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Maintaining the stability of the financial system is of great significance to a country’s economic security, and accurate measurement of systemic financial risks is the basic premise. This paper selects nine important factor index data in China’s five markets, uses the credit weight method and extreme value method to construct a time-sensitive China financial stress index. It is concluded that the change of the financial stress index precedes the change of the economic development trend, which proves the guiding significance of constructing the stress index to economic development. Finally, reasonable suggestions were put forward to relevant departments.

I outline a relational economy model that is broadly applicable to a range of economies both past and present. A relational economy begins from the basic premise that all economic transactions are ...

This thesis is the result of a pastoral theology study for the liberation of women who are discriminated against and oppressed in Korean Christianity and churches, which are characterized as patriarchal, and restore their human rights. Most of the previous studies on women's oppression and discrimination so far started with the basic premise of the frame of ‘male who oppress women’, that is, ‘male vs. female’ sex confrontation structure. However, in this thesis, i studied the problem of women's oppression and discrimination in the church, not with the structure of gender confrontation, but with the frame of ‘ruler vs. victim’. Although many efforts have been made for the liberation of women in Korean Christianity and churches from the past to the present, discrimination and oppression against women in them still persists. This, of course, may be due to the misapplication of the methodology or the lack of a will to emancipate women. However, the cause of this problem may have been misdiagnosed from the start. That's why it is worth wondering at least once that this problem is not being solved. I thought that it was necessary to try to approach the cause of this problem from various dimensions, moving away from the simple ‘fixed structure of men and women’ on women's oppression and discrimination. One of them is the structure of ‘ruler vs. victim.’ I hope this thesis contributes to solving the problem of oppression and discrimination against women in the Korean Christianity and in the church.

Liver failure in the context of acute (ALF) and acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with high mortality in the absence of a liver transplant. For decades, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed for the management of immune-mediated diseases. TPE has emerged as an attractive extracorporeal blood purification technique in patients with ALF and ACLF. The basic premise of using TPE is to remove the toxic substances which would allow recovery of native liver functions by facilitating liver regeneration. In recent years, encouraging data have emerged, suggesting the benefits of TPE in patients with liver failure. TPE has emerged as an attractive liver support device for the failing liver until liver transplantation or clinical recovery. The data in patients with ALF suggest routine use of high-volume TPE, while the data for such a strategy are less robust for patients with ACLF.

Astronomy has always been propelled by the discovery of new phenomena lacking precedent, often followed by new theories to explain their existence and properties. In the modern era of large surveys tiling the sky at ever high precision and sampling rates, these serendipitous discoveries look set to continue, with recent examples including Boyajian's Star, Fast Radio Bursts and `Oumuamua. Accordingly, we here look ahead and aim to provide a statistical framework for interpreting such events and providing guidance to future observations, under the basic premise that the phenomenon in question stochastically repeat at some unknown, constant rate, $\lambda$. Specifically, expressions are derived for 1) the a-posteriori distribution for $\lambda$, 2) the a-posteriori distribution for the recurrence time, and, 3) the benefit-to-cost ratio of further observations relative to that of the inaugural event. Some rule-of-thumb results for each of these are found to be 1) $\lambda < \{0.7, 2.3, 4.6\}\,t_1^{-1}$ to $\{50, 90, 95\}\%$ confidence (where $t_1=$ time to obtain the first detection), 2) the recurrence time is $t_2 < \{1, 9, 99\}\,t_1$ to $\{50, 90, 95\}\%$ confidence, with a lack of repetition by time $t_2$ yielding a $p$-value of $1/[1+(t_2/t_1)]$, and, 3) follow-up for $\lesssim 10\,t_1$ is expected to be scientifically worthwhile under an array of differing assumptions about the object's intrinsic scientific value. We apply these methods to the Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1 signal and tidal disruption events observed by TESS., Comment: Accepted to MNRAS

The democratic role and authority of the news media rest on a basic premise of trust delegation, whereby citizens confide in the news media to provide sufficiently relevant and accurate information...

