and other criminal behaviours.Conclusion: The study reveals widespread substance abuse, necessitating adaptable authorities. Collaborative stakeholder efforts are vital for supporting individuals affected. Challenges demand sustained efforts. The study links substance abuse to crime. Effective resolution requires stakeholder unity, prevention programs, expanded treatment access, and adaptation to the evolving drug landscape while supporting those affected.Plain Language Summary: Main Findings 1. Role of Those InvolvedThe study shows how important the police, National Medicines Regulatory Authority (NMRA), religious leaders, and social workers are in dealing with substance abuse. Each group brings special skills and resources to help with this complex problem. 2. Substances Being UsedThe research points out that there are a lot of psychoactive substances being used in Mogadishu. This includes new trends like the misuse of pregabalin. These substances are becoming more common because they are easy to get and affordable. 3. Working TogetherThese groups need to work together to deal with substance abuse. Good communication and coordination between them can make sure people struggling with substance abuse get the help and guidance they need. 4. ChallengesThe study talks about problems like not having enough resources, the changing ways people use drugs, and how addiction is complicated. Dealing with these challenges means putting in ongoing effort and being able to change as needed. 5. Link to Doing Bad ThingsThe research also shows that using drugs is connected to doing criminal activities. Being addicted to drugs can lead to things like not having enough money, being violent, selling drugs, and other criminal behaviours.Keywords: NMRA, substance abuse, drug abuse, Somalia, Somali police force

Special Economic Zones (SEZs) form part of the industrial growth strategies of the respective countries to stimulate economic growth and community development. China has emerged as the most prosperous country in developing SEZs for long-term economic and social transformations of its people. Bangladesh, treading its path, achieved long-term foreign direct investments and developed its SEZs. Indian development of SEZs faced problems but contributed to attracting FDIs and triggering exports. SEZs Act 2016 in Pakistan laid the outlines for developing and regulating SEZs in Pakistan. China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) with integrated SEZs can be a potential economic growth stimulus. Critical Success Factors (CSF) like bold policy initiatives, customised designs, correct location with proficient and effective management, and institutional protocols through internal connectivity and integration can be the recipe for the success of SEZs in Pakistan. Bibliography Entry Iqbal, Muhammad Zafar and Bashir Ahmad. 2024. "Economic and Social Development through Special Economic Zones (SEZs), Workable Strategies for Pakistan." Margalla Papers 28 (1): 180-197.

IntroductionThe Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO) region accounts for almost 8% of all global Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) cases, with TB incidence rates ranging from 1 per 100,000 per year in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) to 204 per 100,000 in Djibouti. The national surveillance data from the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region on the epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance trends of TB, including MDR-TB remains scarce.MethodsA retrospective 12-year analysis of N = 8,086 non-duplicate diagnostic Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB complex) isolates from the UAE was conducted. Data were generated through routine patient care during the 2010–2021 years, collected by trained personnel and reported by participating surveillance sites to the UAE National Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) Surveillance program. Data analysis was conducted with WHONET, a windows-based microbiology laboratory database management software developed by the World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Surveillance of Antimicrobial Resistance, Boston, United States (https://whonet.org/).ResultsA total of 8,086 MTB-complex isolates were analyzed. MTB-complex was primarily isolated from respiratory samples (sputum 80.1%, broncho-alveolar lavage 4.6%, pleural fluid 4.1%). Inpatients accounted for 63.2%, including 1.3% from ICU. Nationality was known for 84.3% of patients, including 3.8% Emiratis. Of UAE non-nationals, 80.5% were from 110 countries, most of which were Asian countries. India accounted for 20.8%, Pakistan 13.6%, Philippines 12.7%, and Bangladesh 7.8%. Rifampicin-resistant MTB-complex isolates (RR-TB) were found in 2.8% of the isolates, resistance to isoniazid, streptomycin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol, was 8.9, 6.9, 3.4 and 0.4%, respectively. A slightly increasing trend of resistance among MTB-complex was observed for rifampicin from 2.5% (2010) to 2.8% (2021).ConclusionInfections due to MTB-complex are relatively uncommon in the United Arab Emirates compared to other countries in the MENA region. Most TB patients in the UAE are of Asian origin, mainly from countries with a high prevalence of TB. Resistance to first line anti-tuberculous drugs is generally low, however increasing trends for MDR-TB mainly rifampicin linked resistance is a major concern. MDR-TB was not associated with a higher mortality, admission to ICU, or increased length of hospitalization as compared to non-MDR-TB.

