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The objective of this study was to explore single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and gene expression of immune and antioxidant markers associated with reproductive disorders in Baladi goats. A total of one hundred adults Baladi does were allocated into two equal-sized groups: normal reproductive performance and does have a history of reproductive disorders. DNA sequencing of PRLR (304-bp), LTF (904-bp), TLR2 (420-bp), TLR4 (335-bp), CLA-DRB3.2 (285-bp), SOD3 (735-bp), CAT (1526-bp), GPX4 (782-bp), and GST (690-bp) revealed SNPs associated with reproductive disorders tolerance/susceptibility in investigated does. Nonetheless, DNA sequencing of beta defensin (483-bp), CCL5 (840-bp), and ATOX1 (374-bp) genes elicited a monomorphic pattern. Levels of PRLR, LTF, TLR2, TLR4, CLA-DRB3.2, beta defensin, and CCL5 genes were significantly up-regulated in does affect with reproductive disorders than tolerant ones; while SOD3, CAT, GPX4, GST and ATOX1 genes pattern elicited an opposite trend. The results herein confirmed the potential significance of SNPs in immune and antioxidant genes as genetic markers for reproductive disorders tolerance/susceptibility in Baladi does. The Gene expression profile of investigated genes could be also used as proxy biomarkers for the prediction of the most susceptible risk time for disease occurrence and for building up an effective management protocol.

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the protective effect of L-arginine (L-Arg) on renal damage induced by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) toxicities in rats. Methods: Thirty-six healthy mature male albino rats were allocated into six experimental groups (n=6/group): control group, L-arginine group (L-Arg) administered 200 mg/kg b.wt L-Arg, cadmium chloride group (Cd) received 5 mg/kg b.wt Cd chloride, lead acetate group (Pb) received 25 mg/kg b.wt Pb acetate, L-Arg + Cd chloride group (L-Arg + Cd) received L-Arg 30 minutes prior to Cd chloride, and L-Arg + Pb acetate group (L-Arg + Pb) received L-Arg 30 minutes prior to Pb acetate. All treatments were given orally once daily for 15 days. Results: The results revealed that exposure of rats to Cd chloride and Pb acetate resulted in a significant (p < 0.05) increase in serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and renal malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) activities in kidney and induced histopathological alterations in kidney tissue. However, pretreatment with L-Arg attenuated all deleterious effects induced by Pb and Cd. Conclusion: The present results support the hypothesis that the amino acid, L-arginine, is an efficient antioxidant capable of minimizing the hazard effects of cadmium chloride and lead acetate on the kidney.

In forensic medicine, the study of gene expression in cadaveric tissues is well established, while analysis of post-mortem gene transcripts (thanatotranscriptome) is a novel arena for detec...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) belong to the major health problems causing mortality and morbidity in the world. Our study aimed to investigate effects of Lupinus Albus (LA) seed extract on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty mature Sprague Dawley male rats were used in this study. Three experimental groups were used as follows: GI- Control rats (Normal), GII- Diabetic rats and GIII- Diabetic rats treated with LA aqueous extract (7mg/100g B.wt) by oral gavage. Insulin, Fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and serum lipid profile assays of all rats were carried out. Gene expressions of Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx-1), homeobox protein (Nkx6.1), insulin-1, liver glucose transporter-2 (GLUT-2) and glucokinase were performed by real-time PCR. Results obtained for diabetic rats orally gavage with LA extract revealed an improvement in insulin with reduction in FBG, HbA1c% and significant improvement in serum lipid profile. Additionally, LA aqueous extract induced a mild increase in expression of biomarkers genes for pancreatic βeta cells (β-cells) function, insulin secretion, liver GLUT-2 and glucokinase when compared to STZ-diabetic rats. This research highlights LA seed extract as a nutraceutical for improving insulin secretion in diabetic rats.