Objective The symmetry principle and the frame-of-reference perspective have each made contributions to improving the measurement of personality. Although each perspective is valuable in its own right, we argue that even greater improvement can be achieved through the combination of both. Therefore, the goal of the current article was to show the value of a combined lens-model and frame-of-reference perspective. Method We conducted a literature review to summarize relevant research findings that shed light on the interplay of both perspectives and developed an integrative model. Results Based on the literature review and on theoretical grounds, we argue that a basic premise of the frame-of-reference literature--that personality items are open to interpretation and allow individuals to impose their own contextual framings--should be considered from a symmetry perspective. Unintended context-specificity in items may "spread" to personality facets and domains, and thus, impact the symmetry of personality measures with other criteria. As the individuals ' frames-of-reference and (a)symmetric relationships are not always apparent, we term them as "hidden." Conclusions The proposed combination of lens-model and frame-of-reference perspectives provides further insights into current issues in personality research and uncovers important avenues for future research.

In a recent study, Andrews et al. (2020) describe “exhumed hydrocarbon traps” in North‐East Greenland. The basic premise for their interpretation is that dark‐coloured, pyrobitumen‐bearing sandstones represent the remnants of once buried petroleum reservoirs. We do not see the necessary field or analytical evidence to support a model that has strong implications for resource evaluations. Andrews et al. (2020) have not considered previous published information on diagenetic and thermal maturity history of the area. A more probable model would include the intrusion of dykes and sills into a sedimentary succession with immature petroleum source rocks and reservoir‐quality sandstones. The heating caused rapid generation of petroleum components and local hydrothermal circulation systems in adjacent porous sandstones. Any petroleum was rapidly destroyed leaving essentially only black grain‐coatings and minor particles of pyrobitumen—essentially in one short‐lived continuous process. The existence of new plays in the North Atlantic as proposed by Andrews et al. (2020) is in our opinion not substantiated as this requires analytical data from unaltered oils from the less mature parts of the sedimentary succession and considerations of thermal maturity and basin evolution. To draw conclusions that have a serious impact on resource evaluations based on the dark colouration of sandstones without comprehensive analytical data is, in our opinion, ill advised.

A basic premise underlying this article is that the social surroundings of individuals as they gradually age are not homogeneous and have influence on their well-being. Furthermore, if significant variation on the social context are found, they should also affect and be taking into account on the provision of different kinds of public welfare support. This paper analyses two particularly relevant variables influencing this context, location and family availability. We ask if a focus on head count demographics hide important aspects of the challenges posed upon welfare agencies when preparing for and undertaking social work in practice. In order to illustrate the magnitude of those differences we study the population composition in three regions in Norway: The municipality of Oslo, Akershus county and Helgeland. We combine population registers with a parent child identifier, which enables us to map the older person’s spousal situation, presence and location of children (and grandchildren), what we term life links adjusted shares. The results revealed that the female surplus in the older population is far stronger in Oslo than in the two other regions considered. Moreover, the combination of a higher prevalence of older people not residing together with a spouse, older people without children, and older peoples with fewer children, place Oslo’s older residents in a relatively more vulnerable position in terms of spouse and kinship availability. Hence, we will claim that there is a need for an increased attention to not only head count demographics, but also to the uneven geographic distribution of life links. The work on this article is partly funded by the Norges Forskningsråd [grant number 237028].

The totality of the universe – organic and inorganic matter, human and other-than-human organisms, swirls of stardust – is vital, vibrant, agential, interrelated, alive. This is the basic premise o...

Multiview clustering has gained increasing attention recently due to its ability to deal with multiple sources (views) data and explore complementary information between different views. Among various methods, multiview subspace clustering methods provide encouraging performance. They mainly integrate the multiview information in the space where the data points lie. Hence, their performance may be deteriorated because of noises existing in each individual view or inconsistent between heterogeneous features. For multiview clustering, the basic premise is that there exists a shared partition among all views. Therefore, the natural space for multiview clustering should be all partitions. Orthogonal to existing methods, we propose to fuse multiview information in partition level following two intuitive assumptions: (i) each partition is a perturbation of the consensus clustering; (ii) the partition that is close to the consensus clustering should be assigned a large weight. Finally, we propose a unified multiview subspace clustering model which incorporates the graph learning from each view, the generation of basic partitions, and the fusion of consensus partition. These three components are seamlessly integrated and can be iteratively boosted by each other towards an overall optimal solution. Experiments on four benchmark datasets demonstrate the efficacy of our approach against the state-of-the-art techniques.