ABSTRACT Objective: Enlargement of the adrenal glands and variable adrenocortical function have been reported in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and, in a few studies, in patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). However, none of the studies have evaluated the course of the adrenal morphology in these patients. Subjects and methods: Prospective study including 37 patients with EPTB and 37 healthy age- and sex-matched controls. The adrenal function was evaluated by measurement of cortisol levels at baseline and after stimulation with ACTH (Acton Prolongatum) before and 6 months after antituberculosis treatment. The size of both adrenal glands was evaluated using 64-slice computed tomography (CT) scanning before and 6 months after treatment. The findings were compared with those in a group of healthy matched controls. Results: Clinical and biochemical parameters were comparable between groups. The mean baseline serum cortisol level was significantly lower in the EPTB group (397.1 ± 184.9 nmol/L) compared with the control group (696.3 ± 101.8 nmol/L). Compared with controls, patients with EPTB had significantly lower mean cortisol levels at baseline and 1 hour after ACTH, both before (397 ± 184.9 nmol/L and 750.7 ± 176.8 nmol/L, respectively) and after (529.7 ± 100.4 nmol/L and 1017.2 ± 119.7 nmol/L, respectively) antituberculosis treatment. Both the length and thickness of the right and left adrenal glands were greater in patients with EPTB than in controls but became comparable to those in controls after treatment completion. Conclusions: Patients with EPTB have an enlarged adrenal size and low baseline and stimulated serum cortisol levels. After treatment completion, cortisol levels increased significantly, and the adrenal size normalized in these patients.

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Cancer is the main cause of death in the world. There are several therapies that are in practice for cancer cure including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and surgery. Among the chemotherapies, natural products are considered comparable safe, easily available and cost effective. Approximately 60% of cancer approved FDA drugs are natural products including vinblastine, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel. These natural products have complex structures due to which they work against cancer through different molecular pathways, STAT3, NF-kB, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, cell cycle arrest, mitochondrial dependent pathway, extrinsic apoptosis pathway, autophagy, mitophagy and ferroptosis. AA is a natural abietane diterpenoid compound from Pinus palustris and Pimenta racemose var. grissea with different pharmacological activities including anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant, anti-obesity and anti-allergic. Recently it has been reported with its anticancer activities through different molecular mechanisms including NF-kB, PI3K/AKT, call cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase, mitochondrial dependent pathway, extrinsic apoptosis pathway, AMPK pathway and ferroptosis pathways. The literature survey reveals that there is no review on AA anticancer molecular mechanisms, therefore in current review, we summarize the anticancer molecular mechanisms of AA.

Schizophrenia, a global mental health disorder affecting approximately 1 % of the population, is characterized by neurotransmitter dysregulation, particularly dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate. Current antipsychotic therapies, despite their efficacy, are accompanied by adverse effects, which has motivated researchers to investigate more secure substitutes. This study examines the potential antipsychotic effects of esculetin, a natural coumarin derivative recognized for its wide-ranging pharmacological activities (anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-pathogenic, anticancer, and neuroprotective), in animal model of schizophrenia induced by ketamine. In order to induce disease, acute and chronic ketamine administration was performed on Swiss albino mice, supplemented with esculetin (as the test substance) and clozapine (as the reference standard). Behavioral studies and biochemical assays were performed to evaluate positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, as well as antioxidant and oxidant levels in various brain regions. Esculetin demonstrated significant improvements in behavioral symptoms, attenuated oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, and modulated neurotransmitter levels. Afterwards, ELISA was performed to evaluate levels of schizophrenia biomarkers AChE, BDNF. Moreover, proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) and NF-κB were also determined. Histopathological parameters of under study brain parts i.e., hippocampus, cortex and striata were also assessed. Esculetin and clozapine significantly (***p