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and then spread all over the world, causing a global respiratory epidemic COVID-19 illness. Certain health conditions can increase your exposure to COVID-19, such as chronic obstructive lung disease, high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. The immune system of the host is severely compromised in the event of a respiratory viral infection. Immunocompromised patients have a more difficult time avoiding respiratory viral infections, making them more vulnerable to COVID-19 pneumonia and increasing the death rate to 19%. The ability of SARS-CoV-2 to damage the host cell by modifying its own DNA or RNA and proliferating inside the host cell, with antiviral treatments and prophylactic vaccinations being tested. In recent years, numerous innovative technologies have been examined to diagnose, prevent and treat viral infections. Nano technology opens the way to distinguish the living cell mechanisms and develop new technologies that make it possible to diagnose and cure various viral infections in the early stage. The therapeutic and preventative approaches of nanomedicine are essential factors for curing SARS-CoV-2. The delivery of antiviral drugs based on nanocarrier, changes in pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties, leading in dose reduction, reductions in toxicity, increased bioavailability, and the prevention of the virus. The overall efficiency and safety of vaccinated adjuvant vaccine nanoparticles (VANs) helps enhance the immune response of older, immunocompromised persons with the greatest death rate of SARS-CoV-2. The review focuses on recent advancements in nanomedicine treatments and prevention strategies for SARS-CoV-2.

The novel Coronavirus was firstly appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019 when patients who showed signs of fever,...

The aim of this study was to explore the genetic polymorphisms in LTF/EcoRI and TLR4/AluI loci and their association with milk and reproductive performance in Holstein cattle. A randomly selected 800 Holstein dairy cows from two dairy farms (400 animals each) in Egypt were used. Based on the two farm records, association between LTF/EcoRI genotypes and milk performance traits (order of lactation, daily milk yield, days in milk, corrected milk at 305 day and dry period) was carried out. Meanwhile, exploring of TLR4/AluI genotypes effect was done on data for reproductive performance (age at first freshening, calving interval, number of services per conception, ovarian rebound and days open). DNA was extracted from blood samples collected from Holstein dairy cows of the both farms and restriction analysis of 301-bp PCR products of LTF gene revealed two genotypes: AA genotype (301 bp) and AB genotype (301, 201 and 100 bp). Meanwhile, restriction analysis of 382-bp PCR products of TLR4 gene digested with AluI yielded two alleles (A and B) and three genotypes (AA, AB and BB). The A allele was indicated by two bands at 300 and 82 bp, and the B allele resulted in three fragments of 160, 140 and 82 bp. There was a significant association (p ≤ 0.05) between LTF genotypes and milk performance traits except for days in milk. The TLR4 genotypes had significant effects (p ≤ 0.05) on age at first freshening, calving interval, number of services per conception, ovarian rebound and days open. Ordinal logistic regression statistical model also revealed that it is possible to calculate high reproductive performance traits and to predict favourable dairy cows based on LTF and TLR4 genotypes. This research reveals the effectiveness of LTF/EcoRI and TLR4/AluI loci as candidates for reproductive performance assessment in Holstein cattle.