The satisfaction of the students at university is in general interpreted as the happiness and contentment that students experience when their needs and expectations are fulfilled. This paper is aimed at understanding the factors that influence the students’ satisfaction using Kano model of customer satisfaction as the basic premise. The survey was conducted amongst 193 students studying at the private universities in Uttarakhand state. The results indicated that the key determinants of satisfaction for the students studying at the private universities included the qualified and knowledgeable faculty resources that private universities attract, and the world class infrastructure with state of the art technology for academic delivery. Only aspect that students have shown slight dissatisfaction towards was the cost of the program which is an important factor to be considered.

The main task of the state is to provide citizens with protection of their lives and health. In fulfilling these tasks, the state should have legal regulations relevant to each situation and entities prepared to act in order to implement the set priorities. The basic premise of the publication is to present the entities authorized to dissolve the assembly in order to ensure security and public order during its duration, depending on the circumstances and type of assembly. In this regard, on the one hand, a historical analysis of the conditions regarding the dissolution of the assembly will be presented, on the other, current problems and legal grounds indicating the rights of entities in this respect.

This paper focuses on the nonlinear system identification problem, which is a basic premise of control and fault diagnosis. For Hammerstein output-error nonlinear systems, we propose an auxiliary model-based multi-innovation fractional stochastic gradient method. The scalar innovation is extended to the innovation vector for increasing the data use based on the multi-innovation identification theory. By establishing appropriate auxiliary models, the unknown variables are estimated and the improvement in the performance of parameter estimation is achieved owing to the fractional-order calculus theory. Compared with the conventional multi-innovation stochastic gradient algorithm, the proposed method is validated to obtain better estimation accuracy by the simulation results.

Preference heterogeneity is one of the central behavioral concepts in applied econometrics. Its centrality is particularly evident in the choice modeling literature, notably in its widespread application to environmental and health economics, marketing, and transport. Despite conceptual and empirical advances in modeling preference heterogeneity, the generalizability of preference heterogeneity to different decision contexts and different data generation processes remains an open question. The basic premise of this paper is that latent sources of preference heterogeneity can be decomposed into components general to decision contexts and others specific to them. We study the structure of preference heterogeneity in different data generation processes with the goal of reliably identifying common (presumably generalizable) and specific (presumably not generalizable) sources of preference heterogeneity. The contribution of the paper is both conceptual and methodological, leading to the testing of five rival model specifications which together elucidate the heterogeneity structure present in two preference data sources of the same choice behavior. In the empirical application, we find that the multitrait-multimethod model of preference heterogeneity has the best fit and most sensible interpretations, indicating that while each data source contributes uniquely to certain heterogeneity components, both data sources contribute also to common (generalizable) preference heterogeneity. Recognition of the separability of the common versus source-specific preference heterogeneity will lead to more reliable and accurate demand model forecasts and assessments of welfare impacts.

In Opportunistic Networks (OppNets), mobility of and contact between nodes are explored to create communication opportunities and exchange messages and information. A basic premise for a better performance of these networks is a collaboration of the nodes during communication. However, due to energy restriction factors, nodes may eventually fail to collaborate with message exchanges. In this work, we propose a routing mechanism called eGPDMI to improve message probability of delivery while optimizing nodes’ energy consumption. Unlike other algorithms proposed in OppNets literature, eGPDMI groups nodes by energy level and nodes interests using clustering techniques. Our major assumption is that retaining messages in nodes with the highest energy levels can improve network performance, thus overcoming the problem of nodes’ disconnection due to unwillingness to cooperate due to low energy values. Through questionnaire application and factorial design experiments, we characterize the impacts of energy levels in OppNets. Further, we apply performance evaluation of the eGPDMI mechanism in terms of effectiveness using mobility from real-world scenarios. The results show that our mechanism effectively reduces the degradation of the probability of delivery when the minimum energy level used for nodes to cooperate with communication increases.