This paper presents an extensive review of some recent results on fractional Ostrowski-type inequalities associated with a variety of convexities and different kinds of fractional integrals. We have taken into account the classical convex functions, quasi-convex functions, (ζ,m)-convex functions, s-convex functions, (s,r)-convex functions, strongly convex functions, harmonically convex functions, h-convex functions, Godunova-Levin-convex functions, MT-convex functions, P-convex functions, m-convex functions, (s,m)-convex functions, exponentially s-convex functions, (β,m)-convex functions, exponential-convex functions, ζ¯,β,γ,δ-convex functions, quasi-geometrically convex functions, s−e-convex functions and n-polynomial exponentially s-convex functions. Riemann–Liouville fractional integral, Katugampola fractional integral, k-Riemann–Liouville, Riemann–Liouville fractional integrals with respect to another function, Hadamard fractional integral, fractional integrals with exponential kernel and Atagana-Baleanu fractional integrals are included. Results for Ostrowski-Mercer-type inequalities, Ostrowski-type inequalities for preinvex functions, Ostrowski-type inequalities for Quantum-Calculus and Ostrowski-type inequalities of tensorial type are also presented.

Abstract Background Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of newborn mortality in the developing world. Most of the newborn babies admitted to a neonatal ICU for different reasons acquire hospital-acquired infections. Early and optimal management is pivotal for successful outcomes. However, most of the places lack advanced automated culture facilities. Procalcitonin could potentially be used for early diagnosis of such infection. Objective To study the diagnostic role of serum procalcitonin in newborn hospital-acquired sepsis. Materials and methods A case–control study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital in northern India. Results Culture-positive nosocomial sepsis group consisted of 59 patients and the control group of 41 patients. Gram-negative organisms were the most commonly isolated organisms (91.5%). The baseline median and interquartile range (IQR) serum PCT of the study population was 0.3 (0.18–.44) ng/ml. The median (IQR) serum PCT values at the time of clinical deterioration in the nosocomial sepsis and the sepsis-like illness groups are 4 (6.5) ng/ml and 1.2 (1.6) ng/ml, respectively (p = 000). The area under the ROC curve for the prediction of bacterial infection for PCT was 0.864. On the ROC curve, the PCT level that combined the greatest sensitivity and comparatively good specificity was 1.95 ng/ml, with a sensitivity of 88%, and specificity of 79%. Conclusion We conclude that serum procalcitonin is a reliable marker for the diagnosis of neonatal nosocomial sepsis.

Agricultural water productivity is crucial for sustainability amidst the escalating demand for food. Cereals are pivotal in providing nutritious food at affordable prices. This study was based on Ghanaian data spanning from 1992 to 2021 to evaluate water usage in the cultivation of major cereals. It also examined the virtual water losses or gains in cereal trade alongside influencing factors. The analysis utilized secondary data encompassing the virtual water content, production quantity, export and import quantities, distance, GDP per capita, population, and land per capita of Ghana and its 75 trade partners. In the last 5 years, crop water use (CWU) reached an average of 7.08 billion m3/yr for maize, 3.48 billion m3/yr for rice, 1.08 billion m3/yr for sorghum, and 0.63 billion m3/yr for millet production. Ghana’s major partners for exported virtual water (EVW) were Niger, Burkina Faso, South Africa, and Togo. Major partners for imported virtual water (IVW) were Argentina, South Africa, Ukraine, Togo, Russia, Burkina Faso, Canada, Senegal, Nigeria, Portugal, UK, Niger, and the USA. The Panel Least Squares Method of regression was used to apply the Gravity Model principle in assessing influencing factors. The findings indicate that Ghana is a net importer of virtual water in the cereal trade, with significant influences from geographical distance, GDP per capita, population, land per capita, and cereal water use.