Aims This study was designed to evaluate the protective and therapeutic efficacy of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) against testicular degeneration and germ cell apoptosis after induced spermatic cord torsion/detorsion (TD) in rats. Materials Forty rats were allocated into 5 groups: 1) control, 2) short torsion/detorsion (STD), 3) long torsion detorsion (LTD), 4) protective (PRP/P) and 5) treatment (PRP/T). Testicular ischemia was induced by twisting the right testis 1080° clockwise for 2.5 h. PRP (10 μl) was injected intra-testicular 5 min before (PRP/P) and 3 h after (PRP/T) detorsion. At the end of the experiment, rats were euthanized at 2, 30, 2, and 30 days for groups 2–5 respectively. Nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, catalase, total antioxidant capacity, reduced glutathione, glutathione-S-transferase, interleukin1 beta, tumor necrosis factor, caspase-3, and B-cell lymphoma 2 expressions were assessed in the testes. Moreover, histological examination was performed. Key findings PRP treatment significantly mitigated the torsion-detorsion induced testicular degeneration. Particularly, by improving the state of oxidative stress (NO, P = 0.0001) and antioxidant markers (TAC, GSH, GST, P = 0.0001–0.01) and decreasing the expression of IL-1β, TNF-α and cas 3 and increase the BCL2 fold changes (P = 0.0001). The protective use of PRP is superior to the therapeutic use of PRP in the restoration of the testicular histoarchitecture following TD. Significance This study illustrates the cyto-protective role of PRP against TD induced testicular cell injury that highlight possible application of PRP as a complementary therapy in different testicular degenerative diseases which might attribute to its ability to ameliorate the oxidative stress and inhibit induced apoptosis.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an endocrine disruptor with a weak estrogenic effect used in industry as a component of food cans. We aimed to study the toxic effects of BPA on mRNA expression of steroidogenic genes and testicular structure in mature male rats. Animals were divided into 3 groups: vehicle control rats as first group, while second group received 10 µg/kg BW and third group received BPA 15 µg/kg BW orally every alternate day for a period of 105 successive days. Serum testosterone level, mRNA expression of genes related to steroid synthesis, histopathological examination, spermatogenesis index and number of Leydig cells were evaluated in this study. Lower serum hormone levels were observed in both BPA-treated groups as compared to the control group. The gene expression patterns of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 17a(CYP17a) and 3β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) were significantly down-regulated in BPA-treated rats compared to control group. Meanwhile, the expression of aromatase (CYP19) and lutinizing hormone receptor (LHR) was significantly up-regulated. Histopathological lesions were observed in the testes and epididymis of BPA-treated rats. Spermatogenesis index and the number of Leydig cells were significantly decreased in BPA-treated groups compared with the control group. This study highlights negative effect of BPA on steroidogenic genes and testicular structure in male rats.

We investigated the effects of cisplatin (CDDP) on inflammation in general and skin inflammation in particular with application of different treatment models using tadalafil™ (Tad), losartan™ (Los), extracts of grape seed (G.S) and ginko biloba (G.B). Ninety healthy male albino rats were used in this experiment distributed randomly into six groups (n = 15). The duration of the experiment was four weeks. At the end of 1st, 2nd and 4th weeks of treatment, blood samples were subjected to RNA extraction and RT-PCR for interleukin (IL)-1B and IL-18 genes expression. The results showed a significant increase (P

Avian influenza and infectious laryngeotracheitis viruses are common causes of respiratory diseases in chickens with economical importance worldwide. In this study, we investigated the effect of experimental co-infection of avian influenza virus-H9N2 (AIV-H9N2) with infectious laryngeotracheitis virus (ILTV) live-attenuated vaccine (LAR-VAC®) on chickens. Four experimental groups were included in this study: negative control group, AIV-H9N2 group, AIV-H9N2+LAR-VAC® group, and LAR-VAC® group. AIV-H9N2 was inoculated intranasally to challenged groups at 35 days of age. On the same day, LAR-VAC® was ocularly administered to vaccinated groups. Chickens were observed for clinical signs, changes in body weight and mortality rates. Tissue samples, sera, tracheal and cloacal swabs, and blood were also collected at 3, 6, 9 and 12 days post-infection (PI). A significant increase in clinical signs and mortality rates were observed in the AIV-H9N2 + LAR-VAC® group. Moreover, chickens coinfected with AIV-H9N2 and LAR-VAC® showed a significant decrease in body weight and lymphoid organs indices. The tracheal gross and histopathological lesions and the shedding titer and period of AIV-H9N2 were significantly higher in AIV-H9N2 + LAR-VAC® group when compared to other groups. Furthermore, AIV-H9N2 infection leads to humoral and cellular immunosuppression as shown by a significant decrease in the CD4+/CD8+ ratio and antibody responses to ILTV and a significant increase in H/L ratio. In conclusion, this is the first report of co-infection of AIV-H9N2 and ILTV vaccine in chickens, which leads to increased pathogenicity, pathological lesions, and AIV-H9N2 shedding titer and period, which can lead to severe economic losses due to poor weight gain and mortality.