This study explored the effect of a structured therapeutic horticulture (TH) program on depression symptoms and quality of life indicators for individuals receiving inpatient electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for major depressive disorders (MDD). Self-reported measures of depressive symptomatology (PHQ9, BDI-II) and quality of life (SF-36) were employed to compare intervention (n = 25) and control groups (n = 27), with the intervention group attending TH sessions for one-hour periods, twice per week, in addition to standard inpatient care associated with ECT received by both groups. All patients were assessed at admission, and after two weeks' time or prior to discharge, during which the intervention group participated in a minimum of four TH sessions. Sessions were led by a horticultural therapist in an accessible on-campus greenhouse. Both groups improved significantly between assessment times one and two on both measures of depression, with a statistically significant difference in change scores for the BDI-II only, favoring the control over the intervention group (16.5, s.d. 12.78 versus 9.6, s.d. 10.15; p = 0.36). Both groups improved significantly on four of eight SF-36 subscales during the same period. A statistically significant difference in change scores was found for the Role Limitations-Physical Health (RLPH) subscale, where the intervention group improved between assessment periods, whereas the control group worsened (16.0, s.d.48.8 versus -9.3, s.d. 33.4; p = .033). Although quantifying group changes or improvement for individuals receiving intensive treatment for major depressive disorders (ECT) by the addition of an adjunct therapy is difficult, this study provides a basic premise for the consideration of various therapeutic horticulture settings to achieve therapeutic benefits through TH.

The authors want this book to serve as a kind of heresy against the language of leadership and how we think about authority and power at work. Its basic premise is that in contemporary culture, the...

Enthusiasts of Margaret Atwood’s theory that Canada views the United States through a one-way mirror will find the nine articles of this anthology challenging. Their basic premise is that the Canad...

Effective integration and wide sharing of geospatial data is an important and basic premise to facilitate the research and applications of geographic information science. However, the semantic heterogeneity of geospatial data is a major problem that significantly hinders geospatial data integration and sharing. Ontologies are regarded as a promising way to solve semantic problems by providing a formalized representation of geographic entities and relationships between them in a manner understandable to machines. Thus, many efforts have been made to explore ontology-based geospatial data integration and sharing. However, there is a lack of a specialized ontology that would provide a unified description for geospatial data. In this paper, with a focus on the characteristics of geospatial data, we propose a unified framework for geospatial data ontology, denoted GeoDataOnt, to establish a semantic foundation for geospatial data integration and sharing. First, we provide a characteristics hierarchy of geospatial data. Next, we analyze the semantic problems for each characteristic of geospatial data. Subsequently, we propose the general framework of GeoDataOnt, targeting these problems according to the characteristics of geospatial data. GeoDataOnt is then divided into multiple modules, and we show a detailed design and implementation for each module. Key limitations and challenges of GeoDataOnt are identified, and broad applications of GeoDataOnt are discussed.

This study aims at enhancing students’ writing exposition paragraph through collaboration by utilizing Google Docs and peer-review technique. Based on the findings in preliminary research, students got difficulties in writing. The subject of this research is the fourth semester students of English Study Program of Widya Dharma University Klaten. Data showed from the pre-test, the students’ skills in each writing aspects are still low, namely organization (62%), content (65%), syntax/grammar (61%), mechanics (57%), and vocabulary (66%). The techniques of collecting the data in this study are observation, interview, questionnaire, and test. The technique of analyzing the data is using interactive model analysis from Miles & Huberman for qualitative data and descriptive statistic for quantitative data. The results of the study show that there are significant improvement of students’ writing exposition paragraph viewed from mean scores of pre-test (63, 1), cycle I (68, 35), cycle II (73, 2), and cycle III (81, 55). The findings also present that teaching writing through collaboration by using peer review technique using Google Docs can improve the students’ analytical and critical thinking, self-confidence, and social relation; make students to be more active; and create meaningful learning of the class situation.