Abstract The encapsulation of plant extract in nanomatrices has limitations due to its adhesion to walls, size control, high cost and long durations that results in low yield. Macroscale and microscale level techniques for development of micro/nanoparticles may impact the encapsulation of plant extract. This study aimed to evaluate the relative efficiency of microscale and macroscale techniques for encapsulation of plant extract, which is not compared yet. Keeping this in view, encapsulation of Calotropis gigantea leaves extract (CaG) was attained in silver-conjugated poliglusam nanomatrices (POL/Ag) to induce apoptosis in invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) cells. The ethanolic CaG extract was prepared using percolation method and characterized by chemical tests for its active phytochemical compounds. The droplet-based microfluidic system was utilized as microscale encapsulation technique for CaG in nanomatrices at two different aqueous to oil flow rate ratios 1.0:1.5, and 1.0:3.0. Moreover, conventional batch system was utilized as macroscale encapsulation technique consisted of hot plate magnetic stirrer. The prepared nanomatrices were analysed for antioxidant activity using DPPH test and for cytotoxicity analysis using MCF-7 cells. The characteristic peaks of UV–Vis, FTIR and XRD spectrum confirmed the synthesis of CaG(POL/Ag) by both the encapsulation methods. However, microfluidic system was found to be more expedient because of attaining small and uniform sized silver nanoparticles (92 ± 19 nm) at high flow rate and achieving high encapsulation efficiency (80.25%) as compared to the conventional batch method (52.5%). CaG(POL/Ag) nanomatrices found to have significant antioxidant activity (p = 0.0014) against DPPH radical scavenging activity. The CaG(POL/Ag) of the smallest sized formulated by the microfluidic system has also shown the highest cytotoxicity (90%) as compared to batch method (70%) at 80 µg/mL. Our results indicate that the microscale technique using microfluidic system is a more efficient method to formulate size-controlled CaG(POL/Ag) nanomatrices and achieve high encapsulation of plant extract. Additionally, CaG(Pol/Ag) was found to be an efficient new combination for inducing potent (p

Purpose: The aim of the research is to investigate the impact of financial literacy and its dimensions on the women entrepreneurial success. The focus of the study is on the women entrepreneurs of Pakistan and examines the relationship between the dimensions of financial literacy like financial management, saving, debt, insurance and investment literacy and the performance of the women run enterprise. The inclusion and participation of the women is a key indicator for the progress and development of a country. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study employs a quantitative approach where survey questionnaires were the primary research method employed to collect the data. Data was collected from 284 women entrepreneurs form the major metropolitan cities in Pakistan. These women were selected using purposive sampling and the data was then analysed using the partial least square structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) technique. Findings: The finding of the study suggests that the overall financial literacy level of women entrepreneurs is impacting the success and growth of their ventures. Moreover, all the dimensions of the financial literacy were positively and significantly related to the success. Implications/Originality/Value: This research advances the argument that the financial literacy is a contributing factor in the entrepreneurial success of the business.

This review provides a state-of-the-art summary of the role which zeolite plays as a catalyst via pyrolysis as a way of recovering fuels and chemicals from waste high and or low density polyethylene bags. It also highlighted the two types of zeolite (natural or synthetic) which are used as a two-stage pyrolysis−catalysis in giving a free waxing product to pure fuel and chemicals which can be subjected to further analyzing and or upgrading. As yield of oil/wax decreased with the addition of a zeolite as catalyst from 44 and 51 wt.%, (depending on the waste high density polyethylene “HDPE” or low density polyethylene bags “LDPE” and other factors). However, the composition of the pyrolysis−catalysis oils significantly increased in aromatic hydrocarbon content accordingly. In addition, the composition of the oils shifted from high molecular weight hydrocarbons (C16+) to fuel range hydrocarbons (C5−C15), with a high content of single-ring aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, and styrene. This process shows great potential for production of fuels or chemicals, and also addresses the urgent issue of waste HDPE and or LDPE disposal.

