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Background: Stroke is a common neurological disorder with a high prevalence. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factor, prevalence, and association of types of strokes among diabetes and hypertension patients. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted in King Abdul Aziz, Qurayyat, Sakaka, and Tubarjal hospitals among stroke patients including both sexes within the age > 40 years. Type of stroke was identified by brain computed tomography scans or magnetic resonance imaging and risk factors for stroke and other details were noted on a checklist. Results: Out of 226 stroke patients considered for the present study, in which 48% were males and 52% were females. All lived in the Aljouf region. Most of the patients had risk factors which included Hypertension 49 (21.68%), Diabetes Mellitus 44 (19.46%), Combined (Hypertension and diabetes) 111 (49.11%), and Hyperlipidemia 22 (9.75%). Stroke patients > 60 years of age group showed a higher prevalence of ischemic stroke (p=0.001). The combined risk factor group also showed more prevalence of ischemic stroke (49.11%). Conclusion: Patient having both risk factor Hypertension and diabetes mellitus were major association with ischemic stroke. Majority of the patients with ischemic stroke age at onset > 60 year and irrespectively affected both males and females were equally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bladder neoplasms contribute to significant mortality and morbidity that are more disabling and lethal. Hence early and accurate histomorphological diagnosis with grading and staging helps in early management thus having better prognosis of bladder neoplasms. Objective: The present study aimed to study the clinico-histomorphological features of bladder lesions with special emphasis on grading and staging of the bladder neoplasms. Materials and Methods: The present study is a descriptive type carried out over a period five years from June 2015-June 2020 at a Multispecialty private hospital Trident, Bangalore. All patients who visited to urology outpatient department with lower urinary tract symptoms and obstructive bladder symptoms were subjected to cystoscopy. The detailed clinico-histomorphological features were studied using World Health Organization (WHO) 2016 histological grading system and Tumour, lymphnode and Metastasis (TNM) staging and thus used in classifying the bladder neoplasms. Results: Among 331 cystoscopic biopsies received, neoplastic lesions constituted 63.4% of the cases. Among the neoplastic lesions, malignant lesions accounted for 89.52% of the cases. Among the malignant lesions, urothelial carcinoma (90.4%) was the commonest with high prevalence of high grade papillary urothelial carcinoma (58.85%) and invasive papillary urothelial carcinoma (84.34%). Conclusions: In our study we observed a high prevalence of bladder neoplasms. Clinically most of the patient with benign bladder neoplasms presented with lower urinary tract symptoms while malignant bladder neoplasms presented with haematuria. Majority of bladder tumours on cystoscopy was localized on the lateral wall of bladder. The gold standard histomorphology in adjunct to histochemical and immunohistochemistry helps in early, accurate grading and staging of bladder tumours thus helps in early management with better prognosis of the of bladder neoplasms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Epilepsy is considered among the commonest neurological disorder where frontal lobe epilepsy is considered as one of its types. It is known that epilepsy is associated with atypical facial shape with the prolonged usage of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). The aim is to examine the thickness of frontal bone at the three different levels in the epileptic male patients by a 3D scan study. Material and methods: The participants were divided into two groups which consisted of 17 epileptic males (who were under medication during the study) and 17 males in the control groups. Both of these groups were undergone their CT scan at the Radiology Department, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). 2D CT scan sagittal view was used to visualise the skull (frontal) bone thickness in both epileptic male groups and healthy control group and Materilize Mimics 17.02 software was used to process the images. Results: Three different thickness level of frontal bone were measured by 3 different evaluators. The results were statistically analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. It showed that in between glabella and bregma, the level of bregma and the mean values was significantly higher (7.29 ± 0.80 mm, 7.64 ± 0.40 mm, 10.14 ± 0.52 mm) in epileptic male group but the values of the glabella (15.58 ± 1.02 mm) was significantly lower in epileptic male group in compare with the control groups. Conclusions: The thickness of frontal bone is higher in epileptic male than in non-epileptic male which provides a reliable data on the role of frontal bone thickness in the epilepsy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent advancements in clinical dentistry have increased the possibilities of surgical procedures in the mental region. A detailed knowledge of mental foramen (MF) morphometry is significant to preserve integrity of the mental nerve trunk in surgical interventions such as orthognathic surgery, implant placement and anaesthetic block.Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the most accurate position of the mental foramen by using new assessment approach in a sample of dental patients presenting to the specialist dental clinic, College of Dentistry, Al Jouf University, Saudi Arabia.Study Design: A retrospective study was performed using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of 600 patients (40.1 ± 11.78 years old). Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, 395 CBCT were finally obtained and analyzed for the most accurate position of the mental foramen (MF) by OnDemand 3D software (Seoul, Korea). Prevalence of shape of MF and accessory MF were also assessed. Pearson chi-square test was employed to test significant differences between genders and races.Results: The most common horizontal and vertical position of the mental foramen was in line with the long axis of 2nd premolar (41.3%) and below the root apex level (93.2%), respectively. The most common shape of MF was round type (72.66%). The prevalence of accessory 2MF and 3MF was 2.28% and 0.25%, respectively.Conclusion: New information about MF presented in this article can help anatomists, prosthodontists, orthodontists, surgeons, forensic odontologists and paleoanthropologists to predict the position of the MF and perform safer surgeries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The craniofacial characteristics of Bangladeshi adults with class III malocclusion were investigated in order to formulate cephalometric angular and linear measurements and to compare their mean differences with the established values of class I Bangladeshi adults cephalometric norms. Materials and Methods: Fifty (50) standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs of Bangladeshi adults including 25 males and 25 females with an average age of 20 years were studied. The criteria of selection were Class III incisor relationship with or without crowding, no deformity, and no previous orthodontic treatment. All cephalometric landmarks were located and determined and subsequently tracings were done to perform cephalometric analysis. Results: The results of the present study showed no statistically significant difference between the genders on all measured values. Bangladeshi male showed larger values than those of the Bangladeshi females in most of the variables. Mean values of cephalometric norms of Bangladeshi adults were very much different than the Class III malocclusion adults. Conclusion: With this study during the treatment of Class III malocclusion, the reading should be kept in consideration for this group separately as it varies from the class I malocclusion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]