An idea on existence of inner ‘will force’ of animal as primary mechanism of evolutionary process was published in this journal without providing any basic premise and explanation. The present article tried to point out how the concept of ‘will-force’ driven evolution lacks definition, consistency, clarity, rationality, evidences and scientific parsimonious explanation to address diverse evolutionary concepts.

Se analiza en este estudio la reciente introducción en el derecho regional andaluz del derecho al agua como mínimo vital. Se parte, para ello, de la caracterización formal y material del ya conocido derecho al agua, en sus diferentes niveles territoriales, desde la premisa básica de su articulación como garantía constitucional a un mínimo existencial. El análisis fundamental se centra en el estudio de los diversos elementos de la nueva D. A. 16ª de la Ley andaluza de Aguas. Se revisan, así, los principios inspiradores de esta nueva previsión, su contenido y características, fines, etc., desde una reflexión crítica sobre el efectivo alcance de las previsiones legales, dada su conexión inmediata, en el fondo, con el grupo normativo relativo a la prestación de los servicios del agua en el nivel local de gobierno. Y se acaba con unas consideraciones específicas de las relaciones entre esta cláusula del derecho al agua y las nuevas situaciones de pobreza hídrica

The term ‘security community’ refers to the development of a regional consensus of shunning war as a means of settling disputes among participant states. Assuming this basic premise of a security c...

A great deal of the earlier research regarding ultraviolet light was conducted in laboratory environments, rendering it difficult to interpret fluorescence at the scene of a fire. The purpose of this research project is to explore the ways in which ultraviolet light can be used as a tool in fire scene interpretation investigations and fire debris sampling. The results are based on an analysis of the literature as well as the research conducted over the last 25 years, including 11 fire investigations in which UV light was employed and approximately 1000 experiments. The factors involved in the studied fire experiments were time and climate. With regard to time, experiments were conducted with newly produced samples containing ignitable liquid after one day, three weeks, and 13 years. With regard to climate (the effect of the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general), several different climate zones are present in the jurisdiction of the National Police; for this reason, the experiments were conducted in Greenland (winter and summer), the Island of Fyn, and Sjaelland (fall). Forensic technicians who were not involved in the current research project conducted blind tests with the purpose of interpreting fluorescence on the floor and ground. A basic premise of this work was to consider the conditions under which the forensic investigators of the Danish Police work, including routines, training, equipment, arson dogs, and work environment. The results demonstrated that ultraviolet light can be used to visualise liquid and fire patterns. It was concluded that investigations that use UV light enhance fire sampling in the presence of ignitable liquids. Another conclusion is that documentation by fluorescent photography can be used to detect liquid dispersion and scope. UV light enhances the analysis of liquid patterns; thus, fluorescent photography is in itself evidence. Ultraviolet light is useful in the interpretation of fire scenes and is a method that can be taken advantage of by forensic fire investigators; therefore, guidance and training in the interpretation of fluorescence should be further developed.

In the new era, China has made an important strategic deployment of rural re-vitalization, reflecting the comprehensive realization of well-off new tasks and new requirements, which is the common aspirations and pursuit of the majority of farmers. The rural community education is the key strategic support to realize the rural revitalization, the development of rural community education is the basic premise of building a modern countryside and an important way to train new quality rural residents. However, the rural community education in China is confronted with such constraints and challenges as low status, imperfect system, weak faculty and weak sustainable development. Based on the current situation of rural community education, this paper proposes specific development strategies, so as to promote the better development of rural communities in China and help rural areas realize rural revitalization as soon as possible.