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a massive cascading effect on the entire tourism and hospitality sector, acting as a demand shock, affecting not only customary travellers but also wiping out any transient demand. The upside of these difficult circumstances is that they can be used to test the sector’s resilience. In this context, this paper analyses the deleveraging risk that industry players in India face by employing a qualitative response model, ‘Logit’. The study concludes that the deleveraging risk that sector players face depends upon the amount of debt and leverage ratios, both during the pre-and post-pandemic period. However, the influence of other financial indicators on deleveraging has been different in terms of its intensity and bi-directional impact. Moreover, during COVID-19 deleveraging tendencies were noticed only in 204 firms, compared to 242 firms before COVID-19, discrediting the forced deleveraging as predicted in the literature.

The rising popularity of Electric Vehicles (EVs), fuelled by technological advancements and supportive government policies, presents a promising solution to reduce carbon emissions from conventional cars. This study explores public perceptions of obstacles to Electric Vehicle (EV) adoption in Oman and assesses EVs' impact on city sustainability. Over 300 car consumers in Muscat participated in a survey, facilitated through Microsoft Forms, and distributed via email and social media platforms like WhatsApp, Facebook, LinkedIn, and Instagram. Data analysis utilized descriptive statistics and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The study finds that the main obstacles to EV adoption in Oman include a lack of public charging infrastructure, limited EV knowledge, and concerns about available EV models. Safety issues, financial constraints, and low public awareness of climate change also hinder adoption. Structural SEM results show positive correlations between cost-effectiveness, charging infrastructure availability, climate change awareness, and intention to adopt EVs. However, safety concerns negatively impact EVs purchase intention. Regarding the impact of EVs on Oman's cities, respondents generally believe in the potential for EVs to improve air quality, enhance urban living conditions, and mitigate noise and air pollution. However, the respondents were also cautious about the widespread use of EVs due to the high infrastructure investment costs and energy consumption. Therefore, this study recommends targeted interventions like awareness campaigns, better charging infrastructure, and adoption incentives. These insights are vital for policymakers and stakeholders aiming to promote sustainable EV adoption in Oman and beyond.

Objective Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) is an acute heart failure syndrome which resembles acute coronary syndrome (ACS) at presentation. Differentiation requires coronary angiography, but where this does not occur immediately, cardiac biomarkers may provide additional utility. We performed a meta-analysis to compare troponin and natriuretic peptides (NPs) in TTS and ACS to determine if differences in biomarker profile can aid diagnosis.Methods We searched five literature databases for studies reporting NPs (Brain NP (BNP)/NT-pro-BNP) or troponin I/T in TTS and ACS, identifying 28 studies for troponin/NPs (5618 and 1145 patients, respectively).Results Troponin was significantly lower in TTS than ACS (standardised mean difference (SMD) −0.86; 95% CI, −1.08 to −0.64; p

Throughout history, medicinal plants have been used to treat different ailments. About 70 to 80% of the world population rely on medicinal plants for healthcare and some use it for income generation. The annual sale of medicinal plants increases over time. In plants, Berberis vulgaris f. lycium (Royle) Parsa (Berberis lycium), also called boxthoran barberry, Indian barberry, or Indian lyceum contains key alkaloids such as berberine, camptothecin, koumidine, salutaridine, luteanine, palmatine, and protopine. Significant steroidal compounds include sitosterol and B-sitosterol. The plant is rich in flavonoids such as isorhamnetin, formononetin-7-O-glucoside, and velutin and anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside. It also includes phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, vanillic acid, and quercetin. B. lycium possesses dual utility due to its delicious fruit and has high value with known history in treatment of different disease and use in folklore medicines. Ethnobotanical surveys reveal that the B. lycium is used to treat jaundice, hepatitis, typhoid, fever, tuberculosis disorders, eye lotion, chronic diarrhoea, tonic, skin diseases, blood purifier, piles, eye infections, gum problems, diabetes, and kidney problems. Experimental studies have demonstrated that the B. lycium possesses antibacterial, antihyperlipidaemia, antidiabetic, anticolitis/inflammatory, anticancer activities, antiviral activities, and anthelminthic activities. According to our literature survey, there is no review with a mechanistic summary on B. lycium; therefore, the current review is an effort to provide the available literature on B. lycium in summary form for future research.