Hepatotoxicity causes a very high mortality all over the world. Several hepatotoxins are responsible for the development of hepatotoxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the potential effect of Diethyl nitrosamine (DEN)/ Carbon tetra chloride (CCL4)-induced hepatotoxicity in obese rats. Forty male albino rats were divided equally into four groups; G1; control group, G2; DEN/ CCL4 group (IP injection of DEN (200 mg/kg Bwt) followed by weekly SC injection of CCL¬4 (3 mg/kg Bwt) for six weeks, G3; obese group (fed HFD) for 11 weeks & G4; DEN/ CCL4/ obese group (DEN/ CCL4 + obesity). Serum samples of all rats were analyzed for lipid profile and liver enzymes, ALP, total & direct albumin and alpha fetoprotein. Liver tissues were collected for analysis of oxidative stress markers, gene expression of Caspase-3 expression and histopathological examination. DEN/ CCL4 induced hepatotoxicity in G2 significantly increase serum lipid profile, liver enzymes, ALP, total & direct bilirubin, alpha-fetoprotein and liver MDA, meanwhile significantly decreased serum HDL-C, albumin, liver SOD, CAT, GSH and Caspase-3 expression when compared to control group. DEN /CCl4/ obese treated rats in G4 showed insignificantly changed lipid profile, while serum activities of ALT, ALP, as well as serum levels of total & direct bilirubin, alpha-fetoprotein, and Caspase-3 expression were significantly elevated, while AST, albumin and liver SOD were significantly decreased when compared with obese rats. This study highlights the ameliorative effects of obesity in delaying the progress of toxic effects of DEN / CCL4 on liver of obese rats.

Objective: In this study, we investigated the potential immune-enhancing effects in addition to anti-oxidative stress properties of commercially accessible Bacillus subtilis supplementation in Barki lambs. Materials and Methods: Twenty apparently healthy weaned Barki lambs were used in this study and distributed randomly into two experimental groups: Negative control group, received control basal diet without any feed supplements and a supplemented group, received control basal diet supplemented with water added to commercially accessible bacilli at 1 gm/l/day for 30 consecutive days. Blood samples were collected from each lamb before starting the experiment (T0), 2 weeks (T15), and 4 weeks (T30) post-supplementation for serum biochemical analyses, total leucocytes and lymphocytes count, and real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: The supplemented group showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the total number of leukocytes and the number of lymphocytes, lysozyme activity, reduced glutathione, total antioxidant capacity with a significantly lower malondialdehyde values at T30 and significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of serum catalase and nitric oxide at T15 as compared with control ones. B. subtilis elicited maximal up-regulation of most of the studied genes compared with the control group. Conclusion: The results herein suggest that B. subtilis could be used as useful nutritional supplements to support the immune system in healthy lambs. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2019; 6(3.000): 333-340]

The present work designed to estimate postmortem expression of mRNA of certain hepatic genes in rats in the presence or absence of postmortem heat stress using qRT-PCR technique in correlation to postmortem interval (PMI). Rats were sacrificed and divided into, control group (PMI=0 h), room temperature and heat stressed (41⁰C) groups. In control group, liver samples were collected immediately after death, while in the second and third groups, samples were collected at 1, 3 and 6 hours postmortem. The results showed significant reductions in pro-inflammatory gene transcripts (TNFα and IL-1β) at all-time points compared to control group with an inhibitory effect of postmortem heat stress on expression of TNFα at 1 and 6 h after death. Whereas postmortem expression of genes encode apoptosis was significantly increased at 3 and 6 h postmortem compared to control group. Postmortem heat stress reduced the hepatic expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 at 3 and 6 h of PMI and increased the expression of Caspase-3 at 1 h after death compared to room temperature group. Meanwhile, postmortem hepatic mRNA expression of c-fos was significantly induced after death at 3 and 6 h PMI. Postmortem heat stress significantly reduced c-fos expression at 3 and 6 h after death. Thanatotranscriptome of genes encode inflammation, apoptosis as well as c-fos varied in their correlations to PMI. Additionally, the results showed disparities in the effect of postmortem heat stress according to the studied gene and time.