In this chapter, I discuss social isolation as a laboratory model of psychological despair and compare it to enforced isolation in humans, emerging as a major issue of the COVID-19 pandemic. I review the ethological considerations and species-specific responses to isolation. I differentiate self-imposed isolation from enforced social isolation, and discuss their meaning for humans and other animals. While social isolation may not lead to a significant stress response in several species, long-term isolation is utilized as a chronic stress model in rodents, leading to several metabolic, physiological, and behavioral effects. Chronic rodent social isolation mimics the human condition under long-term solitary confinement and self-isolation. Since enforced human social isolation is associated with clinical depression, rodent response to isolation appears as a reliable animal model of behavioral despair. During the COVID-19 pandemic, countless people across the globe personally experienced the devastating effects of enforced isolation, a situation that increased the scientific attention on the concept of social isolation. Relatively few human studies on the psychological effects of solitary confinement will likely be reconsidered in light of the physiological findings of animal research utilizing chronic isolation. In order to develop a holistic understanding of the physiological and psychological effects of human (self) isolation, this chapter reviews the basic premise of social isolation as laboratory model of depression.

Usually, the robotic one-by-one harvesting action on tomato fruits consists of two basic motion elements—gripping and detaching. To discover the physical and mechanical properties of tomato fruit and stem are the basic premise for achieving damage-free harvesting.

This chapter presents the results of an ongoing research that aims to identify and analyze what it means to be a history teacher in Brazil based on the content of history didactics handbooks. These handbooks are sources that depict the ways teaching was valued in different historical contexts. The handbooks are different from the textbooks aimed at students. While students’ books are focused on the content of the disciplines to be taught, handbooks focus on teacher training. The basic premise of the research presented here is the idea that every book establishes certain orders as a result of its production process, the views of the authors materialized in the books, and the deciphering done by readers. The study presented here aimed at identifying elements that constituted the understanding of what it meant to be a history teacher. Content analysis of seven history didactics handbooks produced in the phase known as the reconstruction of the history disciplinary code (since 1984) served to gather empirical evidence. The findings indicate that most handbooks contain an image of history teachers that are under the influence of educational psychology and general didactics. The conception of a teacher based on the specificities of the referenced science and its epistemology, in this case history, had very low incidence.

A new approach is presented for analyzing bottom hole temperature (BHT) data from CO2 injection projects. The basic premise of the methodology is: (a) during injection, both bottom hole pressure (BHP) and BHT approach quasi-stabilized values, and (b) the ratio of these changes (from ambient conditions) is the same as the ratio of slopes from transient Horner analysis of temperature and pressure data from the subsequent warmback/falloff periods. Once the slope of the pressure Horner plot is estimated from a steady-state temperature-pressure change cross plot and the slope of a temperature Horner plot, the formation permeability can be readily determined. This provides an independent estimate of formation permeability without utilizing transient pressure data.

In this issue of ONCOLOGY, the interview with Tanios S. Bekaii-Saab, MD, raises some interesting questions on next-generation sequencing (NGS) testing. In this interview, he says that NGS testing should be done at diagnosis for all patients with GI cancer, and this is no longer a privilege but a patient's right. Although I agree with the basic premise that NGS will give us the greatest amount of information in a single test, I think this statement needs a little more consideration.

We explore how ideas and practices common in Bayesian modeling can be applied to help assess the quality of 3D protein structural models. As the word model is used in both Bayesian Statistics and Protein Science, throughout this article we deliberately use the word model to discuss statistical models and structure to discuss protein 3D models, thus avoiding potential confusions. The basic premise of our approach, is that the evaluation of a Bayesian statistical model’s fit may reveal aspects of the quality of a structure, when the fitted data are related to protein structural properties. Therefore, we fit a Bayesian hierarchical linear model to experimental and theoretical 13Cα Chemical Shifts. Then, we propose two complementary approaches for the evaluation of such fitting: 1) in terms of the expected differences between experimental and posterior predicted values; 2) in terms of the leave-one-out cross validation point-wise predictive accuracy. Finally, we present visualizations that can help interpret these evaluations. The analyses presented in this article are aimed to aid in detecting problematic residues in protein structures. The code developed for this work is available on: https://github.com/BIOS-IMASL/Hierarchical-Bayes-NMR-Validation.

In the development of smart car technologies, the perception and understanding on the vehicle’s surrounding environment is the basic premise for realizing car intelligence. Digital maps could be used in navigation, map-supported ADAS or autonomous driving with different requirements in each of the three applications. Through vehicle connectivity, cars could be inter-linked with each other, while algorithms make them think and act.