In this paper, we study a Cauchy problem for a space–time fractional diffusion equation with exponential nonlinearity. Based on the standard Lp-Lq estimates of strongly continuous semigroup generated by fractional Laplace operator, we investigate the existence of global solutions for initial data with small norm in Orlicz space exp Lp(Rd) and a time weighted Lr(Rd) space. In the framework of the Hölder interpolation inequality, we also discuss the existence of local solutions without the Orlicz space.

PURPOSEClinical trials are valuable evidence for managing urologic malignancies. Early termination of clinical trials is associated with a waste of resources and may substantially affect patient care. We sought to study the termination rate of urologic cancer clinical trials and identify factors associated with trial termination.METHODSA cross-sectional search of ClinicalTrials.gov identified completed and terminated kidney, prostate, and bladder cancer clinical trials started. Trials were assessed for reasons for termination. Multivariable analyses were conducted to determine the significant factors associated with the termination.RESULTSBetween 2000 and 2020, 9,145 oncology clinical trials were conducted, of which 11.30% (n = 1,033) were urologic cancer clinical trials. Of the urologic cancer clinical trials, 25.38% (n = 265) were terminated, with low patient accrual being the most common reason for termination, 52.9% (n = 127). Multivariable analysis showed that only the university funding source odds ratio (OR) of 2.20 (95% CI, 1.45 to 3.32), single-center studies OR of 2.11 (95% CI, 1.59 to 2.81), and sample size of

IntroductionAcinetobacter spp., in particular A. baumannii, are opportunistic pathogens linked to nosocomial pneumonia (particularly ventilator-associated pneumonia), central-line catheter-associated blood stream infections, meningitis, urinary tract infections, surgical-site infections, and other types of wound infections. A. baumannii is able to acquire or upregulate various resistance determinants, making it frequently multidrug-resistant, and contributing to increased mortality and morbidity. Data on the epidemiology, levels, and trends of antimicrobial resistance of Acinetobacter spp. in clinical settings is scarce in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and Middle East and North Africa (MENA) regions.MethodsA retrospective 12-year analysis of 17,564 non-duplicate diagnostic Acinetobacter spp. isolates from the United Arab Emirates (UAE) was conducted. Data was generated at 317 surveillance sites by routine patient care during 2010–2021, collected by trained personnel and reported by participating surveillance sites to the UAE National AMR Surveillance program. Data analysis was conducted with WHONET.1ResultsSpecies belonging to the A. calcoaceticus-baumannii complex were mostly reported (86.7%). They were most commonly isolated from urine (32.9%), sputum (29.0%), and soft tissue (25.1%). Resistance trends to antibiotics from different classes during the surveillance period showed a decreasing trend. Specifically, there was a significant decrease in resistance to imipenem, meropenem, and amikacin. Resistance was lowest among Acinetobacter species to both colistin and tigecycline. The percentages of multidrug-resistant (MDR) and possibly extensively drug-resistant (XDR) isolates was reduced by almost half between the beginning of the study in 2010 and its culmination in 2021. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. (CRAB) was associated with a higher mortality (RR: 5.7), a higher admission to ICU (RR 3.3), and an increased length of stay (LOS; 13 excess inpatient days per CRAB case), as compared to Carbapenem-susceptible Acinetobacter spp.ConclusionCarbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter spp. are associated with poorer clinical outcomes, and higher associated costs, as compared to carbapenem-susceptible Acinetobacter spp. A decreasing trend of MDR Acinetobacter spp., as well as resistance to all antibiotic classes under surveillance was observed during 2010 to 2021. Further studies are needed to explore the reasons and underlying factors leading to this remarkable decrease of resistance over time.

Y-zeolite catalyst, with a Si/Al ratio of 2.23 and a high surface area of 703.34 m2/gcat, was prepared with three different particle sizes: 75, 600, and 1000 μm, from commercial Ludox AS-40 colloidal silica 40 wt.% suspension in water using the hydrothermal method. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analyses were all utilized to analyze the properties of the synthesized Y-zeolite catalyst. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was transesterified to biodiesel in a batch reactor under different temperatures (e.g., 40, 50, and 60 °C) for 3 hours, and the activity of the catalyst was evaluated before and after being loaded with potassium oxide (K2O) molecules using the impregnation method. It is observed that the biodiesel conversion and yield, in the presence of a non-KOH-loaded catalyst, rose with increasing temperature and/or reaction time. However, increasing the reaction time beyond 2 hours in the presence of the catalyst loaded with 10% KOH decreased biodiesel conversion and yield. It has also been found that using catalysts with smaller particle sizes (e.g.,75 μm) is more favorable for enhancing the conversion of the catalytic process due to the acceleration of the reaction rate. A maximum biodiesel yield and conversion of 84.44% and 80%, respectively, were obtained. Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS), the composition and physical characteristics of the produced biodiesel were compared with those of standard fuels and the comparison results were particularly satisfactory. The spent Y catalyst loaded with KOH was recovered, reactivated, and reused in subsequent reactions. It exhibited outstanding catalytic activity, which is a testament to its cost advantage since it could significantly reduce the need for large quantities of costly homogeneous catalysts that are difficult to separate from the reaction products.

This study aims to examine the demand-driven factors that attract foreign tourists to India. This study used an advanced gravity model to examine the factors that drew demand from 15 major foreign tourist destination countries from 1995 to 2018. Descriptive statistics, correlation, OLS, and panel GMM are the statistical tools used in data analysis. The results indicate that the per capita income of India and the countries of origin, the size of the Indian population, and a favorable visa policy all contribute to attracting foreign tourists to India. Meanwhile, the high cost of living in India compared to foreign tourist countries, terrorist incidents, and long distances between India and these countries are some of the factors that discourage foreign tourists from visiting India. The results of the study are robust and compelling and have significant implications for policymakers and the industry. Based on the findings, the study suggests that the Indian government should reduce the cost of living, especially for foreign tourists, by exempting them from paying goods and services tax and other taxes at the departure airport by showing the bill. In addition, security is an issue where the government should ensure the safety of foreign tourists.

This research aims to analyze the influence of environmental, social, and governance (ESG), financial distress on Corporate Sustainability and Audit Quality as a moderating variable. Corporate Sustainability is proxied by Bankcrupty Rasio (Zmijewski Scores), DER for Financial distress’s proxy and Audit Quality power is proxied by Size of Auditor (Big 4 and Non-big 4). The sample used in this research is manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in the period of 2013-2022. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling so that the samples obtained were 38 manufacturing companies whose annual reports were published on idx.co.id and disclosed environmental, social and governance scores on Bloomberg. The analytical method used in this study is panel data regression and moderated regression analysis (MRA) with E-views 10 programs. The results of this research show that ESG and FD have a positive and significant effect on Corporate Sustainability, before being moderated by audit quality, As well as, The AUD power is able to moderate the effect of ESG and financial distress on Corporate Sustainability.

In this paper, we investigate existence of mild solutions to a non-instantaneous integrodifferential equation via resolvent operators in the sense of Grimmer in Fréchet spaces. Utilizing the technique of measures of noncompactness in conjunction with the Darbo's fixed point theorem, we present sufficient criteria ensuring the controllability of the given problem. An illustrative example is also discussed.